470 lines
52 KiB
XML
470 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6a792e7d-f454-4b3d-86dd-ac2029c30569" ID-PMC="PMC6561996" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-852-137" ID-PubMed="31210748" ID-ZBK="B2327E5035B84663A5ED07B07740BEB5" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-852-137" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 852" ModsDocTitle="A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador" checkinTime="1559826554300" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Veintimilla-Yanez, David, Batallas, Diego & Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F." docDate="2019" docId="71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 852: 137-156" docOrigin="ZooKeys 852" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557" docTitle="Pristimantis andinogigas Yanez-Munoz, Veintimilla-Yanez, Batallas & Cisneros-Heredia, 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="3BF7D08B-5586-4314-AC76-B40D724C1F97" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="0A06FFABFFDCFFB0FFA82777FFD1AE74" masterDocTitle="A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="156" masterPageNumber="137" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1668167343334" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Veintimilla-Yanez, David</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Batallas, Diego</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>852</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>137</mods:start>
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<mods:end>156</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-852-137</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">B2327E5035B84663A5ED07B07740BEB5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B2327E5035B84663A5ED07B07740BEB5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157422757" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3BF7D08B-5586-4314-AC76-B40D724C1F97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/3BF7D08B-5586-4314-AC76-B40D724C1F97" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="137">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
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grp.
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<taxonomicName family="Craugastoridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="orcesi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="orcesi">orcesi</taxonomicName>
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: L
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Aguirre Mendoza et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 173, 180; Z
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<bibRefCitation author="Aguirre Mendoza, Z" journalOrPublisher="Arnaldoa" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="523 - 542" title="Biodiversidad de la provincia de Loja, Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.22497/arnaldoa.242.24206" volume="24" year="2017">Aguirre Mendoza et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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: 534-535.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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English: Giant paramo rainfrog. Spanish:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cutín">Cutin</normalizedToken>
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Gigante de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Adult female; ECUADOR; provincia de Loja, Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Cajanuma;
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-4.108346">4.108346°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-79.16205">79.162046°W</geoCoordinate>
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, 3313 m alt.; 27 January 2010; David
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Veintimilla-Yánez">Veintimilla-Yanez</normalizedToken>
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and Karen Salinas leg.; DHMECN 10984 (field number DVY 057).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Same collection data as for holotype; DHMECN 10985-6, adult males, 09 December 2009; DHMECN 10996, adult female, and DHMECN 10991-2, adult males, 10 December 2009; DHMECN 10993-4, adult males, 06 January 2010; DHMECN 10998-9, adult males, 06 January 2010; DHMECN 11000, adult male, 07 January 2010; DHMECN 11005, adult male, 13 January 2010; DHMECN 11008, adult male, 14 January 2010; DHMECN 11010-1, adult males, 27 January 2010; DHMECN 11012-13, 11115, adult males, 31 March 2010; DHMECN 11016, adult male, 06 April 2010; subadult males: DHMECN 10997, 06 January 2010; DHMECN 11001, 07 January 2010; subadult females: DHMECN 10995, 06 January 2010; DHMECN 11002, 07 January 2010; DHMECN 11006, 13 January 2010; DHMECN 11007, 14 January 2010; DHMECN 11018, 12 April 2010; DHMECN 11021, 22 April 2010; juveniles: DHMECN 10987-8, 10990, 09 December 2009; DHMECN 10989, 10 December 2009; DHMECN 11003-4, 13 January 2010; DHMECN 11009, 26 January 2010; DHMECN 11014, 31 March 2010; DHMECN 11017, 07 April 2010; DHMECN 11019, 14 April 2010; DHMECN 11020, 19 April 2010.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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A new species of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
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diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) Skin on dorsum porous, thick and glandular, with large, flat, glandular warts on flanks; dorsolateral folds absent; thick glandular patch on supra/postympanic region, and on dorsal surfaces of humeral, femoral, tibial and tarsal regions; glandular folds in wrists; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold weakly defined; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent; tympanic annulus rounded, 36% of eye length, with posterior margin in contact with supratympatic glandular patch; (3) snout rounded in dorsal view; rounded to slightly protruding in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, IOD wider than upper eyelid; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers present, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae, with 4 to 5 teeth; (6) males with cream-coloured nuptial pads on dorsum of Finger I and vocal slits; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; emarginated discs of fingers broadly expanded and elliptical; (8) fingers without lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercle present but low or poorly differentiated; (10) heels without tubercles, inner tarsal wart low and poorly differentiated; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about 5-6x the size of subconical, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes with narrow lateral fringes; basal toe webbing between toes
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–V">II-V</normalizedToken>
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; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc of Toe III does not reach distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs elliptical, slightly narrower than those on fingers; (13) in life, dorsal surfaces dark brown, chocolate brown, or orange-brown, with or without dark irregular botches, distinctive head markings absent, ventral surfaces brown with irregular pale flecks and blotches, iris bronze with dense black reticulations; in preservative, brown surfaces turn grey; (14) SVL 50.0-50.5 mm in adult females (n = 2), 34.7-42.5 (38.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.1 SD, n = 10) mm in adult males (Table 1).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="1D9F1A3652312BE9C84B4FCB9A51E828" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1D9F1A3652312BE9C84B4FCB9A51E828" pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of type series of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. from Nudo de Cajanuma, Podocarpus National Park, Andes of southern Ecuador. For males, range is followed by means and one standard deviation in parentheses.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<table pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rowspan="1">Characters</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rowspan="1">Females (n = 2)</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rowspan="1">Males (n = 17)</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Comparisons.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all other species of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
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by its large body size, thick and glandular skin, large warts on flanks, prominent macroglandular patches on head and legs, and dark brown dorsum. The only species showing a similar combination of characters is
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis erythros" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythros">Pristimantis erythros</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez-Nivicela">Sanchez-Nivicela</normalizedToken>
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, Celi-Piedra, Posse-Sarmiento, Urgiles,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Yánez-Muñoz">Yanez-Munoz</normalizedToken>
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&
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cisneros-Heredía">Cisneros-Heredia</normalizedToken>
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, 2019, which is readily differentiated from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. by being smaller (38.8-42.6 mm in adult females), having a conspicuous red coloration, and lacking dentigerous processes of vomers. In addition,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. resembles the following species by bearing large, flat, glandular warts on flanks, and expanded discs on fingers and toes:
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis farisorum" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="farisorum">Pristimantis farisorum</taxonomicName>
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Mueses-Cisneros, Perdomo-Castillo, & Cepeda-Quilindo, 2013,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. obmutescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="obmutescens">P. obmutescens</taxonomicName>
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(Lynch, 1980),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orcesi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="orcesi">P. orcesi</taxonomicName>
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(Lynch, 1972),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. racemus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="racemus">P. racemus</taxonomicName>
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(Lynch, 1980),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. simoterus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="simoterus">P. simoterus</taxonomicName>
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(Lynch, 1980),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. simoteriscus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="simoteriscus">P. simoteriscus</taxonomicName>
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(Lynch), and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. thymelensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="thymelensis">P. thymelensis</taxonomicName>
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(Lynch, 1972).
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. is larger than any of these seven species, and furthermore, they differ from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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as follows (characters of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. in parentheses): areolate or shagreen dorsal skin (porous), thin supratympanic folds (prominent supra/post-tympanic glandular patch), thin glandular patches on legs (thick), and smaller body size, with adult females having 38.4-42.3 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. farisorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="farisorum">P. farisorum</taxonomicName>
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, 28.5-38.4 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. obmutescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="obmutescens">P. obmutescens</taxonomicName>
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, 35.2-36.1 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orcesi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="orcesi">P. orcesi</taxonomicName>
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, 29.9-37.9 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. racemus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="racemus">P. racemus</taxonomicName>
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, 32.4-37.1 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. simoterus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="simoterus">P. simoterus</taxonomicName>
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, 25.7-31.4 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. simoteriscus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="simoteriscus">P. simoteriscus</taxonomicName>
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, and 28.0-33.5 mm SVL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. thymelensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="thymelensis">P. thymelensis</taxonomicName>
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(versus 50.0-50.5 mm SVL in adult females of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
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). In addition,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. farisorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="farisorum">P. farisorum</taxonomicName>
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has snout subacuminate in dorsal view (rounded), fingers with narrow lateral fringes (absent), dorsum dark brown to black with irregular and elongated orange marking (brown with or without lighter irregular blotches), and inhabits upper montane forests on the Nudo de Pasto, Andes of southern Colombia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mueses-Cisneros, J" journalOrPublisher="Herpetotropicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="37 - 45" title="A new species of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from southwestern Colombia." url="http://bionames.org/references/ef41dc11c47e8f01ecf11068ea2ed61b" volume="9" year="2013">Mueses-Cisneros et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis obmutescens" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obmutescens">Pristimantis obmutescens</taxonomicName>
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has tympanum concealed beneath skin (visible), fingers with lateral fringes present (absent), small, non-conical tubercles on heel and outer edge of tarsus present (absent), lacks vocal sac and vocal slits in males (present), and inhabits on the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Puracé">Purace</normalizedToken>
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, Cordillera Central of the Andes in southern Colombia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="165 - 188" title="New species of Eleutherodactylus of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). I: Five new species from the paramos of the Cordillera Central." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/34462" volume="13" year="1980">Lynch 1980</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="329 - 342" title="Three new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from high elevations of the Cordillera Central of Colombia." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21094/" volume="18" year="1996">Lynch et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orcesi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orcesi">Pristimantis orcesi</taxonomicName>
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has skin on head smooth (porous), fingers bearing lateral fringes (absent), lacks dentigerous processses of vomers (present), and inhabits paramos on the Andes of north-central Ecuador (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="141 - 147" title="Two New Species of Frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae) from the Paramos of northern Ecuador." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3891093" volume="28" year="1972">Lynch 1972</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 46" title="Leptodactylid Frogs of the Genus Eleutherodactylus in the Andes of Northern Ecuador and Adjacent Colombia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16289" volume="72" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis racemus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="racemus">Pristimantis racemus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has fingers with lateral fringes (absent), dorsum reddish-brown with darker marking (brown with or without darker irregular blotches), lacks vocal sac and vocal slits in males (present), and inhabits paramos on the Cordillera Central of the Andes, central Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="165 - 188" title="New species of Eleutherodactylus of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). I: Five new species from the paramos of the Cordillera Central." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/34462" volume="13" year="1980">Lynch 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="329 - 342" title="Three new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from high elevations of the Cordillera Central of Colombia." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21094/" volume="18" year="1996">Lynch et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis simoterus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simoterus">Pristimantis simoterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has fingers with lateral fringes (absent) and inhabits upper montane forests and paramos on the Cordillera Central of the Andes, central Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="165 - 188" title="New species of Eleutherodactylus of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). I: Five new species from the paramos of the Cordillera Central." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/34462" volume="13" year="1980">Lynch 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="329 - 342" title="Three new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from high elevations of the Cordillera Central of Colombia." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21094/" volume="18" year="1996">Lynch et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis simoteriscus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simoteriscus">Pristimantis simoteriscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has subacuminate snout in dorsal view, fingers with lateral fringes (absent), dorsum grey with dark markings (brown with or without darker irregular blotches), lacks vocal slits in males, and inhabits paramos on the Cordillera Central of the Andes, central Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Caldasia" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="329 - 342" title="Three new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from high elevations of the Cordillera Central of Colombia." url="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/21094/" volume="18" year="1996">Lynch et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis thymelensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thymelensis">Pristimantis thymelensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has tympanum concealed beneath skin (visible), paraventral folds present (absent), finger bearing lateral fringes (absent), grey to brown dorsum speckled to varying degrees with creamy grey, tan, or black (brown with or without darker irregular blotches), and inhabits paramos on Andes of southern Colombia and northern Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="141 - 147" title="Two New Species of Frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae) from the Paramos of northern Ecuador." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3891093" volume="28" year="1972">Lynch 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 46" title="Leptodactylid Frogs of the Genus Eleutherodactylus in the Andes of Northern Ecuador and Adjacent Colombia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16289" volume="72" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis loujosti" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loujosti">Pristimantis loujosti</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pycnodermis" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="pycnodermis">P. pycnodermis</taxonomicName>
|
||
also stand out from other species of the genus by their stout body and thick glandular skin on dorsal surfaces of body and limbs, but they differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. as follows (characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in parentheses):
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis loujosti" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loujosti">Pristimantis loujosti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yánez-Muñoz">Yanez-Munoz</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Cisneros-Heredia & Reyes-Puig, 2010 has smooth skin on head and granular skin on dorsum and flanks (porous, with large warts on flanks), thick supratympanic fold (prominent glandular supra/post-tympanic patch), thin glandular patches on legs (thick), subacuminate snout in dorsal view (rounded in dorsal view), fingers bear lateral fringes (absent), black spots on hidden surfaces of limbs (uniformly coloured), light iris with dark reticulation (bronze with dense black reticulations), and it inhabits on cloud forests on the Upper River Pastaza, Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yanez-Munoz, MH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" url="https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v2i3.41" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yánez-Muñoz">Yanez-Munoz</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis pycnodermis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pycnodermis">Pristimantis pycnodermis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lynch, 1979) differs by having low cranial crests (absent), snout subacuminate in dorsal view and truncate in lateral view (snout rounded in dorsal view; rounded to slightly protruding in lateral view), skin of flanks smooth (with large warts), fingers bear lateral fringes (absent), dark canthal and tympanic marks (head marks absent), large black spots on the flanks (brown with or without dark irregular blotches), 32.5-44.4 mm SVL in adult females (50.0-50.5 mm), and inhabits paramos on the Andes of central-southern Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" year="1979">Lynch 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Adult female (50.0 mm SVL, Fig. 2); head narrower than body, wider than long (head width 40% of SVL, head length 32% of SVL, head length 80% of head width); snout short (eye nostril 11% of SVL, eye nostril 87% of eye diameter), rounded in dorsal and lateral views; canthus rostralis rounded and weakly concave; loreal area concave; lips flared; eye large (eye diameter 1.14 times eye-nostril distance, eye diameter 38% of head length); nostrils slightly protuberant laterally (Fig. 3). Cranial crest absent; upper eyelids without tubercles; tympanic membrane differentiated, tympanic annulus visible (tympanum diameter 35% of eye diameter), upper and posterior borders of tympanic annulus in contact with prominent, thick glandular patch that covers all dorsal fascia of m. depressor mandibulae; large, glandular postrictal tubercles. Choanas small and widely separated from each other, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomer present, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae, with four or five teeth; tongue longer than wide, posterior half not adherent to floor of mouth.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Figure 2. Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (DHMECN 10984, adult female, 50.0 mm snout-vent length) in dorsal (A) ventral (B) and lateral (C) views of preserved specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Figure 3. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head, and ventral views of hand (C) and foot (D) of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (DHMECN 10984, adult female, head length 16.0 mm, head width 20.1 mm, hand length 15.8 mm, foot length 24.3 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Skin on dorsum thick and glandular, surface texture porous (Figs 1, 4), with large, flat, glandular warts on flanks; dorsolateral folds absent; thick glandular patch on dorsal surfaces of humeral, femoral, tibial and tarsal regions; glandular folds in wrists (Fig. 4); skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold weakly defined; skin on ventral surfaces of legs granular; cloaca not protuberant, cloacal region with large warts. Ulnar tubercle present but low; palmar tubercle flat and bifurcate; thenar tubercle elongate, about half the size of palmar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded in ventral and lateral views; supernumerary palmar tubercles rounded, smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingers without lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and elliptical, most prominent on fingers
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–IV">II-IV</normalizedToken>
|
||
, while disc on Finger I slightly expanded; all discs bearing ventral pads well defined by circumferential grooves (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Figure 4. Dorsolateral view of head of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (DHMECN 10984, adult female) showing supratympanic (A) and humeral (B) glandular patches, and glandular fold of wrist (C). Note porous dorsal skin texture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Hind limbs robust (tibia length 46% of SVL; foot length 49% of SVL); heel without tubercles; inner edge of tarsus with one wart low and poorly differentiated; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about 5x round outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles rounded; plantar supernumerary tubercles low and inconspicuous, smaller than subarticular tubercles; toes with narrow lateral fringes; basal toe webbing between toes
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–V">II-V</normalizedToken>
|
||
; discs of toes expanded, elliptical, slightly narrower than those on fingers, most prominent on fingers
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–V">II-V</normalizedToken>
|
||
, while disc on Finger I slightly expanded; toes with ventral pads well-defined by circumferential grooves; toe lengths, when adpressed, IV> V> III> II> I; Toe V longer than Toe III; disc of Toe III not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Measurements (in mm) of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Snout-vent length 50.0; head width 20.1; head length 16.0; eye-nostril distance 5.3; internarial distance 4.6; interorbital distance 8.8; tympanum diameter 2.1; eye diameter 6.0; tibia length 23.2; hand length 15.8; foot length 24.3.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="colouration of holotype in life">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Colouration of holotype in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Dorsum dark brown; ventral surfaces dark brown with irregular light-yellow flecks and blotches on throat, hands, feet, armpits, and lower venter; iris golden-bronze with dense black reticulations (Fig. 5).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="colouration of holotype in preservative">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Colouration of holotype in preservative.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Same pattern as in life, but brown surfaces turned dark grey (Fig. 2).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Males are smaller than females, measurements of the type series are provided in Table 1. Dorsal colouration of body and legs varies from dark brown, chocolate brown, or orange-brown (Fig. 5.). Females are darker and have a homogeneous coloration pattern, while males are paler and usually with dark irregular blotches. Some individuals have pale pink flanks and dorsal surfaces of legs (Fig. 5D). Venter colouration varies from completely dark brown to dark brown with irregular light-yellow flecks and blotches. Background dorsal colouration of juveniles is paler, and dorsal dark blotches are darker.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Figure 5. Dorsolateral view of three live male paratypes (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
, D) and live female holotype (C) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.: DHMECN 10985 (A) DHMECN 10993 (B) DHMECN 10984 (C) DHMECN 11000 (D). Photographs by David
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Veintimilla-Yánez">Veintimilla-Yanez</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
The specific epithet is coined from the New Latin adjective andinus (pertaining to the Andes) and the Latin noun gigas (giant). The name alludes to the large and stout body of this new species in comparison with other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the high Andes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="vocalizations">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Vocalizations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Males call from grasses at night, in heterogeneous chorus with extensive call superposition. Paratype DHMECN 11016 was calling from bamboos
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Neurolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Neurolepis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Neurolepis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Tair = 7° C, relative humidity = 96%). The advertisement call (Fig. 6) has dominant frequencies of 1.63-1.98 kHz (1.80
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14 SD kHz). Calls were 124-428 ms (231.37
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
142.76 ms) in duration, with intervals of 2138-5239 ms (3393
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1107), and emitted 10.80-24.64 calls per minute (16.61
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.35). Calls were formed by one or two notes, each with 117-148 ms (130
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10) in duration, at intervals of 90-157 ms (123
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
34 ms). In calls with two notes, first note had a dominant frequency (1.65 kHz) lower than the second note (1.89 kHz).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Figure 6. Advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (paratype, DHMECN 11016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Distribution, natural history, conservation status, and extinction risk.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is only known from its type locality, the paramos of the Nudo de Cajanuma, at elevations between 3300 and 3400 m, on the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of southern Ecuador (Fig. 7). Surveys in other localities of the Nudo de Cajanuma, and on the nearby Nudo de Sabanilla, have not recorded the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Almendariz, A" journalOrPublisher="Universidad Nacional de Loja, Programa de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistemicos, Loja" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" url="http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/4791" year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Almendáriz">Almendariz</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Orcés">Orces</normalizedToken>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ron, SR" journalOrPublisher="Landscape Online" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" url="https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/amphibiaweb/" year="2019">Ron et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, most surveys were conducted at lower elevations, and most paramos in the region lack amphibian inventories. It is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits a larger area at the Cajanuma-Sabanilla mountain ridges; but it is unlikely that it occurs farther north on the Cordillera Oriental (e.g., Nudo de Guagrahuma), because of separation by the valley of the River Zamora, reaching elevations as low as 2800 m that may limit
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Figure 7. Map of southern Ecuador indicating the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. at the Nudo de Cajanuma, Cordillera Oriental, Andes of southern Ecuador.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
The ecosystem at the type locality is Paramo Bambusoid Meadow (MAE et al. 2013). The most representative plant genera were
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Alstroemeriaceae" genus="Bomarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bomarea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bomarea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Miconia" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Miconia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Blechnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blechnum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Blechnum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Disterigna" lsidName="Disterigna" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="genus">Disterigna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epidendrum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epidendrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Gaultheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gaultheria" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gaultheria</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Puya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Puya" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Puya</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and the most abundant plant species were
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Escalloniaceae" genus="Escallonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Escallonia myrtilloides" order="Escalloniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrtilloides">Escallonia myrtilloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Puya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Puya nitida" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitida">Puya nitida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Hypericum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hypericum lancioides" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lancioides">Hypericum lancioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Tillandsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tillandsia aequatorialis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">Tillandsia aequatorialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Neurolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Neurolepis nana" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">Neurolepis nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cortaderia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cortaderia bifida" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bifida">Cortaderia bifida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. jubata" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="jubata">C. jubata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chusquea neurophylla" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neurophylla">Chusquea neurophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Calamagrostris" lsidName="Calamagrostris macrophylla" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="macrophylla">Calamagrostris macrophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Themistoclesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Themistoclesia epiphytica" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epiphytica">Themistoclesia epiphytica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio tephrosioides" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tephrosioides">Senecio tephrosioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Disterigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Disterigma pentandrum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandrum">Disterigma pentandrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. empetrifolium" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="empetrifolium">D. empetrifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rubus laegaardii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laegaardii">Rubus laegaardii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Eguiguren et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found active at night (19h00-22h00) at 6-10° C air temperature and 85-98% relative humidity. All males and some subadults and juveniles were observed active on bamboos (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Neurolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Neurolepis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Neurolepis</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.); while both adult females were found active on the floor. During the day, individuals were found hidden inside rosettes (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Senecio</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Puya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Puya" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Puya</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.) or at the base of bamboos.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis andinogigas" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinogigas">Pristimantis andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the most abundant species during surveys at the type locality, representing 47 out of 108 anuran records. It was found in sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis percultus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percultus">Pristimantis percultus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="colodactylus" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="colodactylus">colodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="orestes" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="orestes">orestes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lynchus" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lynchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
The type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
is officially protected as part of the Podocarpus National Park, a national protected area created in 1982. The area has little anthropogenic impact, and in general, paramos of the Nudo de Cajanuma and the nearby Nudo de Sabanilla are reported to have a relatively good conservation status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hofstede, R" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="3 - 18" title="El estado de conservacion de los paramos de pajonal en el Ecuador." volume="15" year="2002">Hofstede et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Road infrastructure projects have been proposed in the past, but their development was cancelled (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cisneros, R" journalOrPublisher="Abya-Yala, Quito" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" title="La carretera Cajanuma-Lagunas del Compadre en el Parque Nacional Podocarpus: La suceptibilidad de las areas protegidas. In: Ortiz D, Mena Vasconez P (Eds) Paramo y obras de infraestructura - Serie Paramo." year="2004">Cisneros et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bernardi de Leon, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Sustainable Forestry" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="735 - 754" title="Road Development in Podocarpus National Park: An Assessment of Threats and Opportunities." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810902936607" volume="28" year="2009">
|
||
Bernardi de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="León">Leon</normalizedToken>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, three expeditions over the last five years have recorded very low numbers of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although more data are needed, it may be possible that the population of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
has declined. In the absence of further information about the extinction risk on this newly discovered species, we suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. andinogigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="andinogigas">P. andinogigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be classified in the IUCN Red List category of Data Deficient (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hofstede, R" journalOrPublisher="International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN, Gland and Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition." url="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |