259 lines
30 KiB
XML
259 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e85499" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e85499" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4A5193873A5D503499D60BCBC60777BD" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e85499" checkinTime="1664560456191" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Anzaldo, Salvatore S & Diaz-Grisales, Valentina" docDate="2022" docId="75391CCEAEDD508593DB900086002078" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e85499" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-09-30" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e85499" docTitle="Heilipus squamosus" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="4A5193873A5D503499D60BCBC60777BD" lastPageNumber="85499" masterDocId="4A5193873A5D503499D60BCBC60777BD" masterDocTitle="Heilipus squamosus (LeConte, 1824): clarification of the correct name for the " avocado tree girdler " with updates on its biology and distribution (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae, Hylobiini)" masterLastPageNumber="85499" masterPageNumber="85499" pageNumber="85499" updateTime="1664560456191" updateUser="pensoft">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Heilipus squamosus (LeConte, 1824): clarification of the correct name for the " avocado tree girdler " with updates on its biology and distribution (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae, Hylobiini)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Anzaldo, Salvatore S</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-8294</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Arizona State University, Tempe, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sanzaldo@asu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Diaz-Grisales, Valentina</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-6445</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Programa de Entomologia y Acarologia, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-09-30</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>10</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>85499</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>85499</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e85499</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e85499</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e85499</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">4A5193873A5D503499D60BCBC60777BD</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:75391CCEAEDD508593DB900086002078" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/75391CCEAEDD508593DB900086002078" lastPageNumber="85499" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="75391CCE-AEDD-5085-93DB-900086002078" authority="(LeConte, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus (LeConte, 1824)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Original combination</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte J E" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pissodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pissodes squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Pissodes squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15913340
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Ent:5176
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Synonyms</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boheman, 1836: 171 (not LeConte, 1824).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Heilipus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4109434
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
The previously-published state distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heilipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heilipus squamosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Heilipus squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the south-eastern United States-Georgia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, J." journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="169 - 173 + pl. XI" refId="B7636792" refString="LeConte, J., 1824. New Coleopterous insects of North America. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 169 - 173 + pl. XI" title="New Coleopterous insects of North America" volume="1" year="1824">LeConte 1824</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, J. L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="i-xvi + 1 - 455" refId="B7636556" refString="LeConte, J. L., Horn, G. H., 1876. The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 15 (96): i-xvi + 1 - 455" title="The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico" volume="15" year="1876">LeConte and Horn 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Tennessee (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blatchley, W. S." journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636398" refString="Blatchley, W. S., Leng, C. W., 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" title="Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America" year="1916">Blatchley and Leng 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfenbarger, D. O." journalOrPublisher="The Florida Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="139 - 141" refId="B7636739" refString="Wolfenbarger, D. O., 1950. On the distribution of Heilipus squamosos (Lec.) a pest of the avocado. The Florida Entomologist 33 (4): 139 - 141" title="On the distribution of Heilipus squamosos (Lec.) a pest of the avocado" volume="33" year="1950">Wolfenbarger 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), North Carolina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, C. W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="1 - 382" refId="B7636582" refString="O'Brien, C. W., Wibmer, G. J., 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Virginia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffman, R. L." journalOrPublisher="Banisteria" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="58 - 59" refId="B7636522" refString="Hoffman, R. L., 2003. Heilipus apiatus, a striking large weevil new to the Virginia fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Banisteria 22: 58 - 59" title="Heilipus apiatus, a striking large weevil new to the Virginia fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" volume="22" year="2003">Hoffman 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species was considered rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, J." journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="169 - 173 + pl. XI" refId="B7636792" refString="LeConte, J., 1824. New Coleopterous insects of North America. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 169 - 173 + pl. XI" title="New Coleopterous insects of North America" volume="1" year="1824">LeConte 1824</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, J. L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="i-xvi + 1 - 455" refId="B7636556" refString="LeConte, J. L., Horn, G. H., 1876. The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 15 (96): i-xvi + 1 - 455" title="The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico" volume="15" year="1876">LeConte and Horn 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barber, H. S." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="181 - 183" refId="B7640358" refString="Barber, H. S., 1912. Note on the avocado weevil (Heilipus lauri Boheman). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 14: 181 - 183" title="Note on the avocado weevil (Heilipus lauri Boheman)" volume="14" year="1912">Barber 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and, apart from specimens from Florida where the species was a pest on avocado, relatively few specimens of this large and distinctive weevil have been collected and deposited in natural history collections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
In the past 20 years, citizen science initiatives (e.g. BugGuide, iNaturalist) have yielded observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all States in its previously reported range plus seven additional States, expanding the distribution of this species to the northern and western regions of the United States:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
Alabama, Arkansas (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
), Florida, Georgia, Kansas (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
), Kentucky (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
), Louisiana (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
), Missouri (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
), Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
), South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">new State record</emphasis>
|
||
) and Virginia (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F8107312" captionText="Figure 2. Heilipus squamosus. Scale bars = 2 mm. A: lateral habitus. B: dorsal habitus. C: distribution map (circles = iNaturalist / BugGuide records, stars = specimen data, squares = literature records; red symbols = 20 th century records, black symbols = 21 st century records)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e85499.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/733311" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">2</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Biology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
The biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still incompletely known. Before it became a pest of non-native avocado in Florida, the published natural history information was limited to a record from "under pine bark" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, J. L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="i-xvi + 1 - 455" refId="B7636556" refString="LeConte, J. L., Horn, G. H., 1876. The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 15 (96): i-xvi + 1 - 455" title="The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico" volume="15" year="1876">LeConte and Horn 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 141) and from "budding shoots of sassafras" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blatchley, W. S." journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636398" refString="Blatchley, W. S., Leng, C. W., 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" title="Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America" year="1916">Blatchley and Leng 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 187). The avocado industry in Florida traces back to the early 20th century, though
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Persea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Persea americana" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Persea americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill. was first brought to and became naturalised in Florida before 1835 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfe, H. S." journalOrPublisher="Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Gainesville, Florida" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636711" refString="Wolfe, H. S., Toy, L. R., Stahl, A. L., 1942. Avocado production in Florida. Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Gainesville, Florida" title="Avocado production in Florida" year="1942">Wolfe et al. 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfenbarger, D. O." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="260 - 264" refId="B7636730" refString="Wolfenbarger, D. O., 1948. Heilipus squamosus Lec., a new enemy of the avocado. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 61: 260 - 264" title="Heilipus squamosus Lec., a new enemy of the avocado" volume="61" year="1948">Wolfenbarger (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports the earliest evidence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
causing damage to avocado to be from the late 1930s and, by the late 1940s, the weevil became "one of the most dangerous pests of the avocado" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfe, H. S." journalOrPublisher="Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Gainesville, Florida" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636722" refString="Wolfe, H. S., Toy, L. R., Stahl, A. L., 1949. Avocado production in Florida. Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Gainesville, Florida" title="Avocado production in Florida" year="1949">Wolfe et al. 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae feed under the bark near ground level and can girdle trees and cause an 8-10% loss of avocado trees in a grove (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfenbarger, D. O." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="260 - 264" refId="B7636730" refString="Wolfenbarger, D. O., 1948. Heilipus squamosus Lec., a new enemy of the avocado. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 61: 260 - 264" title="Heilipus squamosus Lec., a new enemy of the avocado" volume="61" year="1948">Wolfenbarger 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The status of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a pest appears to have continued through the 1950s, but the species was rarely observed after (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfenbarger, D. O." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="318 - 320" refId="B7636748" refString="Wolfenbarger, D. O., 1971. Updating of changes in pests, pesticides and other factors affecting subtropical insect pest control. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 84: 318 - 320" title="Updating of changes in pests, pesticides and other factors affecting subtropical insect pest control" volume="84" year="1971">Wolfenbarger 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
The native hosts for the weevil have been suspected to be other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Lindera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lindera melissifolia" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melissifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Lindera melissifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Walter) Blume (pondberry),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea aestivalis" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aestivalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Litsea aestivalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Fernald (pondspice),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Persea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Persea borbonia" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbonia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Persea borbonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Spreng. (redbay) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lauraceae" genus="Sassafras" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sassafras albidum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Sassafras albidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutt.) Nees (sassafras), though no definitive rearing records are known. Of these species, sassafras is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States; the other three are restricted to coastal plains and swampy areas, with pondberry and pondspice being listed as a federally endangered and threatened species, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
Adult weevils have been found on pondberry in North Carolina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Georgia" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636821" refString="Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife, 1993. Recovery plan for pondberry (Lindera melissifolia). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Georgia" title="Recovery plan for pondberry (Lindera melissifolia)" year="1993">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and on pondspice in Georgia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cameron, R. S." journalOrPublisher="Georgia Forestry Commission." pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636406" refString="Cameron, R. S., Bates, C., Johnson, J., 2008. Distribution and spread of laurel wilt disease in Georgia: 2006-08 Survey and Field Observations. Georgia Forestry Commission." title="Distribution and spread of laurel wilt disease in Georgia: 2006 - 08 Survey and Field Observations" year="2008">Cameron et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fraedrich, S. W." journalOrPublisher="Plant Disease" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="1056 - 1062" refId="B7636470" refString="Fraedrich, S. W., Harrington, T. C., Bates, C. A., Johnson, J., Reid, L. S., Best, G. S., Leininger, T. D., Hawkins, T. S., 2011. Susceptibility to laurel wilt and disease incidence in two rare plant species, pondberry and pondspice. Plant Disease 95 (9): 1056 - 1062" title="Susceptibility to laurel wilt and disease incidence in two rare plant species, pondberry and pondspice" volume="95" year="2011">Fraedrich et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An unidentified weevil larva described as being a similar size to the adult
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found causing feeding damage to the root collar at the base of a pondberry plant in South Carolina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fraedrich, S. W." journalOrPublisher="Plant Disease" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="1056 - 1062" refId="B7636470" refString="Fraedrich, S. W., Harrington, T. C., Bates, C. A., Johnson, J., Reid, L. S., Best, G. S., Leininger, T. D., Hawkins, T. S., 2011. Susceptibility to laurel wilt and disease incidence in two rare plant species, pondberry and pondspice. Plant Disease 95 (9): 1056 - 1062" title="Susceptibility to laurel wilt and disease incidence in two rare plant species, pondberry and pondspice" volume="95" year="2011">Fraedrich et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Redbay was suggested as a possible host due to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="weevil’s">weevil's</normalizedToken>
|
||
distribution along the East Coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barber, H. S." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="181 - 183" refId="B7640358" refString="Barber, H. S., 1912. Note on the avocado weevil (Heilipus lauri Boheman). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 14: 181 - 183" title="Note on the avocado weevil (Heilipus lauri Boheman)" volume="14" year="1912">Barber 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffman, R. L." journalOrPublisher="Banisteria" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="58 - 59" refId="B7636522" refString="Hoffman, R. L., 2003. Heilipus apiatus, a striking large weevil new to the Virginia fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Banisteria 22: 58 - 59" title="Heilipus apiatus, a striking large weevil new to the Virginia fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" volume="22" year="2003">Hoffman 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cameron, R. S." journalOrPublisher="Georgia Forestry Commission." pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636406" refString="Cameron, R. S., Bates, C., Johnson, J., 2008. Distribution and spread of laurel wilt disease in Georgia: 2006-08 Survey and Field Observations. Georgia Forestry Commission." title="Distribution and spread of laurel wilt disease in Georgia: 2006 - 08 Survey and Field Observations" year="2008">Cameron et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed debarking damage to redbay branches which was noted to be very similar to the damage observed on pondspice branches at a locality in Georgia where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also found, but no more direct associations are known with redbay. Adult weevils have been collected on sassafras in Tennessee (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blatchley, W. S." journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" refId="B7636398" refString="Blatchley, W. S., Leng, C. W., 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" title="Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America" year="1916">Blatchley and Leng 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Alabama [AUMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">
|
||
Additional records:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfenbarger, D. O." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="260 - 264" refId="B7636730" refString="Wolfenbarger, D. O., 1948. Heilipus squamosus Lec., a new enemy of the avocado. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 61: 260 - 264" title="Heilipus squamosus Lec., a new enemy of the avocado" volume="61" year="1948">Wolfenbarger (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported specimens collected "on cotton, sassafras and Satsuma orange" and, in a subsequent paper (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfenbarger, D. O." journalOrPublisher="The Florida Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" pagination="139 - 141" refId="B7636739" refString="Wolfenbarger, D. O., 1950. On the distribution of Heilipus squamosos (Lec.) a pest of the avocado. The Florida Entomologist 33 (4): 139 - 141" title="On the distribution of Heilipus squamosos (Lec.) a pest of the avocado" volume="33" year="1950">Wolfenbarger 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), he adds
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“camphor”">"camphor"</normalizedToken>
|
||
to the list. Camphor,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cinnamomum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cinnamomum camphora" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camphora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Cinnamomum camphora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) J. Presl, is a non-native species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
naturalised in parts of south-eastern United States. No additional records were found indicating an association of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. squamosus" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">H. squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Three specimens have been collected from Isle of Wight Co., Virginia on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diospyros virginiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Diospyros virginiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (wild persimmon;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ebenaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (CMNC; Art Evans,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.). One specimen from Spotsylvania Co., Virginia was photographed "on dogbane hemp",
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Apocynum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Apocynum cannabinum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cannabinum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499">Apocynum cannabinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="85499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (iNaturalist, BugGuide).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |