200 lines
21 KiB
XML
200 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="AB7013E426D73226AEBB0FFDCB9165E5" ID-CLB-Dataset="33644" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503" ID-GBIF-Dataset="284e15e6-931f-4863-b037-68a83c8b53a8" ID-PMC="PMC4857038" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-585-51" ID-PubMed="27199604" ID-ZooBank="B914D8CF92A14C948EDC7CE8B0202076" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-585-51" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 585" ModsDocTitle="Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa" checkinTime="1461901611862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Roques, Alain, Copeland, Robert S., Soldati, Laurent, Denux, Olivier & Auger-Rozenberg, Marie-Anne" docDate="2016" docId="72E02BF71369F908EC274F5402AFDB29" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 585: 51-124" docOrigin="ZooKeys 585" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503" docTitle="Megastigmus transvaalensis Hussey 1956" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="FF812555FFDD75799D3DFF99922B9D29" masterDocTitle="Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa" masterLastPageNumber="124" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="104" updateTime="1701380580500" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="04A0E561551ECA9DB0343926D5457D3F">Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF2FA11C1E1880BDB69D178C9DE48CCE">Roques, Alain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="42EDD5110B469264C360BF677A7884D3">Copeland, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5AE4A534654F4455BDB59CC8CE435353">Soldati, Laurent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6849DB6987AAD4AFE3047B4C91F210D9">Denux, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F1F097119A60DE878B716447A77DC3B6">Auger-Rozenberg, Marie-Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B67BC2022B2DC4B380D0445846902EFE">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="830178E6CF98FD5D1EA99ECD8FC84554" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="250F3FDB496644733E5CEF7D84D3DDDE">585</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="4133D64ECA8E19BE7BA8E8841DF56DC0">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="BD8C50F0C1E6FA6C96A4312450613041">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EF88D921500DCBC61FDA33A59B7A8FF4" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.7503</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="72E02BF71369F908EC274F5402AFDB29" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127898985" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:72E02BF71369F908EC274F5402AFDB29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/72E02BF71369F908EC274F5402AFDB29" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="53" pageNumber="104">
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<paragraph id="41E1946225072287B2BF159A03B92568" pageId="53" pageNumber="104">
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<pageBreakToken id="7C764FE1E26859D3EE2C17D64A4E2894" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Torymidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CC1E0C2C97A74B277669A1D344EC1FB9" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="339F9E3405A9613D3B61AA908F5D4DC9" pageId="53" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName id="DB19AFEC23E34A112FE1C2E7E02AB984" ID-CoL="3YZGH" authority="Hussey, 1956" authorityName="Hussey" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus transvaalensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaalensis">Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hussey, 1956)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0902DA72F06BD67EE91644AEC07CD531" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="53B43C9A391C836B245968D4A8C3DD90" pageId="53" pageNumber="104">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9CC4D3068CBC1DC39319718F604A447F" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="53" pageNumber="104">
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3♀♀, 7♂♂, Kenya, Kikuyu Escarpment, Central Province,
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<geoCoordinate id="45C4E3FEB7D431113B422C6AD4E5FC1D" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-1.029">1.0290°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="2DD26C30AB3BABD13C6A4D2185FEB0BA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="36.6025">36.6025°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 2100 m, coll. 85, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="AF828ABECECDCF1C6D87BD8DC92B5A22" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus vulgaris" order="Sapindales" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">Rhus vulgaris</taxonomicName>
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seeds, 29 Apr 1999, R. Copeland leg.; 2♀♀, 3♂♂, Kenya, Burguret, Central Province,
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<geoCoordinate id="5422DAD75C5137587063F4681A6F855C" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-0.1128">0.1128°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="D1C040625F0956F1C72819A902BB49C5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="37.0375">37.0375°E</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. 2162, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="B3077ECC1DFF7B7613339A5D09E22625" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus natalensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natalensis">Rhus natalensis</taxonomicName>
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seeds, 16 Aug 2002, R. Copeland leg.; 3♀♀, 7♂♂, Kenya,
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<pageBreakToken id="6E582FD99BC1D04E9CE3519CCABC3130" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" start="start">Nairobi</pageBreakToken>
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Province,
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<geoCoordinate id="9B8C6C0DD9C4A7C1B820BF94425C6FA9" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-1.2212">1.2212°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="11D1C1E83C544E1586A57562F8D85567" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="36.8963">36.8963°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1610m, coll. 2787, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="81D45FB2F2ED2FAA3D1A367F0E1EEDE2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus terebinthifolius" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terebinthifolius">Schinus terebinthifolius</taxonomicName>
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seeds, 28 Apr 2004, R. Copeland leg. (4♀♀, 10♂♂ RSC; 4♀♀, 7♂♂ ARC)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CCFFBE63E0757E4E4F4731236BA24733" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">
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Male and female specimens fit the description of the species by
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<bibRefCitation id="E8F857B1734A9A0016799B4532AE1CB3" author="Hussey, NW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="59" pageNumber="110" pagination="57 - 59" title="A new species of Megastigmus (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) from British Somaliland." url="10.1017/S0007485300046502" volume="47" year="1956 a">Hussey (1956a)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="DA77273C343B5D5F00BEE3CA8E7B99E4" author="Grissell, EE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="59" pageNumber="110" pagination="271 - 279" title="Seed-feeding species of Megastigmus Dalman 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) associated with Anacardiaceae." volume="10" year="2001">Grissell and Prinsloo (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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, then detailed by
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<bibRefCitation id="DB320C104D148F18813B56C610126594" author="Roques, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="60" pageNumber="111" pagination="127 - 238" title="Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to Europe: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution." url="10.1080/713834669" volume="37" year="2003">
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Roques and
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<normalizedToken id="3299107BF710DBB5FF4F3CD5F583D95B" originalValue="Skrzypczyńska">Skrzypczynska</normalizedToken>
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(2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Figures 150-155 present the most important characteristics of female specimens from Kenya whereas Figures 156-162 show those of males.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A010B8A9164DA69678B5A05919A13FAB" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" type="host plants">
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<paragraph id="BEA62B749E390019A8763CEF983CA729" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">Host plants.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A9D88D1995908EDBFCE6C3C7EB7D3AA3" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">
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<taxonomicName id="569B6D82C26D962EE0C024C73C107C51" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus molle" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molle">Schinus molle</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A2FC56C38CBC4AC3642D664A1A32BDC8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus terebinthifolius" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terebinthifolius">Schinus terebinthifolius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D8C498B7977F4DBE597A5BA8E608F9B3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus natalensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natalensis">Rhus natalensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="5A7F17A227799AEF06131F04C23EE5AF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus vulgaris" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">Rhus vulgaris</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="F003F6200200EBE0DD56FAE71E5355AB" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="Anacardiaceae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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). A seed feeder.
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<bibRefCitation id="61C5009847DE29CB0D303423A8F80094" author="Scheffer, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="60" pageNumber="111" pagination="415 - 421" title="Tracing the geographical origin of Megastigmustransvaalensis (Hussey 1956) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae): an African wasp feeding on a South American plant in North America." url="10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01725.x" volume="12" year="2003">Schefer and Grissell (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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presented a molecular analysis of the populations of this species, suggesting its origin in Austral Africa but we were unable to amplify any specimens of the Kenyan populations we obtained.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C40489EFECEE68EEBA0ACE07B060629" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="03545B24666E4939BFDE51CAF77B6584" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D59C97C3E21C304A6523162F81BC4950" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">
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Adults emerged from 14.8% of the fruits of
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<taxonomicName id="AD9B7103F8A1D2874856B0D02205D565" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus molle" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molle">Schinus molle</taxonomicName>
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, 14.7% of those of
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<taxonomicName id="03C8D5728794B76EA9F7A7D29BE3AE58" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus vulgaris" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">Rhus vulgaris</taxonomicName>
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and up to 6.1% of
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<taxonomicName id="C626E538304707DD77342DD2EF4FA8A4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus natalensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natalensis">Rhus natalensis</taxonomicName>
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fruits (Table 3).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="85AA9ED6F2C03BB1F004B0BCF491206A" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="28DED67AF390AFC4FBDC8C4804344886" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="79D112702EBA7397BA1EB52961082FED" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">
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Females can be distinguished from these of other species associated with fruits of
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<taxonomicName id="053D0A3A6417FCB849C81C56484AC8F4" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="Anacardiaceae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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and showing a predominantly orange body by the relative size of the ovipositor and the shape of the forewing stigma. In
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<taxonomicName id="7170C5558A3B0E8EEF25788B0FDDDDEB" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus transvaalensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaalensis">Megastigmus transvaalensis</taxonomicName>
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, the ovipositor is 1.4
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<normalizedToken id="E0090AF332130AF63E8E0A7D92257EAA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as gaster length (Figure 151) whereas it is nearly twice as long as the gaster in
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<taxonomicName id="A0C36FA6AEB7CDD8052A53B9D00E367D" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus laventhali" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laventhali">Megastigmus laventhali</taxonomicName>
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(1.8
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<normalizedToken id="D2CB38E0BF1D670FD2BB2A5FDFE55131" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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; Figure 76) and only a bit longer than gaster in
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<taxonomicName id="59561BC72BE398CF3DB0CB1413CA49E9" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus thomseni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomseni">Megastigmus thomseni</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="698E79CBDDF818055149B051E62C7F81" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus pistaciae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">Megastigmus pistaciae</taxonomicName>
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(1.1
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<normalizedToken id="B18609FF3AC6EAAA48A803F10931C744" originalValue="–1.2×">-1.2x</normalizedToken>
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; Figure 137). The stigma is conspicuously elongate, and quite rectangular in
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<taxonomicName id="887F2F4B39416A18F41DB0F964E40D7B" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus transvaalensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaalensis">Megastigmus transvaalensis</taxonomicName>
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(2.0
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<normalizedToken id="E080A606E949A9158191F620689CBA43" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide; Figure 155), less elongate in
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<taxonomicName id="21387C67E972DBECA6703A91C225FCB4" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus thomseni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomseni">Megastigmus thomseni</taxonomicName>
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(1.7
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<normalizedToken id="1DF82F076DA41BEBD0D50C2E97FA69D7" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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, according to the drawing by
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<bibRefCitation id="F8A0A8E7EFC34747AC34875D59D3BB51" author="Hussey, NW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="59" pageNumber="110" pagination="57 - 59" title="A new species of Megastigmus (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) from British Somaliland." url="10.1017/S0007485300046502" volume="47" year="1956 a">Hussey 1956a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whereas it is oval and rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E135132EFB44C231C501D8FE08EC3E1C" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus pistaciae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">Megastigmus pistaciae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A7AA4D38095156F327F3A2496BAA52BA" originalValue="–1.3×">-1.3x</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Figure 141).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B00244385B414F85BDB46D844293EA0B" pageId="54" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Genitalia allows the separation of males from those of other species reared from seeds of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="993E30F049740A6D14C91DD92C0FA106" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="Anacardiaceae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The aedeagus part above digitus is conspicuously shorter than digitus length (0. 5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0977828773593C086C1D864E8DBF8203" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Figure 162) whereas this part is more elongated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E27FCF33A4D639CB5B3BC500C745692C" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus pistaciae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">Megastigmus pistaciae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2632BEE8E7D9B80AA67E2DE87A108DEE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Figure 148),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FE4DAFE9CD2467173A72F479DD45822" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus hypogeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypogeus">Megastigmus hypogeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4B8FEE6D50DD51C60014DAE5DC2D9D32" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as digitus length; Figures 127, 134),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35DA8359C7ED701798BCA89C9934C13E" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus ozoroae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ozoroae">Megastigmus ozoroae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="62367A22A9A793EDBA3DC6D2903225D8" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Figures 53, 60) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="690ECEC81FA399E95239C7401C6BDBE3" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Megastigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megastigmus lanneae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanneae">Megastigmus lanneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8AFFF4AAFD5A1B0D94DDAEDBC7844C8C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Figures 107, 115).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |