428 lines
56 KiB
XML
428 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="EAD209A670AC89F1295D0C00EE02BCC4" ID-CLB-Dataset="34314" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad9fadb9-dae2-4d9e-99ac-18720e54e2fa" ID-PMC="PMC4304033" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-472-117" ID-PubMed="25632252" ID-ZooBank="F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-472-117" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 472" ModsDocTitle="Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)" checkinTime="1451244827731" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mally, Richard, Korycinska, Anastasia, Agassiz, David J. L., Hall, Jayne, Hodgetts, Jennifer & Nuss, Matthias" docDate="2015" docId="712BDB32A298A334A0D14CFC5F454188" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 472: 117-162" docOrigin="ZooKeys 472" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781" docTitle="Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="FFE27F4AFFB0563AFFFBFF814072DA71" masterDocTitle="Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="123" updateTime="1701385114092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2D1501D7EC5EB8F0FE95810ECEDBEA88">Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5CB08EA095B0511C48E82AA8225DA4F8">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A943E420776BE514AA64EE728FA15CB8">Korycinska, Anastasia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B3B90DB692F308A766F659BCC6AE4316">Agassiz, David J. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9064B0CFC7AC9FB76EA3106E78585F0E">Hall, Jayne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7FEE37F32242E954739A5EB717A4F007">Hodgetts, Jennifer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="094E4ACEF4E61FD47145E7B5F427B58E">Nuss, Matthias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F4B6133A38952DEE245CF11F2D699C0C">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="23A79A7ECD309AC746FF2155B8328D29">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="25BF986181D16E62A9BB68CA6DDAC638" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A789CF47B752F8D5F3F7CBEEFF474E84">472</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F2377837C36FFE9BCD2C29DC2055D8E2">117</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="EC496A86450BB85E15A5CC039DA51FBB">162</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="6EBBD6FD3BE1EDE41D3812395C5C8D45">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="5955DC097B5089F5AE5F992F469D554C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D9CD348F00CD923F901A2ECA60439E50" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D99306E41FD20DD4665CB0F3234429C2" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-472-117</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F297D2F747D14A9C0C5F30046EA49750" type="ZooBank">F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="712BDB32A298A334A0D14CFC5F454188" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152057695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:712BDB32A298A334A0D14CFC5F454188" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/712BDB32A298A334A0D14CFC5F454188" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<subSubSection id="416A7805C7B9A3D5D5C1C18C145554D5" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="E43F0847A71708459BDE9BDF2761B834" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Crambidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C11B4A5F579D60767F025C8E8A1552F" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CC3235B1FE015ABFA6B7A15779C1CA63" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<taxonomicName id="2BBDEAA889D297A48B1FDC9C57EB21F4" ID-CoL="723NX" authority="Guenee, 1854" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">
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Leucinodes orbonalis
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<normalizedToken id="6C2898605E797EC99E790E036D8FEA4E" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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, 1854
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1, 11-12, 13, 23, 31, 35, 36-37
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A8A8D16409082928C9F5E40B0C499F59" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="46324EC37A264053488AF0D720B68E31" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<taxonomicName id="243D953CFA35975A6F4C69131D74A4C9" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="AE7B17930F9224D64B5B61C373DAD5B5" author="Guenee, MA" editor="Boisduval, JBAD de" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 448" title="Deltoides et Pyralites." volumeTitle="Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres" year="1854">
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<normalizedToken id="BCCE3BF41E98AE18424C19EBA38DE997" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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1854
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 223.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5275F2B2C41169C9F730B2E66812A6A4" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="type-localities">
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<paragraph id="14F35B23C7CC6638A38E50C9BB7555C9" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Type-localities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2B33FCB2717E10732B5349FA684F7E31" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Bangladesh, Sylhet (male syntype); Java (female syntype).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C6D38B332CD7C5A20F787DF6CA6FEC03" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="F98D85DF3BAF74235804814CB72AEA3A" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="40ABCB8466284FF1DF361916EEE2C901" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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Type-specimens. Syntype ♂ [rectangular whitish label with red border, red letters] "Typicum | Specimen", [rectangular whitish label with black border] "Ex. Musaeo | Ach.
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<normalizedToken id="8E021F34E1CC9B1585BAD71287FED772" originalValue="Guénée”">Guenee"</normalizedToken>
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, [rectangular beige label] "Paravicini Coll. | B.M. 1937-383.", [rectangular brownish label] "Orbonalis | Gn. Silhet", [rectangular pale yellow label] "Leucinodes Gn. | orbonalis Gn. | Type ♂ 756.3.", [square white label in red letters, slide number and gender in black] "
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<taxonomicName id="0D28DC8C3ECCBE2FFBE8CACE2CF6E99F" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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| Brit.Mus. | Slide No. | 4496♂" (BMNH); syntype ♀ [rectangular whitish label with red border, red letters] "Typicum | Specimen", [rectangular whitish label with black border] "Ex. Musaeo | Ach.
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<normalizedToken id="9F7787C66056021635F28ECA2C10D8F6" originalValue="Guénée”">Guenee"</normalizedToken>
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, [rectangular white label] "Paravicini Coll. | B.M. 1937-383.", [rectangular pale yellow label] "
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<taxonomicName id="BE6EFF5644F28ABE40C368DDAD816198" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
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Gn. |
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<taxonomicName id="64D5857E971EBCBDB10047D66C3BB6E9" lsidName="orbonalis" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="orbonalis">orbonalis</taxonomicName>
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Gn. | Type ♀ 756.3.", transparent capsule with abdomen and left hindwing (BMNH). - Additional material. VIETNAM. 1♂ Lao Cai Province, surrounding of Mt. Fan Si Pan, Nui Se, 1927m,
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<geoCoordinate id="02E7F4971C674699F6748BED90E1AE62" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.3528">22°21.168'N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="CC057FCFBC5158817A81DA8E64CD043A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="103.77462">103°46.477'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 20./21.x.2001, leg. S.
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<normalizedToken id="E1E0B124AC322DBE94D7D83B9E518E3A" originalValue="Löffler">Loeffler</normalizedToken>
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, prep. RM503, DNA Barcode BC MTD 01185 (SMTD); SINGAPORE. 1♂ 1♀ leg. H.N. Ridley, BMNH
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<taxonomicName id="84D5F7C5022E77B8EC149EB5E87A7EE0" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slides No. 23092 & No. 23100 (BMNH); THE NETHERLANDS (IMPORT). 1♂ Amsterdam (Schiphol), import Thailand, 22.xi.2006, ex larva 26.xi.2006, ex pupa 6.xii.2006, leg. S. Roes, det. M v. d. Straten, prep. RM641; 1♀ Amsterdam (Schiphol), import Thailand, 8.ii.2005, ex larva, leg. R. Hulzinga, det. M v. d. Straten, prep. RM642 (NPPO); GREAT BRITAIN (IMPORT). see Suppl. material 2 (Fera material).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="97D026F93F69C4726E9897BB682D4D15" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="933321AC6DFBA5F46842C1AB8DD5EDD1" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0E15F877E513F485608BCE1148B047A2" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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Wing pattern indistinguishable from those of
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<taxonomicName id="E9CC66EB9B9EE5E42516802F2A12AA5E" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName id="54C22A72DF277BA79811E2038093F195" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName id="919784C65FED5328C03CFEB053FA08ED" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName id="C6A13552F914FBC502E1D3454E0DC0CF" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes kenyensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyensis">Leucinodes kenyensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and "
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<taxonomicName id="277B29B69598ADB9253E6BA9A317A1DF" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
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spp.", but distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="78E4394B2D3854E97437E55F3F12A1DE" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes malawiensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malawiensis">Leucinodes malawiensis</taxonomicName>
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by the absence of the forewing basal transversal streak and the presence of the apical half moon-shaped patch, and from
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<taxonomicName id="1B17898DA42F25E86BAB25668D75E3EE" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="CABF3C1B9986138DA6D9384721B93CC0" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="329A0BB160B5FEDED361D47BF6D98D54" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. by the predominantly white forewing ground colour. Frons usually more strongly bulged than in other
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<taxonomicName id="667698A98B62BE1CE2113A03D2D6E750" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
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species, but
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<taxonomicName id="7644724987FD7B4830F71CB9AAB5021D" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
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can be very similar in this feature. In male genitalia distinguishable by: dorsal margin of valval sacculus concave; apical sclerotized sacculus process elongated cone-shaped and crossing with the similar-sized fibula (as in
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<taxonomicName id="CED8CDDF405EFFC1B924FB57BEBB6712" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
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); juxta slender, tapering (similar in
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<taxonomicName id="01B2189B71DC7AF33B205DE861033D58" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="828D037808754573467038F0AA6709A6" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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); saccus of vinculum short, less prominent. Female genitalia: antrum only slightly bulged, exocuticula without sclerotized strip.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0D007C0407A89BEE1D2CA7D4D164413" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="redescription of adults">
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<paragraph id="14A5C2A4B5F83C45F0F4810E6F5DE7FE" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Redescription of adults.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="08A9E1ABED266C1436804C2A8DB08F75" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Head. As for the genus, with frons strongly bulged (Figs 11-12).</paragraph>
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<caption id="07019B5AF7083DA33EB624337C02851F" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<paragraph id="3FA2D68B21C153A2873EDAD989AEEF00" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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Figures 1-10. Adult specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="9D8F61AAD7004EF3951C9294A23C095F" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
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. 1
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<taxonomicName id="87D48E5EA6C7FC38DACD39957BE32343" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
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, syntype ♂ (Bangladesh) 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2AE349ACE5E2BC9BF002394C1E72194" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀ (Angola) 3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B2A10B59684178F145414BE6088332A" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀ (DR Congo: Kivu) 4
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D65E173F54C487571988423F14CA30B" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂ (Uganda) 5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3BCCACF18B1E2C469522C1C463A1BAD3" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes kenyensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyensis">Leucinodes kenyensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype ♂ (Kenya) 6
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74E6255F5ACC52D5E526CB8C2A5F75F9" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes malawiensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malawiensis">Leucinodes malawiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype ♂ (Malawi) 7
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E0A421769E73C61186197884CC9B3A84" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀, greyish form (Tanzania) 8
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC55E79B103C2C15CE2D993110CF263A" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀, brownish form (Tanzania) 9
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C204AB73DE8A2271CDFEC303959BF39" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype ♂ (Ethiopia) 10
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2919D7C9BE357FAE5D9705FF094A170C" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype ♂ (Uganda). Scale bar represents 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E2EE93215F107018BC618AFB888FAF30" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<paragraph id="DFE0CF2867816F84D4A686B2EC7B727B" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Figures 11-12. Head profiles of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4C3C55F6E7CCD01E2606A425DB61077" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 11 male 12 female. Figures at same scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E1A491424C462126C1B5CFA5922C72EA" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Thorax. As for the genus, with dorsal side brown.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="07BE900929408F91DA4C8AC9D9253376" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Wings. Forewing length ♂ 8.5-10.5 m, ♀ 9.5-12.0 m; forewing ground colour white, basal area light- to dark brown, delimited by dark brown to grey antemedial line; median area with pale brown, faint proximal discoidal stigma; distal discoidal stigma pale brown, reaching from costa to forewing centre; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown L-shaped or triangular spot leading to forewing centre and often meeting with distal discoidal stigma; antemedial line sinuate, more or less distinct, but with prominent subcostal bulge; subapical half of termen with half moon-shaped brown to grey-grown spot; marginal line dotted; fringe and marginal line darkened at the tips of the half moon-shaped spot; hindwing ground colour white, internal area white, with discoidal spot, basicostally often with auxiliary spot; medial line sinuate, distal half approaching the discoidal spot, then turning towards dorsum; external area pale brown to gray; marginal line dotted.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BAAB6E89F2ACA083EAD209DC0FC3E77A" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Abdomen. First segment whitish, remainder brownish.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F18EE8AB2E245653E0A4773EFB16211E" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Male genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: juxta subulate, with short, broadly convex base, at 2/3 length slightly broadened; valvae broad, relatively short, nearly triangular; costa simple, slightly convex, subapically with a short concave portion; fibula hooked, its widened base emerging ventrad of costa base; sacculus ventrally convex, dorsally concave, at distal end with spike-shaped, strongly sclerotized process, oriented dorsad and crossing with fibula; distal ventral valva margin granulated (ga in Fig. 13), valva apex rounded, strongly granulated; distal 2/3 of ventral valva margin loosely covered with long thin setae; phallus simple, tapering posteriad, posterior apodeme dorsally elongate, ventrally with subapical, weakly serrated sclerite; ventral and dorsal portion of posterior apodeme separated by a slim, less strongly sclerotized region.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EFFD5E09C9F5D029982C528E7A6FDB65" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<paragraph id="95C40AEC8693203B26605AFE8C2C8C59" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Figures 13-22. Male genitalia. 13
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F57C320E8026D20B56AE1EC64FB50C1" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Vietnam (prep. RM503) 14
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E9030F9A72D7A20337A303EB8946E78" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two-branched sacculus process,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5EE28E45A10D960C0764182AE261DB43" originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="27C30681EA07F084A9DE322DB33832F4" originalValue="d’Ivoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
|
||
(prep. RM330, phallus omitted) 15
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CCB979F0DE1B286674A3EE37BCC109A" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, single-branched sacculus process, Ghana (import) (prep. RM501) 16
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A75A17A0BB433C0483FB96356158F6A" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya (prep. RM667) 17
|
||
<taxonomicName id="523BA099C9CF34FC87A5C1FCCF12D1C1" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Uganda (prep. RM705) 18
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D60F630941FF91B263B80DC0BE931D2C" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes kenyensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyensis">Leucinodes kenyensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Zimbabwe (prep. RM694) 19
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68BEB7E75795DC10C5D093D824E6F87F" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes malawiensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malawiensis">Leucinodes malawiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Malawi (prep. RM683) 20
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B13241D891F6669328C2F0A627C6FDB" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, South Africa (prep. RM504) 21
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F39285D991F2F28D5325D06C05E14927" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ethiopia (BMNH
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97D1A5B6928AF61C1EC52246A70DF802" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
slide 23138) 22
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7E320E208F8971AB7B845F42066BFD6" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Somalia (BMNH
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73C8D256A9670F48F3632EF5F5734CEE" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
slide 23140); phallus mirrored. Abbreviations: fi fibula, ga granulated area, sa sacculus, sb side branch of sacculus process, sp sacculus process. Scale bar represents 500
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3BBC80D875066BF691CFD6D864E19615" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6524441CA9EFFEB154D9B3B433F1B0AB" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Female genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: anterior antrum with spoon-shaped posteriad indentation, flanked on either side by a sclerotized portion (as in Fig. 31); sternite 8 anterior edge arched (ae in Fig. 31), with a sclerite process leading in each of the lateral pockets; both apophysis pairs simple, slightly curved.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B365E8E205B95DCEB3FF7EAD7A4A89C3" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<paragraph id="E02F10A61FFEAFE6DFB3FA66687906FE" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Figures 23-27. Female genitalia. 23
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BB50CE85278EE1EB51F6FB4A7CE7C37" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Thailand (import) (prep. RM642), ventral view 24
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00D5F04872C8B74CB541EBA4CAF01DF4" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ghana (prep. RM640), ventral view 25
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BF94DC6E01F020E6A4735E19A4083D4" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya (prep. RM666, SMTD Lep1592), lateral view 26
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B07A3DB30056AD97DC350B3BE499C3CE" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Uganda (prep. RM706), lateral view 27
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4CFB67A46AEC37462506AFC9F79EB73" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes kenyensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyensis">Leucinodes kenyensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya (prep. MN1134), lateral view. Scale bar represents 500
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F3F0B40B9178D71218484BE697FC8B66" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F0566CA44C689C7704770833FE0ACBFD" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<paragraph id="46284F0D9D7F14BF6299288040244288" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Figures 28-34. Female genitalia. 28
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76F448F25D6A7857984911A6AE2A05D4" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya (prep. RM308), lateral view 29
|
||
<taxonomicName id="860330F245403CFC6AF94E7D3AF3B2A5" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ethiopia (BMNH
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF2FCC17380F3732E29BEBC1C48C4BAB" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
slide 23139), ventral view 30
|
||
<taxonomicName id="55879E192BFB43E6A5FC765BA8F446E4" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Somalia (BMNH
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEE3ACFAC11F1DA499EE8049B40CA036" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
slide No. 23137), lateral view 31
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD399FD8CDD496E78C6D3F8FAFA5B89A" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Thailand (import) (prep. RM642), ventral close-up of antrum region 32
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7A3EA37B521CDBC29FBC03577BFE5D9" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="23DD99981D9FE2109302DC1251ED4D8C" originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B64CBE16F0E196399E5CB9C19C75DA18" originalValue="d’Ivoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
|
||
(prep. RM743), dorsolateral close-up of antrum region (phase contrast filter) 33
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F49A88899D57CAC5A9899D934272074D" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Uganda (prep. RM706), lateral close-up of antrum region 34
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AED15B71F6E1929E2FD2BC9C6AEF6939" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes kenyensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyensis">Leucinodes kenyensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya (prep. MN1134), lateral close-up of antrum region. Abbreviations: as antrum sclerotizations; Scale bar in 28-30 represents 500
|
||
<normalizedToken id="61AB1F4D720A900941B0E6724637908D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
and in 31-34 represents 200
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1F58526FD5BDCA5F0786B143D83BAAAA" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="39128E886CE2185DE5DACE84B52A9346" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="immature stages">
|
||
<paragraph id="A4AFA7DEA78AFDA52CD86E2DC9FBA8D6" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Immature stages.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="61CB262765AAE3895414C6A3A9045B68" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Larva. MSD1 and MSD2 of meso- and metathorax usually on a shared pinaculum, earlier instars frequently have the MSD setae on separate pinacula on one or both segments; dorsal abdominal pinacula show apparent differentiation between West- and East-Asian populations: in live western specimens (e.g., from Pakistan), the abdominal D1 pinacula usually have an unpigmented cream coloured area near to their anteriomedian margin. This unpigmented area may be contiguous with the unmelanized cuticle surrounding the pinaculum or be surrounded by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum (illustrated on A3-6 in Fig. 35); this cream white, unpigmented area may darken in preserved specimens, and in pre-pupae may be ringed in black. Eastern specimens (e.g., from Thailand) often have dark spots on at least some of the D1 pinacula (illustrated on A2 in Fig. 35); geographically intermediate populations (e.g., Sri Lanka) often show an intermediate form with black spots on occasional pinacula, and any unpigmented area is
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="FED1CC64C514EF054E108F12CD2BAA1B" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" start="start">usually</pageBreakToken>
|
||
ringed with black pigmentation (illustrated on A7 in Fig. 35). East-Asian populations usually have mesally triordinal crochets, whereas the crochets of West-Asian populations are mesally biordinal. Pupa. Cremaster forms a variable shelf-like, sub-rectangular structure, much wider than long, usually with distinct distal corners and median notch; dorsal surface spinulose, with additional small but distinct spines which are variable in extent, form and number; cocoon of dark brown silk, may be white or beige when newly spun.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="79A376F052E52B53E71DCC2B1410A00A" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<paragraph id="951F59E79302D7D0892188511D63AE9C" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
|
||
Figure 35. Chaetotaxy map of investigated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D859E260988431EEAB81351A65AC725C" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae; blue elements illustrate variation found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E8D98257D5CA391CFA43D571E3E92B7" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F9E4B14E99E72F64FEFB5FB0DAEECE6" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; red elements illustrate the differences found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D0AC3CC118452091A1AF702B3D9942E" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4852129BB5037EE93D345D4098C5A4C6" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2F4B50CDA91B902267E19649388FAE4" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="922A58AB1531BC2D8FBD22EE45CBE404" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<paragraph id="85E799BE300AD5DB151E7B6886C5F863" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
|
||
Figures 36-41. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="203A77852CE10CAE8EFD3DC753D8DB5E" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 36-37
|
||
<taxonomicName id="496AC5DF4E833E9A3F9D8E4B94789BC3" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
36 mid instar 37 late instar 38-39
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4854C104A6F049FDE55DE62A91ED8873" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
38 mid instar 39 late instar 40-41
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30CDAA65B1FE8505A36EA04BDB723C08" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
40 early instar 41 late instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E02A0D330C5A0B8885E6E729458C4644" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="346C31CA12F60F0EE6D75B7617347DEA" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B9CF40832A7F48CE603F26974B369E80" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
|
||
India, Indonesia: Java (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C758F1DEE88EB1783F4892F42331A1A" author="Guenee, MA" editor="Boisduval, JBAD de" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 448" title="Deltoides et Pyralites." volumeTitle="Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres" year="1854">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="077757328276E97DA530290D10C92235" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
|
||
1854
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Sri Lanka (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3871C976379AF73805740B22AB83DAE" author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="255 - 508" title="Pyralides." volume="17" year="1859">Walker 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22119365EE5755520969AD648AE00629" author="Moore, F" journalOrPublisher="L. Reeve, London" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" title="The Lepidoptera of Ceylon" year="1884 - 1887">Moore 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Myanmar (Burma), Andaman Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F582827C118570D8E206B5AAB96AB423" author="Pagenstecher, AAF" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 268" title="Die Lepidopterenfauna des Bismarck-Archipels. Mit Beruecksichtigung der thiergeographischen und biologischen Verhaeltnisse. Zweiter Theil: Die Nachtfalter." volume="29" year="1900">Pagenstecher 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A6F12A28136FB6AE7A6463B40B49EB22" author="Boonham, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Virological Methods" pageId="33" pageNumber="150" title="Crop Protection Compendium datasheet on Leucinodesorbonalis" url="http://www.cabi.org/cpc/?compid=1&dsid=30498&loadmodule=datasheet&page=868&site=161" year="2012 a">CABI 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="640579C4F43631F858B47A72BA9C696F" author="Shaffer, M" editor="Nielsen, ES" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" pagination="164 - 199" title="Pyraloidea." volumeTitle="Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia" year="1996">Shaffer et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); imported to Great Britain, the Netherlands (pers. comm. M. van der Straten), Denmark (pers. comm. O. Karsholt) and the U.S.A. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="049F1B3A5745114F41067EEACC29A588" author="Boateng, BA" journalOrPublisher="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Ghana" pageId="33" pageNumber="150" pagination="1 - 34" title="Importation of Eggplant, Solanummelongena from Ghana into the United States" year="2005">Boateng et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D230A95D45E1F7DE515DF2D67840DE1B" author="Solis, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" title="Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. ports of entry: revision of Pyraloidea in " Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae " by D. M. Weisman 1986 (updated 2006)" url="www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12754100/PyraloideaKey.pdf" year="2006">Solis 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15C66E18EFA7FF8686EFBD9CDC156999" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" type="food plants">
|
||
<paragraph id="81CD456CCE05D92161A30099F8955262" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Food plants.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC808246CFA0B7CF9AC1D3C043A48C7D" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1016F22670B5F46023D2A78C50D551EC" family="Solanaceae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F811BABBB032BB6DFEDC6A994D6A487" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">Solanum melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="367BF54DF17BC3CBA7E8A0D9B791FD93" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aculeatissimum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aculeatissimum">Solanum aculeatissimum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jacq.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="553775D521F9B0EA3752FD536E40AE50" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aethiopicum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D6AAB7B3B2B541BCD5802BBFEA4D768" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum erianthum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erianthum">Solanum erianthum</taxonomicName>
|
||
D. Don.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9B3FE5F1089871164C11D6E6FD5F1A4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum anguivi" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anguivi">Solanum anguivi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lam. (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C53413940138ECA44014CCCCB092AE7B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">Solanum indicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6B65FE6B7C3B834C7CEE2B69CE3BA18" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum integrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolium">Solanum integrifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
Poir.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B665294C59A19B0981A6D4481A15EDD5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lycopersicum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycopersicum">Solanum lycopersicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5522F612BD9BC6A027F3FAB7C006C22C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpon">Solanum macrocarpon</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C65A8B77FFA32F42817E374C6C70F17" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mammosum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mammosum">Solanum mammosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB7C77E0B8E97B10F090E782F8D69E5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8BAAEB6EE8CC766AAEEB9C86000AF87" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvum">Solanum torvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sw.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DED0ACAF12395BA1E8C6992DA6D38A4F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tuberosum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosum">Solanum tuberosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B454669AC71E106B531991F60B5021F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum viarum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viarum">Solanum viarum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="372123F801FBF25667400BE4B49C6613" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum xanthocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthocarpum">Solanum xanthocarpum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schrad.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F7E639650B4F16E7C62DFE41E561E9A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis minima" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">Physalis minima</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3579527078914D32AC62BE313E7A3704" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis peruviana" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peruviana">Physalis peruviana</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEB5CA1E3A6D83789C793041A6A9AD84" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum annuum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">Capsicum annuum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D78B1DB23B64DDBB8732BDE9923D8A8" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">van der Straten 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7155C55CC3CB6492F07EAFC578B4E39C" author="Hayden, JE" journalOrPublisher="Fort Collins, CO" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" title="Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae" url="http://idtools.org/id/leps/micro/" volumeTitle="USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP)" year="2013">Hayden et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BB4C817C16369748ADB6CCEAAA07EF36" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="974F62657DE1A88DF8E9A44BF2AE7144" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F7825DFE567F7751FEA86D154155A36" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27111E7C9C8E66BE27D7934479E7E9B6" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="D8E373367D746E58B96A8A8ACDDCA7A5" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" start="start">Leucinodes</pageBreakToken>
|
||
orbonalis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has previously been reported in Europe from the Netherlands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="49027AC5069F22F622988F32EE762C30" author="van der Gaag, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Plant Protection Service, The Netherlands" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 43" title="Pest risk analysis Leucinodesorbonalis (Guenee)" year="2005">van der Gaag et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Great Britain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ECBD8DE4B74EC540EBCDE980AF3B2173" author="Agassiz, DJL" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation" pageId="33" pageNumber="150" pagination="187 - 195" title="Microlepidoptera - a review of the year 1982." volume="95" year="1983">Agassiz 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="97EC9251C16FAA8DB0AF7126EA345219" author="Higgott, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="25 - 27" title="Leucinodesorbonalis Guenee, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a species not previously recorded in the wild in Great Britain." volume="60" year="2009">Higgott 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as from the following African countries due to misidentification: South Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9097609BA13E1C79F8276A9DE4ADEF13" author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="255 - 508" title="Pyralides." volume="17" year="1859">Walker 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7A93155B281A068B5E673C30956A5FE" author="Pagenstecher, AAF" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 268" title="Die Lepidopterenfauna des Bismarck-Archipels. Mit Beruecksichtigung der thiergeographischen und biologischen Verhaeltnisse. Zweiter Theil: Die Nachtfalter." volume="29" year="1900">Pagenstecher 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91528FB1FC9D81698088BBC903B63AE2" author="Kemal, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Lepidopterologia" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" title="Synonymous checklist of the South African Lepidoptera" url="http://www.metafro.be/Members/Cesa/Cesapublafri2.pdf" year="2007">
|
||
Kemal and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2759A445B933BC35CC38E44D5171F906" originalValue="Koçak">Kocak</normalizedToken>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Kenya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A61775F86E9CCD24C2DE4B6ED6066395" author="Poulton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" pagination="91 - 182" title="On a collection of moths made in Somaliland by Mr. W. Feather with descriptions of new species by Sir G. F. Hampson, L. B. Prout, J. H. Durrant and Dr. Karl Jordan." volume="86" year="1916">Poulton 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Ghana (for example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="919FB0D3702DB0E31D701A976E9471A7" author="Frempong, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="627 - 641" title="Studies on the insect pests of egg plant, Solanummelongena L., in Ghana." volume="39" year="1977">Frempong and Buahin 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D42FE666EC9563AA6D35F030818297E6" author="Frempong, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="408 - 416" title="The nature of damage to egg plant (Solanummelongena L.) in Ghana by two important pests, Leucinodesorbonalis Gn. and Euzopheravillora (Fldr.) (LepidopteraPyralidae)." volume="41" year="1979">Frempong 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BBD6DE423C950A632C7B496CAC0FD878" author="Duodu, YA" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Pest Management" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="347 - 349" title="Field evaluation of eggplant cultivars to infestation by the shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodesorbonalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in Ghana." url="10.1080/09670878609371092" volume="32" year="1986">Duodu 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA57E72B944043252309C5502646E884" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Horna et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Lesotho, Zambia and Zimbabwe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BCBB77ACD9CD44859A6ED19988239674" author="Kopij, G" journalOrPublisher="Acta zoologica cracoviensia" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="137 - 180" title="Lepidoptera fauna of Lesotho." volume="49 B" year="2005">Kopij 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19A3668A0A54BE028B8895EF67357FC8" author="Boonham, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Virological Methods" pageId="33" pageNumber="150" title="Crop Protection Compendium datasheet on Leucinodesorbonalis" url="http://www.cabi.org/cpc/?compid=1&dsid=30498&loadmodule=datasheet&page=868&site=161" year="2012 a">CABI 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have not found a single specimen from Africa belonging to this species and therefore postulate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB4758039188E6827A3F5A73D1A8237C" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not occur in Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |