treatments-xml/data/76/73/FA/7673FA7521421C56CB27BA231FD3C7B5.xml

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<mods:title id="305A42E587D7B095B2B8F2793A62CC1C">Revision of the genus-group Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 from Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago), with descriptions of new recent and fossil taxa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea, Geomitridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="881A619012E3AD9412E515711855B874">Mattia, Willy De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94967846E4C8950F788483D488EB5E97">Neiber, Marco T.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="7673FA7521421C56CB27BA231FD3C7B5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="140417770" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7673FA7521421C56CB27BA231FD3C7B5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7673FA7521421C56CB27BA231FD3C7B5" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection id="FF5EE4BD66F557DC34803C646DEB2D7E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8585E525A871A24953CF521D66477D24" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="36470E3D741E997BB046DEACE59DC0A6" ID-CoL="7TN75" authority="R. T. Lowe, 1855" authorityName="R. T. Lowe" authorityYear="1855" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Wollastonia vermetiformis (R. T. Lowe, 1855)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F695EACA41738D28CCA5C720FC362DDD" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 118-120
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5BBC1B5839FE02585F3BD6966A2351E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="list of synonyms">
<paragraph id="FF47B42D053765520D9B6F77ED3139DD" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">List of synonyms.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE8A402B1B9EEFC8DDD76B4CAF1F77A5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1855 
<taxonomicName id="E0838438ED05EABAB2049842381B2E3D" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Hystricella) vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis" subGenus="Hystricella">Helix (Hystricella) vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe: 186.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91852A8B045D56348A0E3A505578D499" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1867 
<taxonomicName id="98634E5D392C6550FD765CA04097A4C8" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Octephila) vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis" subGenus="Octephila">Helix (Octephila) vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Paiva: 47-48.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE9974D42749398F2FC68F812B0E8D16" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1867 
<taxonomicName id="67AF6B72C4F6BE14FF31558C5CF504EA" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Octephila) vermetiformis var. minor" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="vermetiformis" subGenus="Octephila" variety="minor">
Helix (Octephila) vermetiformis var. 
<normalizedToken id="63D631B03CD5325850A241EC29966171" originalValue="α">α</normalizedToken>
minor
</taxonomicName>
Paiva: 48.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96CE20C2E25E59E6490643CBD97F83D8" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1878 
<taxonomicName id="AC8DC52F7C56A1B9045D0E08871030D2" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Hystricella) vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis" subGenus="Hystricella">Helix (Hystricella) vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Wollaston: 163.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61E04D459DC04223AA9AD923C474C702" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1894 
<taxonomicName id="0C69EBC475980AA9B5B93ECE227C198F" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Geomitra vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Pilsbry in 
<bibRefCitation id="FA0212428487441AD1B7C989394603EB" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pilsbry 1893-1895</bibRefCitation>
: 242.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EBDD4B7D9A107A0B45F2D239BCC3A3E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1931 
<taxonomicName id="49B6745099BB6C7239503F1B3FF592B8" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra (Actinella) bicarinata var. vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Actinella" variety="vermetiformis">Geomitra (Actinella) bicarinata var. vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Nobre: 87.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5EF42D5E4259DCFDB2F0576F0CC7FE5D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1950 
<taxonomicName id="4A2BDA7AB861208F115BDC4E312100CB" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis" subGenus="Hystricella">Discula (Hystricella) vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Mandahl-Barth: 31, 55.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB848104EF8C7BD13638BB3FA3050E7E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
1983 
<taxonomicName id="4133C3727E893CC0BA668C7A0E7823D6" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) oxytropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="oxytropis" subGenus="Hystricella" subSpecies="vermetiformis">Discula (Hystricella) oxytropis vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- 
<normalizedToken id="F39AA7EC217DFA239011E90A16077F00" originalValue="Waldén">Walden</normalizedToken>
: 267.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26D7062416A56323D7C496DEE93536E9" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2002 
<taxonomicName id="F1828056199701B11736D32C4C0157EE" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Geomitra vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Bank et al.: 124.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BFEAAE9C34A6B8CB7684327F0FDC8821" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2006 
<taxonomicName id="16CA60FB38457E1B64375CF663186B30" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula oxytropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oxytropis">Discula oxytropis</taxonomicName>
- Cameron et al.: 40 [partim].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03653B1E707BD5F50A4707A18269646E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2008 
<taxonomicName id="9166A76F33097F83F28534DF061F7B06" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella oxytropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oxytropis">Hystricella oxytropis</taxonomicName>
- Seddon: pl. 29 fig. C, map 177 [partim; in her 
<normalizedToken id="05F365DB11EBB4F3E6E05B1984747DE7" originalValue="“Corrigenda”">&quot;Corrigenda&quot;</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="6D2D2F590E474DDA289FD5EACCC03998" author="Seddon, MB" journalOrPublisher="Seddon, Okehampton" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" title="Corrigendum. Privately distributed by M. B." year="2009">Seddon (2009)</bibRefCitation>
mentions for pl. 29 fig. C in 
<bibRefCitation id="2B5F4F64B8221AA4880FA05CB6EC5724" author="Seddon, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotir Reports" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 196" title="The landsnails of Madeira. An illustrated compendium of the landsnails and slugs of the Madeiran archipelago." volume="2" year="2008">Seddon (2008)</bibRefCitation>
that the &quot;Shell of 
<taxonomicName id="6702D5A6AD5EFD3B8BCDD86C65D00E99" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella oxytropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oxytropis">Hystricella oxytropis</taxonomicName>
is normally approx. 8 mm wide, not 5 mm, and does not always have a double keel&quot;].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A5A02E889BAD50748464B6523AB52B5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2009 
<taxonomicName id="14B835A36D8C7172CFDC1B76CD3B7470" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella oxytropis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oxytropis">Hystricella oxytropis</taxonomicName>
- Seddon: 80 [partim].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AAD207A44D282647375D9DB49E1AAD99" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2009 
<taxonomicName id="0647D6191F26C09B4C4E85C1A9C95D1D" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="vermetiformis" subSpecies="vermetiformis">Hystricella vermetiformis vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Groh et al.: 21, fig. 29.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="648DE0542E712225065A0D1F70E567EA" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2017 
<taxonomicName id="FCD2178834FA742745E88282D811F6D0" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Hystricella vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
- Groh: e.T107396913A107396917.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AE90710D0F2BC45EFD47E4F399E0EFA6" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="type material">
<paragraph id="5EBBFDCF4916C0596F91B805A9B2D46C" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E10B0257BAA6BE40C66D04BBF99CD4D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">NHM 1968.588, lectotype (herewith designated), from loc. typ. ex coll. R. T. Lowe. The lectotype is depicted in the Fig. 118.</paragraph>
<caption id="65074A1D07D1185437688C49EF0BFA0C" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<paragraph id="24C315A81BD1DDB3BDAD6376253303EA" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Figures 118-120. Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="72B1BB50026D61C463283CCB6C864822" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Wollastonia vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
. 118 lectotype of 
<taxonomicName id="743E8973B4DEFDF034B626F363BAA253" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Helix vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1855, NMH 1968.588 ex coll. Lowe 119 recent specimen from Pico do Baixo 120 subfossil specimen from Porto dos Frades. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D17D39AE84C83B15C32001DBE931CD75" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="locus typicus">
<paragraph id="A205B2E8A0089F80C35D7B06FDF52FC8" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Locus typicus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97977FEDC545E68E82003B49379FC7BB" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
[vermetiformis] &quot;Hab. fossilis in Portu Sto&quot; (= Porto Santo, fossil); [minor] rara ad Zimbral 
<normalizedToken id="D049B64CBDE242D4E1693F249645ABA7" originalValue="d'Aréa">d'Area</normalizedToken>
[= Zimbral da Areia (at the SE coast of Porto Santo, N of Barbinha-Porto dos Frades), 
<geoCoordinate id="0A84D7ACA4497F43305F20CB6B35238C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07361">33°04'25&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="D16399302D128916FAD3E75EC0C167E7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.29611">16°17'46&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9A27AC1036DA75EBE75BCA5FE4AC376E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3644E0EEA785F8AF91ADFDE23B4C31B6" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Additional material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F2FE357263E696A6D804536E6CB3BAC9" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
All from Porto Santo. Fossil: CWDM/4, Barbinha, a little distance south along the old rough road, mud fossil deposits, 
<geoCoordinate id="C922E4FA6734C5D99A160DFE74AC5222" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.065556">33°03'56&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="AA713EBD568A1CB1EC7D7E9FFE951BF3" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.296944">16°17'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 10 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 2015; CKG/3, W coast, Ribeiro de Agua, 
<geoCoordinate id="760CA8C1220FFAC15DCDFEDA87F35792" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.03639">33°02'11&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="4115161DD733F520F46318F6F2D85C2B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.392778">16°23'34&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 50 m, leg. C. Groh, Jul. 27 1983; CKG/1, approx. 800 m E Vila Baleira, approx. 60 m N of oil tanks at bridge over Vale do Touro, from Quaternary tuffite layers, 
<geoCoordinate id="124D0BD5F74D150235AB9E68594AEEFC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.064167">33°03'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="AD0F15F87C19C3145EF408C8522EBE36" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.322224">16°19'20&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 30 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 27 1983; CKG/1, Ponta da Canaveira, Quaternary aeolinites, 
<geoCoordinate id="6730F5AC40518715AF8F3E3588CA8282" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.041668">33°02'30&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="66A8AD2DF9551097C1497E3473D3DC44" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.393055">16°23'35&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 50 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 24 1983; CKG/10, between Porto dos Frades and Ferreira Grande, approx. 300 m N sand pit, 
<geoCoordinate id="E415CEC62EEA3DFB2C317BFB391D4191" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.074444">33°04'28&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="4F0EB3B9DE0B169DF2BCEB3A0AD191D4" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.295">16°17'42&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 25 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 24 1983; CKG/1, Barbinha, uppermost light Quaternary aeolinite layer, 
<geoCoordinate id="714D801AB3CEED3C7335044B8B3C242E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.067776">33°04'04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="EDAC18A30D5F1F89DB84C4E5043A6583" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.296944">16°17'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 8 m, leg. K. &amp; C. Groh &amp; J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jun. 24 1983; ANSP H 11919/21, Barbinha, Quaternary aeolinites, 
<geoCoordinate id="B7F46F7A2A1027F95C49F2377F255B3F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.067776">33°04'04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="6284CCE73C75F6BB984C217A0A669FD1" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.296944">16°17'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 8 m, leg. K. &amp; C. Groh &amp; J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jul. 7 1983; ZMH 110125/34, coastal slopes at road from harbour to Porto Santo [Vila Baleira], 
<geoCoordinate id="5EC9F90447A0C6F20D3F4BFCB995ADD3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.06333">33°03'48&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="8D8B6B5DF566E51672D3B39A2D298EEF" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32139">16°19'17&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, c. 10-50 m, leg. E. Clauss, Sep. 22 1992; ZMH 110139/23, coastal slopes at road from harbour to Vila Baleira, 
<geoCoordinate id="BC0BE587D2C01B914D251CAEAEC5436E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.06333">33°03'48&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="EAFF1DA79F3CBA8C2F7DA2732F0F7786" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32139">16°19'17&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, c. 10-50 m, leg. E. Clauss, Sep. 22 1992; ZMH 110104/5, coastal slopes in the SE to E coast of Porto Santo, 
<geoCoordinate id="7C525DF09C816FF46C60AADDB2225B52" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.06278">33°03'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="A4C73E150AEC64AA2FF6BEE5F794B284" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.305832">16°18'21&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, c. 10-50 m, leg. E. Clauss, Jun. 1 1996; ZMH 24295/1, Madeira archipelago, without exact locality data, ex coll. Altonaer Museum, ex coll. O. Semper, ex coll. Dohrn. Recent: CKG/1, W slope of Pico do Baixo, in a rock crack, 
<geoCoordinate id="BE67DBB0403B53F641C74C466B0870CB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.063053">33°03'47&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="58C636970550921EEAC795B1AA6077E5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.299444">16°17'58&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, approx. 125 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 9 1983; CKG/2, 
<normalizedToken id="BF82D808DC3ECCF9C6A331E60816119F" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
das Cenouras, 
<geoCoordinate id="2420962C2807373CBCBC56762E794C75" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.103333">33°06'12&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="143D1C9F6E21E34337F1DE9DE380D67A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.288889">16°17'20&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 20 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 2 1983.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FBA4A2BFA1BC10C7FBD40D45FFF6C4E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="E7F0C07E7DFD9B0EA1C242884CCB15F2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Original description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90139D381FF03CF5D5E0A92573202B28" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
[vermetiformis]: From 
<bibRefCitation id="20936A871E3E9D76B75B00661D02D2E5" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="161 - 218" title="Catalogus molluscorum pneumonatorum insularum Maderensium: or a list of all the land and freshwater shells, recent and fossil, of the Madeiran islands: arranged in groups according to their natural affinities; with diagnoses of the groups, and of the new or hitherto imperfectly defined species." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1854.tb07266.x" volume="22" year="1855">Lowe 1855</bibRefCitation>
: T. anguste umbilicata distincte bicarinata pyramidato-conoidea solidula crassiuscula utrinque granulata; spira elevata anfractui ultimo quasi superimposita, carina inferiore suturae 
<normalizedToken id="AF13C86B21420222B01112656BC3BDA9" originalValue="distinctæ">distinctae</normalizedToken>
superincumbente; anfr. 7 
<normalizedToken id="66BDA24163588A859B31A6FD1CEC10DC" originalValue="–7½">-71/2</normalizedToken>
planiusculis conspicue bicarinatis, carina inf. prominente sulco infra exarata, ult. antice valde deflexo; umbil. parvo; apert. ovali-rotundata circinata, labris continuis conjunctis; perist. undique soluto relevato tenui acuto. Diam. major 
<normalizedToken id="E5FBC53EF6493F80CD3CE0690731C774" originalValue="8½–">81/2-</normalizedToken>
9, min. 
<normalizedToken id="C21ABEEC6BF861FA204CF02B8F2E0421" originalValue="8¼–8¾">81/4-83/4</normalizedToken>
, alt. 7 
<normalizedToken id="F2EAFDA80D0ABA2CCAD1BC65A88E244F" originalValue="–8½">-81/2</normalizedToken>
mill. Anfr. 7 
<normalizedToken id="643A86980FA57599325B4127D8B06510" originalValue="–7½">-71/2</normalizedToken>
; [var. minor]: From 
<bibRefCitation id="12132ECBFC812429B3A214554E0A3F93" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Paiva 1867</bibRefCitation>
: Variet. adest 
<normalizedToken id="292E5393393FB83E46BA243572EAEDCD" originalValue="α">α</normalizedToken>
minor, testa minore.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E4E87EEF341ACD9DB6925E793B51C1A5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="616C07A936BFC1A1B6135472C3E1DED4" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE1B32B4701F50C79A04DD0E36C40320" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Shell large for the genus, conical, scalariform. Whorls not rounded, vertical. Surface of the shell covered by small and relatively densely set tubercles. Second whorl and body whorl bicarinated, with upper keel weaker than the lower one. Umbilicus narrow. Last whorl descending towards the aperture. Aperture oval with continuous peristome.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3896CD0133968E123D8370D2F3A5A078" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="2E68D2D2C2F5F9DF867FAAF2B302D217" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Redescription of the shell.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82A9C6D5DB63F2FDD0A34FC382F4D8A0" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Shell medium to large for the genus, with 
<normalizedToken id="6E6C3E03D88A15F12270003D9B5015A0" originalValue="6½">61/2</normalizedToken>
regularly increasing whorls, the protoconch with 2 whorls. The form of the shell is conical, the convex teleoconch whorls with two sharp keels. The last whorl measures 60%, the penultimate 
<pageBreakToken id="FD76392B7550E2FD28980D9DC58C03E1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">whorl</pageBreakToken>
17% of the total shell height. The lower ⅔ of the body whorl are beneath the lower peripheral keel, which is set off by a relatively deep constriction above and below the keel; outline of body whorl below the lower constriction regularly convex in frontal view. The keels of the body whorl are placed in the upper twelfth and third, respectively, of its total height. The suture between the whorls is simple and slightly sunken. The aperture, which is inclined to the vertical axis of the shell in an angle of 40° and is descending in its last 5% in an angle of 31° to the horizontal axis, has an elliptic form; its width is 42% of the total shell width and its height 26% of the total shell height. It has a slightly reflected, narrow lip, which is completely detached from the body whorl. The eccentric umbilicus, which measures 11% of the shell's total width, is circular in the last whorls and completely closed in earlier whorls. The protoconch is smooth, the teleoconch shows a number of oblique radial ribs, 19 in the penultimate quadrant of the body-whorl and is additionally covered by numerous small, ovate and rough tubercles. The number of tubercles in the standard-quadrate of the base is estimated to approximately 70. There are no traces of colouration in subfossil shells. In recent specimens, the colour pattern of the shell is the same as in 
<taxonomicName id="12356364A4755AB514967D31BDC0DF4E" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. Figs 118-120.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EADE91C86A235D86B909471EF11AA09" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="variation">
<paragraph id="CD687C575B155B3FBF7FA24CA691F254" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Variation of shell.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9069193A4D24538AFCFA7456B74ACB32" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">The spire can be more or less elevated but always letting the shell appear remarkably conical and scalariform in shape. Subfossil and recent material does not show much variation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F73309211F2D9336E7FE7FE8CFA9399F" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="9BC271739536A744334A3BCCB5BF6555" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Measurements.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8373CB46A98D475C4796D0311CD4CEEA" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
D 6.3 
<normalizedToken id="B88BF28E4CF5BAE43F6B05FA61B4B069" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.4 mm (range 5.6-7.0 mm); H 6.1 
<normalizedToken id="EDD7D3A1BFCB49B6F40CF9D84501C5F0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.6 mm (range 5.8-6.6 mm); FW 3.7 
<normalizedToken id="1ECE8917E6072814FA114BE5F79786EB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm; PA 44.0 
<normalizedToken id="D99AFA41BD550F3A19DD11460EFED74B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3.2°; DU 0.6 
<normalizedToken id="480706A7B1319C21224E4B6EB4CB5B91" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.07 mm; NT 70 
<normalizedToken id="DEFE10EA988C8C24C48092C342D5BA43" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
16; NW 6.75 
<normalizedToken id="4E0B5C50EED7F97B31CADAAA95A0E7DF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 (n = 7). Ratio D/H 1.0; ratio FW/H 0.6.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BC0BCE7768875207D11F3143E8985A0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FFD6BA69424D5DBD0446F6254490B1E6" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3F2121859B8F2A2FB444B15CFF70996" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Subfossil material is known, except for one location in the westernmost part of the island, exclusively from the southeastern coast of Porto Santo, i.e. the mud deposits and aeolinites along Barbinha, Zimbral da Areia and Porto dos Frades. Recent, living specimens are only known from Pico do Baixo and 
<normalizedToken id="9E9F901530C0F8DBF0CD68B971875BF3" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
das Cenouras, collected during the 1980's. Other recent material is kept at the NMWC 80.202, acc. 55.158 (ex coll. Melvill-Tomlin, ex coll. T. V. Wollaston) and NMWC 2004.045.00055 (ex coll. Coles) (see 
<bibRefCitation id="43A249E9A74F6E786C21035E2B0902DC" author="Seddon, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotir Reports" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 196" title="The landsnails of Madeira. An illustrated compendium of the landsnails and slugs of the Madeiran archipelago." volume="2" year="2008">Seddon 2008</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 29 fig. C), but without exact locality data (just: Porto Santo). The distribution is shown in Fig. 121.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8FCAF2D8334B3B4331D71084F2C3DADA" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="D98A5743F9B7EEC4006649BB44D8C4F9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Figure 121. Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="D6F3A92EC3A451FD0D5B7C12BF50D7F6" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Wollastonia vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
. Filled circles refer to recent and open circles to fossil records.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55C3F5AECF8201AD88A8BFAECA42A094" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="C0318052A881DF52E511303227D6C836" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F14C8C26A4CC899608EF8956EFA9F97E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Living specimens were collected in the 1980s on slopes under stones covered with lichens and in a rock crack. More field research is necessary for a better understanding of the ecology and actual distribution of this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5BF4B882FEFDA5339DCEED8177E3E61B" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="comparisons">
<paragraph id="501A731849405CBC77672E974473C1FB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Comparison and comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="921659DEB32435CCD2C6E5C1674B11EE" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="B0CF29E9A77ECE6DDAB742A1A72FB506" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia vermetiformis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">Wollastonia vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
is superficially similar to 
<taxonomicName id="F143BE2792F05307DEFEED346C63F5CD" lsidName="H. echinoderma" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="echinoderma">H. echinoderma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="23E59531A3DBE22A8B9EC90D8EBC7061" lsidName="W. falknerorum" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="falknerorum">W. falknerorum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 
<taxonomicName id="7599A433F97F9D3A3DE2BC9C10A7A13C" lsidName="W. ripkeni" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="ripkeni">W. ripkeni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. From the first two it differs in the development of the two keels on the body whorl, and from the second also in the much coarser shell sculpture, the more pronounced upper keel, and the narrower aperture. From the quite similar 
<taxonomicName id="9DF6AFE302D93AB27485AD35116DC705" lsidName="H. ripkeni" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="ripkeni">H. ripkeni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. it differs in the lower last whorl, the oblique ovate aperture, the coarser granulation, and finer ribbing. From similar-sized 
<taxonomicName id="AA596EAE2FA07A097E0241A69746CFC6" lsidName="W. subcarinulata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="subcarinulata">W. subcarinulata</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2EB369B82E36EFB10F1EEA2510EF0CBC" lsidName="W. inexpectata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="inexpectata">W. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
sp. n. it can be separated by the coarser granulation and the presence of two keels. The last known recent specimens were collected during the 1980s. Unfortunately, this material was not stored in ethanol. Therefore, an anatomical and molecular investigation was not possible. Recent intensive field research (on the main island Porto Santo and its outlying islets, D. Teixeira pers. comm. 2016) 
<pageBreakToken id="1B0073ACE58B702AE0A2E4939DA7D3B4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">failed</pageBreakToken>
to find any living specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="A40F0FF2D9B09D565B89F7064C0CAA98" lsidName="W. vermetiformis" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">W. vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
on the Pico do Baixo. The species may possibly have gone extinct in the 1980s on the main island.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3301E12C8F3F44B4E735A8D5B32CF307" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="status and conservation">
<paragraph id="664D0BDE12DB5856E1D180234F8CF6E8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Status and conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="718F486DEC0477CB58F4C2DFB50F2CF9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Only three recent specimens of the species collected in the 1980s (KG) from two isolated localities (Porto Santo, W slope of Pico do Baixo, in a rock crack and 
<normalizedToken id="201BF9617680491F8D94C10ABB69D782" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
das Cenouras; Fig. 121) are known. Despite intensive recent field research, the species has not been refound and is probably extinct on the main island of Porto Santo. Although recent data are missing for 
<normalizedToken id="24712AC363DDAB46A127909D39F8F717" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
das Cenouras, we cannot exclude the existence of extant living populations on that small offshore islet. We regard the species as Critically Endangered (CR B1a, b(i, ii, iv), 2a, b(i, ii, iv)) (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="7F316918FE181C720BF9386EA7400762" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Groh 2017</bibRefCitation>
) because the extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy of the species is less than 1 km2 and because the species is arguably extinct at one of the two known locations (Fig. 121).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>