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<mods:title id="7503F1B05E52BEC71959F4C9542BC28F">Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="39C84D506720FFF0FF76FD46F10CFD1C" ID-CoL="8D9MP" authority="Mamaev, 1968" authorityName="Mamaev" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,518,687,711]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Pharetratula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC16720FFF0FF76FD46F26EFD1C" box="[151,356,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="384">Pharetratula bidens</emphasis>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="9A594B226720FFF0FDF5FD59F1CAFD1C" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[532,704,687,711]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" pagination="605 - 616" refId="ref14514" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1968) New nematocerous Diptera of the USSR fauna (Diptera, Axymyiidae, Mycetobiidae, Sciaridae, Cecidomyiidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47 (3), 605 - 616. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1968">Mamaev (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C26720FFF0FCE3FD59F0EAFD1C" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[770,992,687,711]" page="138" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B226720FFF0FCE3FD59F0A1FD1C" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[770,939,687,711]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref14558" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1976) The detritivorous subfamily Zygoneorinae (Diptera, Sciariidae) in the fauna of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Trudy biologo-pochvennogo institute, N. S., 43, 135 - 139. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Mamaev (1976)</bibRefCitation>
: 138
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;
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C26720FFF0FC0CFD46F692FD1C" author="Gerbachevskaya-Pavluchenko, A. A." box="[1005,1432,687,711]" page="56" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B226720FFF0FC0CFD46F67AFD1C" author="Gerbachevskaya-Pavluchenko, A. A." box="[1005,1392,687,711]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" pagination="11 - 72" refId="ref14017" refString="Gerbachevskaya-Pavluchenko, A. A. (1986) Family Sciaridae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Sciaridae - Anisopodidae. Akademiai Kiado. 4 th Edition. Budapest &amp; Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, Oxford, New York and Tokyo, pp. 11 - 72." type="book chapter" year="1986">Gerbachevskaya-Pavluchenko (1986)</bibRefCitation>
: 56
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<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C26720FFF0FF26FD27F2F9FD3D" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[199,499,718,742]" page="62" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B226720FFF0FF26FD27F2C7FD3D" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[199,461,718,742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" refId="ref14736" refString="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W. (1997) 2.6 Family Sciaridae. In: Papp, L., Darvas, B. (Eds.), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 2. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 51 - 69." type="book" year="1997">Menzel &amp; Mohrig (1997)</bibRefCitation>
: 62
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<bibRefCitation id="9A594B226720FFF0FE1CFD27F1E2FD3D" author="Yagi, T. &amp; Sawada, Y." box="[509,744,718,742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" refId="ref15803" refString="Yagi, T. &amp; Sawada, Y. (2000) A list of the Mamaev's collection. Eurasian Diptera and Coleoptera [in the Hyogo Museum of Nature and Human Activities]. Division of Phylogenetics. Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, 10 (unpaginated) + 49 pp." type="book" year="2000">Yagi &amp; Sawada (2000)</bibRefCitation>
: 36
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].
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<emphasis id="CCBCEAC16720FFF0FF76FD05F256FCDF" box="[151,348,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="384">Pharetratula sinica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B226720FFF0FE83FD05F13CFCDE" author="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K." box="[354,566,748,773]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref15922" refString="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K. (1990) Five new species of sciarids (Diptera: Sciaridae) from Nei Mongol and a genus new to China. Entomotaxonomia, 12, 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="1990">Zhang &amp; Yang, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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[
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: 267
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<emphasis id="CCBCEAC16720FFF0FF79F87CF211F876" bold="true" box="[152,283,1941,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="384">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="39C84D506720FFF0FEC2F87FF1E7F876" authority="(Mamaev)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[291,749,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC16720FFF0FEC2F87FF29BF876" box="[291,401,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="384">Zygoneura</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC16720FFF0FE43F87CF12EF876" box="[418,548,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="384">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC16720FFF0FDD7F87CF172F876" box="[566,632,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="384">bidens</emphasis>
(Mamaev)
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. i: slide, front side; ii: slide, flip side; A: habitus, lateral view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: antennal flagellomere.
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<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672FFFFFFF76FF7EF19FFF74" ID-CoL="8FP58" authority="(Mamaev, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[151,661,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFF76FF7EF20FFF75" box="[151,261,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Zygoneura</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFEF5FF7EF29CFF74" box="[276,406,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFE44FF7EF2EDFF74" box="[421,487,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">bidens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFE14FF7EF184FF74" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[501,654,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="605 - 616" refId="ref14514" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1968) New nematocerous Diptera of the USSR fauna (Diptera, Axymyiidae, Mycetobiidae, Sciaridae, Cecidomyiidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47 (3), 605 - 616. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1968">Mamaev, 1968</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672FFFFFFD43FF7EF0D5FF75" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[674,991,150,175]" page="585" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFD43FF7EF0A1FF74" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[674,939,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 761" refId="ref14853" refString="Menzel, F., Mohrig, W. (2000) Revision der palaarktischen Trauermucken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 6, 1 - 761." type="journal article" year="2000">Menzel &amp; Mohrig (2000)</bibRefCitation>
: 585
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672FFFFFFC08FF7EF7D2FF74" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6198202" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6198202" author="Zhang, S. J. &amp; Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H." box="[1001,1240,151,175]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0387F2FFAEFFB213B9EAA1F59DFE51" page="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFC08FF7EF7BBFF74" author="Zhang, S. J. &amp; Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H." box="[1001,1201,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="40 - 48" refId="ref15859" refString="Zhang, S. J., Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H. (2010) The genus Zygoneura Meigen in China, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Sciaridae). Zootaxa, 2368 (1), 40 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2368.1.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
Zhang
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFBD0FF7EF754FF74" box="[1073,1118,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672FFFFFFB02FF7EF3FAFF16" author="Shin, S. &amp; Menzel, F. &amp; Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S." page="563" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFB02FF7EF693FF74" author="Shin, S. &amp; Menzel, F. &amp; Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S." box="[1251,1433,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="561 - 567" refId="ref15442" refString="Shin, S., Menzel, F., Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S. (2014) Review of the genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea, with an updated checklist of the World species. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology, 17, 561 - 567. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aspen. 2014.05.004" type="journal article" year="2014">
Shin
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFAF9FF7EF64FFF74" box="[1304,1349,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
: 563
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672FFFFFFF1AFF5FF2F3FF16" author="Huang, J. &amp; Yang, X. &amp; Shi, K. &amp; Wu, H." box="[251,505,181,206]" page="360" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFF1AFF5FF2CEFF16" author="Huang, J. &amp; Yang, X. &amp; Shi, K. &amp; Wu, H." box="[251,452,181,206]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" refId="ref14205" refString="Huang, J., Yang, X., Shi, K. &amp; Wu, H. (2020) C hecklist of Sciaridae. In: Yang, D., Li, Z., Liu, Q. (Eds.) Species Catalogue of China, Animals, Insecta. Vol. 2. 5 th Edition. Beijing Science Press, Beijing, pp. 360." type="book" year="2020">
Huang
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFEA5FF5FF27BFF16" box="[324,369,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
. (2020)
</bibRefCitation>
: 360
</treatmentCitation>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D26558672FFFFFFF76FF12F1B0FEE1" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="FE7736D3672FFFFFFF76FF12F1B0FEE1" blockId="8.[151,1437,250,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFF76FF12F28FFECE" bold="true" box="[151,389,251,277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="4EA03C8E672FFFFFFE71FF15F1BCFEE1" collectingDate="1987-08-30" collectionCode="ZAFUBS" collectorName="Chi-kun Yang" country="China" latitude="40.80979" location="Baoan Linchang" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="112.28087" municipality="Zhuozi" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" specimenCode="ZAFUBS001" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nei Mongol">
<specimenCount id="E8CEFD5A672FFFFFFE71FF15F2BFFECD" box="[400,437,252,278]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672FFFFFFE27FF12F106FECE" box="[454,524,251,277]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="3C0CF831672FFFFFFDFAFF15F1DBFECE" box="[539,721,251,278]" country="China" name="Nei Mongol" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1E13ACA9672FFFFFFD00FF12F039FECE" box="[737,819,251,277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Zhuozi</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="FB176008672FFFFFFCA3FF15F708FECE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:766187C56720FFFFFF76FDAEF258FD7A:FB176008672FFFFFFCA3FF15F708FECE" box="[834,1026,251,278]" country="China" latitude="40.80979" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="112.28087" municipality="Zhuozi" name="Baoan Linchang" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" stateProvince="Nei Mongol">Baoan Linchang</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9BFC5014672FFFFFFBF3FF15F7C3FECD" box="[1042,1225,250,278]" degrees="40" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" precision="1" seconds="35.25" value="40.80979">40°48’35.25’’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9BFC5014672FFFFFFB39FF12F69DFECD" box="[1240,1431,250,278]" degrees="112" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" precision="1" seconds="51.11" value="112.28087">112°16’51.11’’ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="8A761013672FFFFFFF76FEC9F226FEE1" box="[151,300,288,314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" value="1987-08-30">
<collectingDate id="9A32E9FB672FFFFFFF76FEC9F226FEE1" box="[151,300,288,314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" value="1987-08-30">30.VIII.1987</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="533D5305672FFFFFFE89FEF6F109FEE1" box="[360,515,287,314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Chi-kun Yang</collectorName>
[
<specimenCode id="AE6E9EA8672FFFFFFDF0FEC9F1BAFEE1" box="[529,688,288,314]" collectionCode="ZAFUBS" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">ZAFUBS001</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D26558672FFFFFFF26FEADF09CFD82" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FE7736D3672FFFFFFF26FEADF09CFD82" blockId="8.[151,1437,250,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFF26FEADF231FE85" bold="true" box="[199,315,324,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFEA2FEAAF137FE85" author="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K." box="[323,573,323,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref15922" refString="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K. (1990) Five new species of sciarids (Diptera: Sciaridae) from Nei Mongol and a genus new to China. Entomotaxonomia, 12, 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="1990">Zhang &amp; Yang (1990)</bibRefCitation>
identified
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672FFFFFFD58FEAAF09EFE86" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yang" authorityYear="1990" box="[697,916,323,349]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Pharetratula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFD58FEAAF09EFE86" box="[697,916,323,349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Pharetratula sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the first and only time from
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672FFFFFFAE8FEAAF65AFE86" box="[1289,1360,323,349]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">China</collectingCountry>
. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFF76FE8EF2BDFE59" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[151,439,359,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 761" refId="ref14853" refString="Menzel, F., Mohrig, W. (2000) Revision der palaarktischen Trauermucken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 6, 1 - 761." type="journal article" year="2000">Menzel &amp; Mohrig (2000)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized this species with
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672FFFFFFCFCFE81F7A4FE59" authority="(Mamaev)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[797,1198,359,386]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFCFCFE81F03EFE5A" box="[797,820,360,385]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Z.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFCA5FE8EF0DEFE5A" box="[836,980,359,385]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFC04FE8EF724FE5A" box="[997,1070,359,385]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">bidens</emphasis>
(Mamaev)
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="21738871672FFFFFFB0AFE8EF647FE5A" box="[1259,1357,359,385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of this species is in a very poor condition, making it difficult to identify (
<figureCitation id="66F32A56672FFFFFFC96FE62F0FDFE7D" box="[887,1015,395,422]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,807,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-179@7.[151,1436,797,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) bidens (Mamaev). i: slide, front side; ii: slide, flip side; A: habitus, lateral view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: antennal flagellomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346909/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Figs 4A–C</figureCitation>
). However, the figure plates provided by
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFF58FE46F2A6FE11" author="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K." box="[185,428,431,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref15922" refString="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K. (1990) Five new species of sciarids (Diptera: Sciaridae) from Nei Mongol and a genus new to China. Entomotaxonomia, 12, 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="1990">Zhang &amp; Yang (1990)</bibRefCitation>
show that the apex of gonostylus in this species is highly curved, hook-like as compared to the oval, faintly curved gonostylus of
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672FFFFFFDDEFE3DF1AFFE36" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[575,677,467,493]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFDDEFE3DF1AFFE36" box="[575,677,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Z. bidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFD55FE3AF0D9FE36" author="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K." box="[692,979,467,494]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref15922" refString="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K. (1990) Five new species of sciarids (Diptera: Sciaridae) from Nei Mongol and a genus new to China. Entomotaxonomia, 12, 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="1990">Zhang &amp; Yang 1990: 268</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="66F32A56672FFFFFFC3FFE3AF738FE35" box="[990,1074,467,494]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[152,255,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,1275,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-436@1.[203,1385,1266,1809]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing photograph of Zygoneura (Pharetratula) subdivergens (Mohrig &amp; Mamaev) with vein nomenclature indicated. Abbreviations of veins, bM: base of vein M; Sc: subcostal vein; R: radius (radial vein); r-m: radial medial cross vein; Rs: radial sector; stM: fused first and second branch of media; R1: anterior branch of radius; C: costal vein; R 4+5: third branch of radius; c: distance between apex of R 4+5 and end of costal vein; w: distance between apex of R 4+5 and apex of M1; M1: first branch of media; M2: second branch of media; CuA1: first branch of anterior cubital vein; CuA2: second branch of anterior; an lb: anal lobe; stem CuA: fused first and second branch of anterior cubital vein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). Therefore, we assume that this can be a different species. For the moment, we still regard this morphological difference as intraspecific variability and continue to treat
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672FFFFFFE63FDF2F00FFDED" authority="Zhang &amp; Yang" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yang" authorityYear="1990" box="[386,773,539,566]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Pharetratula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFE63FDF2F151FDEE" box="[386,603,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Pharetratula sinica</emphasis>
Zhang &amp; Yang
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672FFFFFFBF3FDF5F697FDED" authority="(Mamaev)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1042,1437,539,566]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFBF3FDF5F723FDEE" box="[1042,1065,540,565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Z.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFBD9FDF2F7C2FDEE" box="[1080,1224,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFB39FDF2F62BFDEE" box="[1240,1313,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">bidens</emphasis>
(Mamaev)
</taxonomicName>
until additional morphologically identical specimens are discovered.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D26558672FFFFFFF26FD8AF258FD7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FE7736D3672FFFFFFF26FD8AF258FD7A" blockId="8.[151,1437,250,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFF26FD8AF26BFDA6" bold="true" box="[199,353,611,637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672FFFFFFE87FD8AF2A7FDA6" box="[358,429,611,637]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">China</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="3C0CF831672FFFFFFE56FD8DF16FFDA6" box="[439,613,611,638]" country="China" name="Nei Mongol" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFD93FD8AF05DFDA5" author="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K." box="[626,855,611,638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref15922" refString="Zhang, X. M. &amp; Yang, C. K. (1990) Five new species of sciarids (Diptera: Sciaridae) from Nei Mongol and a genus new to China. Entomotaxonomia, 12, 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="1990">Zhang &amp; Yang 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFC80FD8AF722FDA5" author="Zhang, S. J. &amp; Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H." box="[865,1064,611,638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="40 - 48" refId="ref15859" refString="Zhang, S. J., Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H. (2010) The genus Zygoneura Meigen in China, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Sciaridae). Zootaxa, 2368 (1), 40 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2368.1.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
Zhang
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFC4EFD8DF0D5FDA6" box="[943,991,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672FFFFFFBDBFD8DF774FDA5" box="[1082,1150,612,638]" name="South Korea" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFB6DFD8AF635FDA5" author="Shin, S. &amp; Menzel, F. &amp; Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S." box="[1164,1343,611,638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="561 - 567" refId="ref15442" refString="Shin, S., Menzel, F., Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S. (2014) Review of the genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea, with an updated checklist of the World species. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology, 17, 561 - 567. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aspen. 2014.05.004" type="journal article" year="2014">
Shin
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672FFFFFFB26FD8DF7FDFDA6" box="[1223,1271,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672FFFFFFAB3FD8AF697FDA6" box="[1362,1437,611,637]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="385">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672FFFFFFF7EFD61F24FFD7A" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[159,325,647,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="385" pagination="605 - 616" refId="ref14514" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1968) New nematocerous Diptera of the USSR fauna (Diptera, Axymyiidae, Mycetobiidae, Sciaridae, Cecidomyiidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47 (3), 605 - 616. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1968">Mamaev 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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