449 lines
58 KiB
XML
449 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BCF2DC228A9724B9C4130A60BFB32A4A"><strong> The Eurasian species of <em> Xyela </ em> (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution </ strong></mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C4152E23429EEC8371A3780F7D9E055D">Blank, Stephan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="850EEA670695D55E8DEC1C1089A5D91E">Shinohara, Akihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B444EEA3AE1E0CACC175E42A148DFA4B" type="email">shinohar@kahaku.go.jp.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="58DBF94028330209AAAD3F6946B5B169">Altenhofer, Ewald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2037C8CC6CF1B33148F6112CF6ACFE0E" type="email">stephan.blank@senckenberg.de.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="1B6D80E730EF81B67AD107515C5A5784">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="72655041411BE9196BCDD34AFAD920E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412631" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194443956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6412631" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7AC5E80E-A3BC-438F-99CC-A08D6956258B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/72655041411BE9196BCDD34AFAD920E2" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411BE91F6BCDD34AFDCE275A" box="[151,537,1314,1340]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411BE91F6BCDD34AFDCE275A" blockId="51.[151,537,1314,1340]" box="[151,537,1314,1340]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="A13B563B411BE91F6BCDD34AFDCE275A" bold="true" box="[151,537,1314,1340]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="C8B83D45411BE91F6BCDD34AFDCE275A" bold="true" box="[151,537,1314,1340]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411BE91F6BCDD34AFE79275A" authority="Blank" authorityName="Blank & Shinohara & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,430,1314,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C8B83D45411BE91F6BCDD34AFE8C275A" bold="true" box="[151,347,1314,1340]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Xyela uncinatae</emphasis>
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Blank
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D38B803E411BE91F6AE1D34AFDCE275A" box="[443,537,1314,1340]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411BE91F6BCDD302FCE22719" box="[151,821,1385,1407]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411BE91F6BCDD302FCE22719" blockId="51.[151,821,1385,1438]" box="[151,821,1385,1407]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<typeStatus id="25775FF5411BE91F6BCDD302FF1E2719" box="[151,201,1386,1407]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411BE91F6A73D302FEA62719" box="[297,369,1386,1407]" name="France" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">France</collectingCountry>
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, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence,
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<location id="FF13B78C411BE91F69D4D301FCE52719" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:72655041411BE9196BCDD34AFAD920E2:FF13B78C411BE91F69D4D301FCE52719" box="[654,818,1385,1407]" country="France" name="Thorame-Haute" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thorame-Haute</location>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411BE91F6BCDD3E0FD2127F8" box="[151,758,1416,1438]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411BE91F6BCDD3E0FD2127F8" blockId="51.[151,821,1385,1438]" box="[151,758,1416,1438]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<treatmentCitation id="7B6DC746411BE91F6BCDD3E0FE3727F8" author="Blank, S. M." box="[151,480,1416,1438]" page="208" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="2002">
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<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411BE91F6BCDD3E0FE3727F8" authority=": Blank 2002: 208" authorityName=": Blank" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,480,1416,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
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<emphasis id="C8B83D45411BE91F6BCDD3E0FEFF27F8" box="[151,296,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Xyela obscura</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411BE91F6A6CD3E0FE3727F8" author="Blank, S. M." box="[310,480,1416,1438]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="197 - 233" refId="ref66820" refString="Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233." type="book chapter" year="2002">Blank 2002: 208</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 227 (partly misidentified).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411BE9186BCDD3A2FE3B218A" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411BE91F6BCDD3A2FDED24DC" blockId="51.[151,1436,1482,2010]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="C8B83D45411BE91F6BCDD3A2FEF62785" bold="true" box="[151,289,1482,1507]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Description</emphasis>
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. Female. Color. Head predominantly dark, darkest specimens with head completely brown (
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<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411BE91F6E60D3A2FA592784" box="[1338,1422,1482,1506]" captionStart="FIGURES 66–85" captionStartId="71.[151,264,1488,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-33@71.[151,1436,193,1467]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 66–85. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. julii group (part). Legend: HT—holotype; PT—paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261374/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
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), in pale specimens face yellow along eye, on vertex and between postocellar area and kidney-shaped spot (
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<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411BE91F6E61D387FA582461" box="[1339,1423,1519,1543]" captionStart="FIGURES 66–85" captionStartId="71.[151,264,1488,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-33@71.[151,1436,193,1467]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 66–85. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. julii group (part). Legend: HT—holotype; PT—paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261374/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
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). Antenna brown dorsally and pale brown ventrally. Thorax dorsally brown, lateral mesonotal lobe, mesoscutellum and tegulae more or less pale. Mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdomen brown, tergum 9+10 laterally and preapical sterna pale brown to yellow. Ovipositor sheath yellow, tip of valvula 3 infuscate preapically (
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<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411BE91F6E77D032FA472414" box="[1325,1424,1626,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 105–120" captionStartId="74.[151,263,1801,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-34@74.[151,1436,193,1780]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURES 105–120. Ovipositor sheaths of Xyela species. All figures at same scale. Legend: HT—holotype; NT—neotype; PT—paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261380/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
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). Legs pale brown, coxae brown, femora more or less darkened on the upper side, distal tarsomeres darkened. Wings hyaline to little brown, venation pale.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411BE9186B9DD0AFFE9E2359" blockId="51.[151,1436,1482,2010]" lastBlockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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Morphology. Fore wing
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<quantity id="3D344CB2411BE91F6A83D0AFFD8824B8" box="[473,607,1735,1759]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.199999999999999" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="4.199999999999999" valueMax="4.6" valueMin="3.8">3.8–4.6 mm</quantity>
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long, 1.80–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 150–300 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 590–760 µm long, antennomere 4 130–180 µm long and 3.5–4.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 450–540 µm long, (1.45–)1.55–1.75 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.40–1.75: 1. Ovipositor sheath (1.85–)
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<quantity id="3D344CB2411BE91F6AECD13FFD8B2508" box="[438,604,1879,1903]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.95" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.25" valueMin="1.95">1.95–2.25 mm</quantity>
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long, valvula 3 1.95–2.25 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–8.0 times longer than wide at base (
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<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411BE91F6AE5D112FDF525F4" box="[447,546,1914,1938]" captionStart="FIGURES 105–120" captionStartId="74.[151,263,1801,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-34@74.[151,1436,193,1780]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURES 105–120. Ovipositor sheaths of Xyela species. All figures at same scale. Legend: HT—holotype; NT—neotype; PT—paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261380/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
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). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 13–14 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 4–5 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.05 with 5 indistinct oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.90–1,05 mm long, claws without subapical tooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD724FAF9205A" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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Male. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: frontal furrows at least with wide stripes meeting ocellar and postocellar spot and medial spot of frons present, kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area in pale specimens but usually fused with frontal stripes anteriorly, often dark pattern fusing to a large dark brown or black spot (
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<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411CE918695DD7DFFD5C23A9" box="[519,651,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 66–85" captionStartId="71.[151,264,1488,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-33@71.[151,1436,193,1467]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 66–85. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. julii group (part). Legend: HT—holotype; PT—paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261374/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Figs 80–81</figureCitation>
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). Antennae pale brown. Thorax dorsally black, pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum sometimes pale brown, tegulae pale and brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdomen including hypopygium brown. Legs pale brown, posterior coxae laterally brown, ventrally brown or more or less pale in distal half. Wing membrane almost hyaline, venation and pterostigma pale brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD42FFE3B218A" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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Morphology. Fore wing length 3.2–4.0 mm, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 (520–)610–780 µm, antennomere 4 140–180 µm and 4.0–5.0 times longer than wide. Article 3 of maxillary palp 360–490 µm long, 1.30–1.50 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.50–)1.60–1.90: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps 1.45–1.65 times longer than wide on medial lobe, with distinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.22–0.26 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.80 times as high as medial lobe, excision of lower edge 0.22–0.24 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.15–1.20 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.55–0.70 width of distal lobe (
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<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411CE91869BDD50FFC9B2119" box="[743,844,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURES 146–156" captionStartId="78.[151,263,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-75@78.[151,1436,193,1844]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 146–156. Penis valves of Xyela species (X. julii group, part), and male external copulatory apparatus of Xyela in ventral and lateral view. 153–154, X. longula (penis valves removed). 155–156, X. curva (penis valves and volsellae removed). Legend: bpa—basiparamere, br—basal ring, gon—gonomacula, har—harpe, lap—lateral apodeme, vol—volsella. Figs 147, 150 and 152 reproduced from Blank et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261390/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 151</figureCitation>
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). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetric and broad, with 5–9 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 7–11 setae. Posterior tibia
|
||
<quantity id="3D344CB2411CE9186FEED5C7FA8F21A1" box="[1204,1368,943,967]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="0.825" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.75">0.75–0.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, claws without subapical tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411CE9186B9DD590FBF6261A" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD590FBF6261A" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9DD590FEA52676" bold="true" box="[199,370,1015,1040]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Type material</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4AA4EB0A411CE9186AD9D59FFA4F2631" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3746410305" collectingDate="1928-05" collectionCode="DEI" collectorName="T. Noblecourt" country="France" county="Noblecourt Rec" determinerName="S. M. Blank" location="Thorame Haut" municipality="Alpes-de Haute Provence" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="25775FF5411CE9186AD9D59FFE3C2669" box="[387,491,1015,1039]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCount id="ECCA2ADE411CE9186AACD590FDDC2669" box="[502,523,1016,1039]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
: “F-04-Alpes H. P. [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411CE918685AD590FC852669" box="[768,850,1016,1039]" name="France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1A177B2D411CE918683BD59FFB5A2669" box="[865,1165,1015,1039]" country="France" county="Noblecourt Rec" municipality="Thorame Haut" name="Alpes-de Haute Provence" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Alpes-de Haute Provence</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
],
|
||
<location id="FF13B78C411CE9186FF9D59FFA9B2669" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:72655041411BE9196BCDD34AFAD920E2:FF13B78C411CE9186FF9D59FFA9B2669" box="[1187,1356,1015,1039]" country="France" county="Noblecourt Rec" municipality="Alpes-de Haute Provence" name="Thorame Haut" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Thorame Haut</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8E72C797411CE9186E01D59FFA4C2669" box="[1371,1435,1015,1039]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1928-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="9E363E7F411CE9186E01D59FFA4C2669" box="[1371,1435,1015,1039]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1928-05">28-V-</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
[19]95,
|
||
<location id="FF13B78C411CE9186BAFD274FE7D2655" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:72655041411BE9196BCDD34AFAD920E2:FF13B78C411CE9186BAFD274FE7D2655" box="[245,426,1052,1076]" country="France" county="Noblecourt Rec" municipality="Alpes-de Haute Provence" name="Noblecourt Rec" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Noblecourt Rec</location>
|
||
[leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="57398481411CE9186AAFD274FD482652" box="[501,671,1052,1076]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. Noblecourt</collectorName>
|
||
]”; “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186996D274FC262652" authority="♀ Noblecourt" authorityName="Noblecourt" box="[716,1009,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186996D274FC922652" box="[716,837,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Xyela julii</emphasis>
|
||
♀ Noblecourt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
det: 95”; [red:] “Holotype ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186E06D274FED22631" authority="Blank & Shinohara & Altenhofer, 2013" authorityName="Blank & Shinohara & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186E06D274FED22631" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Xyela uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D38B803E411CE9186A55D228FE562631" box="[271,385,1088,1111]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
det.
|
||
<determinerName id="0FAF0D93411CE9186AE7D257FD9C2631" box="[445,587,1087,1111]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">S. M. Blank</determinerName>
|
||
2000”. The holotype is a pale specimen (see below for variability).
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE9186E3CD228FA4F2631" box="[1382,1432,1088,1111]" collectionName="Germany, Muencheberg, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut im ZALF" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33211" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33211" name="Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">DEI</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4AA4EB0A411CE9186BCDD20CFBC9261A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3746410325" box="[151,1054,1124,1148]" collectionCode="DEI, JLC, MNHN, MHNN, MZLS, MZLU, RMNH, TNC" country="France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" specimenCount="57" specimenCount-female="37" specimenCount-male="20" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="25775FF5411CE9186BCDD20CFEDE261A" box="[151,265,1124,1148]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="ECCA2ADE411CE9186A49D20CFE94261D" box="[275,323,1124,1148]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="female">37♀</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="ECCA2ADE411CE9186A11D20CFEAC261D" box="[331,379,1124,1148]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="male">20♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE9186AD3D20CFE6C261D" box="[393,443,1124,1147]" collectionName="Germany, Muencheberg, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut im ZALF" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33211" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33211" name="Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">DEI</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE9186A9CD20CFE2F261A" box="[454,504,1124,1148]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">JLC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE9186959D20CFD8B261D" box="[515,604,1124,1147]" collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE918693CD20CFD68261D" box="[614,703,1124,1147]" collectionName="Switzerland, Neuchatel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">MHNN</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE9186990D20CFCCF261A" box="[714,792,1124,1148]" collectionName="Switzerland, Lausanne, Musee Zoologique" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4p9p-7ns0" name="Musee Zoologique" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">MZLS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE9186878D20CFCA3261D" box="[802,884,1124,1147]" collectionName="Sweden, Lund, Lund University" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34994" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34994" name="Lund University" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">MZLU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE91868DAD20CFC00261D" box="[896,983,1124,1147]" collectionName="Netherlands, Leiden, Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum ("Naturalis") [formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9CDD7992411CE91868B8D20CFBC9261A" box="[994,1054,1124,1148]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">TNC</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411CE9186B9CD2E0FE1526A5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9CD2E0FE1526A5" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9CD2E0FE9126C6" bold="true" box="[198,326,1160,1184]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. The species name, a noun in genitive singular, has been chosen in accordance with the supposed host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A48D2C5FE6C26A2" authorityName="Ramond (Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[274,443,1197,1220]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186A48D2C5FE6C26A2" box="[274,443,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pinus uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411CE9186B9DD2BBFC292769" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD2BBFDA5268C" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" box="[199,626,1234,1259]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9DD2BBFE93268D" bold="true" box="[199,324,1235,1259]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="38082FB5411CE9186B9DD2BBFF28268D" box="[199,255,1235,1259]" country="Afghanistan" name="Khost" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Host</collectingRegion>
|
||
plant
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<superScript id="0DB94C1F411CE9186A08D2BAFE8C26BC" attach="right" box="[338,347,1234,1242]" fontSize="6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ο</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A01D2BBFDA5268C" authority="Ramond." authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" box="[347,626,1234,1258]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186A01D2BBFDD3268C" box="[347,516,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pinus uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
Ramond.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD29EFC292769" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" box="[199,1022,1270,1295]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9DD29EFE302769" bold="true" box="[199,487,1270,1295]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411CE9186AAFD29FFD822769" box="[501,597,1271,1295]" name="Andorra" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Andorra</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411CE918693BD29FFD672768" box="[609,688,1271,1294]" name="France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411CE91869E1D29FFD2A2769" box="[699,765,1271,1295]" name="Spain" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411CE9186853D29FFC582769" box="[777,911,1271,1295]" name="Switzerland" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="62F7FDD2411CE91868C4D29FFC262769" box="[926,1009,1271,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1079,1102]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,409,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-559@46.[151,1436,409,1058]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 19. Records of three West Palearctic, subalpine Xyela species, X. helvetica (2 specimens from 2 collection sites), X. obscura (221 specimens from 30 collection sites) and X. uncinatae (48 specimens from 9 collection sites) and natural distribution of the (supposed) host plants, Pinus mugo (solid line) and P. uncinata (dashed line, distribution of both pines according to Meusel et al. 1965). The distribution ranges of these pine species overlap in the Alps (see text). Additional literature record included for X. obscura from the Ukraine (Zombori & Ermolenko 1999)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261360/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2D6B2DC411CE9196B9DD372FAD920E2" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD372FCD3241F" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9DD372FE272754" box="[199,496,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9DD372FEF92755" bold="true" box="[199,302,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A66D373FE272754" authorityName="Blank & Shinohara & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2013" box="[316,496,1307,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">Xyela uncinatae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE918699BD373FCEC2755" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[705,827,1307,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE918699BD373FCEC2755" box="[705,827,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in coloration, in ovipositor sheath morphology, and in the closely spaced posterior ocelli. In females the head is predominantly black or dark brown, but usually the vertex bears more or less distinct pale stripes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE91869C9D30BFCF1271C" authorityName="Blank & Shinohara & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2013" box="[659,806,1379,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE91869C9D30BFCF1271C" box="[659,806,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are mostly absent or at least indistinct in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186EDED30BFED827F9" authorityName="Chr. (Blank" authorityYear="2002" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heldreichii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186EDED30BFED827F9" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. heldreichii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A1DD3E0FE1727F9" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[327,448,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186A1DD3E0FE1727F9" box="[327,448,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pale pattern of the head varies considerably in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186F48D3E0FAD327F9" authority=": Among" authorityName="Among" box="[1042,1284,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186F48D3E0FB7727F9" box="[1042,1184,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
: Among
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<specimenCount id="ECCA2ADE411CE9186E56D3EFFA5127F9" box="[1292,1414,1415,1439]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="female">25 females</specimenCount>
|
||
4 have continuous yellow or pale brown stripes on the face along the eyes (pale form similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186FFCD3C3FB0427A5" box="[1190,1235,1451,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186FFCD3C3FB0427A5" box="[1190,1235,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">julii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see couplet
|
||
<quantity id="3D344CB2411CE9186E3ED3C2FA4B27A4" box="[1380,1436,1450,1474]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.366" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="29.0">29 in</quantity>
|
||
the key), 10 have obvious brown stripes on the vertex (similar to pale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE91868FAD3B8FBCE2781" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[928,1049,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE91868FAD3B8FBCE2781" box="[928,1049,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and 11 have the head completely dark brown (similar to dark
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A88D39BFD9C246D" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[466,587,1523,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186A88D39BFD9C246D" box="[466,587,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Morphological characters of the females overlap, but they are statistically different (U-test, n
|
||
<subScript id="6648E312411CE9186A36D04EFE4B2452" attach="left" box="[364,412,1574,1588]" fontSize="6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">obscura</subScript>
|
||
= 13, n
|
||
<subScript id="6648E312411CE9186AA2D04EFDE42452" attach="left" box="[504,563,1574,1588]" fontSize="6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">uncinatae</subScript>
|
||
= 16). On average the ovipositor is longer (U = 28, α <0.001), the relative length of valvula 3: valvifer 2 smaller (U = 20, α <0.001), and the relative length of fore wing: ovipositor larger (U = 54.5, α <0.05) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186AC6D00AFDFE241F" box="[412,553,1634,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186AC6D00AFDFE241F" box="[412,553,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE91869DED00AFD2A241F" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[644,765,1633,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE91869DED00AFD2A241F" box="[644,765,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9186B9DD0EDFF12254B" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A54D0EEFE5924FB" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[270,398,1669,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186A54D0EEFE5924FB" box="[270,398,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186A88D0EEFDB124FB" box="[466,614,1670,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186A88D0EEFDB124FB" box="[466,614,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE91869BCD0EEFCEE24FB" box="[742,825,1669,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE91869BCD0EEFCEE24FB" box="[742,825,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. julii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the dark hypopygium. About 85–90 % will be distinguished from the latter by the closely spaced posterior ocelli. However, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186F05D0C2FB0F24A7" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[1119,1240,1705,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186F05D0C2FB0F24A7" box="[1119,1240,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186E54D0C2FA4C24A7" box="[1294,1435,1706,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186E54D0C2FA4C24A7" box="[1294,1435,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot definitely be distinguished from each other. Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186860D0A6FC112483" box="[826,966,1742,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186860D0A6FC112483" box="[826,966,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">X. uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were associated with females using series collected by net and in Malaise traps in Thorame Haute, since this was the only female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186F30D099FAD6256F" box="[1130,1281,1777,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186F30D099FB7D256F" box="[1130,1194,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Xyela</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found on this site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411CE9196B9DD151FD1722B2" blockId="52.[151,1440,151,2018]" lastBlockId="53.[151,1440,151,644]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186B9DD151FE572537" box="[199,384,1849,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186B9DD151FE572537" box="[199,384,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Xyela uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not yet been reared, but the circumstances of collecting unequivocally indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186E06D152FF2E2513" authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186E06D152FF2E2513" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pinus uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the larval host plant. The French specimens were swept at ca
|
||
<quantity id="3D344CB2411CE918688ED135FBE72513" box="[980,1072,1885,1909]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude from cut grass below
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186EDDD136FF2E25FF" authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186EDDD136FF2E25FF" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">P. uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the edge of a wood, which consisted only of this pine species and of larch (T. Noblecourt, personal communication). Other pine species can be excluded as host plants with high likelihood.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186FF9D1CEFAFD25DB" authorityName="Turra (Liston" authorityYear="1995" box="[1187,1322,1958,1981]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mugo">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186FF9D1CEFAFD25DB" box="[1187,1322,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pinus mugo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost absent from the Hautes-Alpes, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411CE9186971D1A2FD672584" box="[555,688,1994,2018]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411CE9186971D1A2FD672584" box="[555,688,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mostly restricted to warm places at lower altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411CE9186E41D1A1FA402587" author="Chas, E." box="[1307,1431,1993,2017]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="ref67268" refString="Chas, E. (1994) Atlas de la flore des Hautes-Alpes. Louis-Jean, Gap, 816 pp." type="book" year="1994">Chas 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196BCDD6FFFEF022C9" author="Kindel, K. - H." box="[151,295,151,175]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref68972" refString="Kindel, K. - H. (1995) Kiefern in Europa. Bildtafeln und Beschreibungen der in europaischen Waldern, Garten und Parks anzutreffenden einheimischen und fremdlandischen Arten. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena and New York, 204 pp." type="book" year="1995">Kindel 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Pyrenees
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196AA8D6F1FD9B22D6" authorityName="Turra (Liston" authorityYear="1995" box="[498,588,153,176]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mugo">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196AA8D6F1FD9B22D6" box="[498,588,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. mugo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent, however, here
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196836D6F1FC2722D6" box="[876,1008,152,176]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196836D6F1FC2722D6" box="[876,1008,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be present in the subalpine zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196BC4D6D4FEE922B2" author="Dupias, G." box="[158,318,188,212]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref67810" refString="Dupias, G. (1987 a) Fleurs du Parc National des Pyrenees. Etages montagnard - subalpin 1. Conseil Imprim, Trabes, vol. 1, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Dupias 1987
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196A6BD6D4FEE922B2" author="Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G." box="[305,318,188,212]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="395 - 415" refId="ref73263" refString="Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjected terretories.] (In Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415." type="journal article" year="1995">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Kindel 1995, Babéro et al. 1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA73E157411DE9196B9DD6B7FAD920E2" blockId="53.[151,1440,151,644]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
There has been a long lasting controversial discussion about taxonomy and nomenclature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196E4FD689FAA3229E" authorityName="Turra (Liston" authorityYear="1995" box="[1301,1396,225,248]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mugo">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196E4FD689FAA3229E" box="[1301,1396,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. mugo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196EDDD689FF2E237A" authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196EDDD689FF2E237A" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196A74D76DFE60237A" box="[302,439,260,284]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196A74D76DFE60237A" box="[302,439,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. rotundata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is still no consensus on the treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196891D76DFBDE237A" authorityName="Turra (Liston" authorityYear="1995" box="[971,1033,261,284]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mugo">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196891D76DFBDE237A" box="[971,1033,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">mugo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(krummholz, small seed cones with narrow apophyses) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196AFED740FDD12359" authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" box="[420,518,296,319]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196AFED740FDD12359" box="[420,518,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tree-shaped, large seed cones with prominent, hooked apophyses) as subspecies or two separate species. The two taxa hybridize extensively, giving the hybrid subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196FE6D725FB062302" box="[1212,1233,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P.</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196FAFD724FAB52302" box="[1269,1378,332,356]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196FAFD724FAB52302" box="[1269,1378,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">rotundata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For practical reason
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196A08D719FE4723EE" authorityName="Turra (Liston" authorityYear="1995" box="[338,400,369,392]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mugo">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196A08D719FE4723EE" box="[338,400,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">mugo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196A90D718FDFB23E1" authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" box="[458,556,368,391]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196A90D718FDFB23E1" box="[458,556,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are treated as species throughout this work following the taxonomic opinion and nomenclature presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196AA5D7FCFD5823CA" author="Earle, C. J." box="[511,655,404,428]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref67914" refString="Earle, C. J. (ed.) (2011) Gymnosperm Database. Available from: http: // www. conifers. org (Date of access: 24.9.2012)." type="url" year="2011">Earle (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE91969C0D7FDFC9323CA" authorityName="Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer" authorityYear="2000" box="[666,836,405,428]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE91969C0D7FDFC9323CA" box="[666,836,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Pinus uncinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed in the western Alps, the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="38082FB5411DE9196FA1D7FCFAFD23CD" box="[1275,1322,404,427]" country="Switzerland" name="Jura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Jura</collectingRegion>
|
||
mountain range of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411DE9196A5ED7DFFE5A23A9" box="[260,397,439,463]" name="Switzerland" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Pyrenees and the Spanish Sierra de Javalambre (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196F50D7DFFB3C23A9" author="Meusel, H. & Jager, E. & Weinert, E." box="[1034,1259,439,463]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref69947" refString="Meusel, H., Jager, E. & Weinert, E. (1965) Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 583 pp. [text] + 258 pp. [maps]." type="book" year="1965">Meusel et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196FA1D7DFFA5923A9" author="Kindel, K. - H." box="[1275,1422,439,463]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref68972" refString="Kindel, K. - H. (1995) Kiefern in Europa. Bildtafeln und Beschreibungen der in europaischen Waldern, Garten und Parks anzutreffenden einheimischen und fremdlandischen Arten. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena and New York, 204 pp." type="book" year="1995">Kindel 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although published data on the natural eastern distribution limit still differ among recent authors perhaps due to taxonomic problems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196AD7D797FDB92071" author="Barbero, M. & Loisel, R. & Quezel, P. & Richardson, D. M. & Romane, F." box="[397,622,511,535]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="153 - 170" refId="ref66168" refString="Barbero, M., Loisel, R., Quezel, P., Richardson, D. M. & Romane, F. (1998) Pines of the Mediterranean Basin. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 153 - 170 [paperback edition, 2000]." type="journal article" year="1998">Barbéro et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8.8;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196986D797FC722071" author="Willis, J. K. & Bennett, K. D. & Birks, H. J. B." box="[732,933,511,535]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="107 - 121" refId="ref72882" refString="Willis, J. K., Bennett, K. D. & Birks, H. J. B. (1998) The late Quarternary dynamics of pines in Europe. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 107 - 121 [paperback edition, 2000]." type="journal article" year="1998">Willis et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5.1). It forms the montane to subalpine woodland in the western Alps at
|
||
<quantity id="3D344CB2411DE9196956D44CFD61205D" box="[524,694,548,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="2.55" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="2550.0" valueMin="1200.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9FF88790411DE9196956D44CFD9D205A" box="[524,586,548,572]" degrees="1,200" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" precision="55" value="1.2">1,200</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9FF88790411DE9196910D44CFD4F205A" box="[586,664,548,572]" degrees="2,550" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" precision="55" value="-2.55">–2,550</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
and in the Pyrenees at
|
||
<quantity id="3D344CB2411DE91968E5D44CFBBF205D" box="[959,1128,548,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1750.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1500.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9FF88790411DE91968E5D44CFC2B205A" box="[959,1020,548,572]" degrees="1,500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" precision="55" value="1.5">1,500</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9FF88790411DE91968A6D44CFB9D205A" box="[1020,1098,548,572]" degrees="2,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" precision="55" value="-2.0">–2,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
preferably on rocky places with limestone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196A16D42FFE1F2039" author="Chas, E." box="[332,456,583,607]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref67268" refString="Chas, E. (1994) Atlas de la flore des Hautes-Alpes. Louis-Jean, Gap, 816 pp." type="book" year="1994">Chas 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196A8ED42FFDA32039" author="Dupias, G." box="[468,628,583,607]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="214 - 427" refId="ref67844" refString="Dupias, G. (1987 b) Fleurs du Parc National des Pyrenees. Etage subalpin 1 - etage alpin. Conseil Imprim, Trabes, vol. 2, 214 - 427." type="journal article" year="1987">Dupias 1987b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196925D42FFCDA2039" author="Kindel, K. - H." box="[639,781,583,607]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref68972" refString="Kindel, K. - H. (1995) Kiefern in Europa. Bildtafeln und Beschreibungen der in europaischen Waldern, Garten und Parks anzutreffenden einheimischen und fremdlandischen Arten. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena and New York, 204 pp." type="book" year="1995">Kindel 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E5D9CA6411DE9196843D42FFBF02039" author="Lauber, K. & Wagner, G." box="[793,1063,583,608]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref69346" refString="Lauber, K. & Wagner, G. (1998) Flora Helvetica. Flora der Schweiz. Paul Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart and Wien, 1615 pp., 2 nd ed." type="book" year="1998">Lauber & Wagner 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such a western distribution can also be demonstrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE9196AE8D404FDB120E2" box="[434,614,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncinatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE9196AE8D404FDB120E2" box="[434,614,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Xyela uncinatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which overlaps with the Eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DCC9AD4411DE91968B9D405FB8B20E2" authorityName=": Blank" authorityYear="2002" box="[995,1116,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Xyela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B83D45411DE91968B9D405FB8B20E2" box="[995,1116,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">X. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82DBA1C7411DE9196FDAD404FADD20E2" box="[1152,1290,620,644]" name="Switzerland" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |