280 lines
30 KiB
XML
280 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9539CCE622E7F793650D0C695627CA20">Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="34AA6728966F0BE187C81DA76C63A621">Quah, Evan S H</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A921B2F4960886EB32122A5A240A485E">Anuar, Shahrul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="76CEA43B4C4E6ABE01AFB3C0AAF09509">Grismer, Lee L</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C19FD40A578DFF007B42226E115530B4">Wood, Perry L</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDB00D159C87D9860FDE517946C9388F">Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721247" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190604229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721247" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD" lastPageId="6" pageId="4" scope_subFamily="Calamariinae">
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<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4509FF82FCA80B994A7704CF" pageId="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FCA80B994A1404B5" blockId="4.[870,1399,402,426]" box="[870,1399,402,426]" pageId="4">
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<heading id="BE76406D4509FF82FCA80B994A1404B5" box="[870,1399,402,426]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="22818C824509FF82FCA80B994A1404B5" ID-CoL="3X2YP" authority="LATERALIS GUNTHER, 1864" authorityName="LATERALIS GUNTHER" authorityYear="1864" box="[870,1399,402,426]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
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||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FCA80B994BD204B6" bold="true" box="[870,1201,402,425]" italics="true" pageId="4">MACROCALAMUS LATERALIS</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FB760B994A1404B5" author="Gunther ACLG" box="[1208,1399,402,426]" pageId="4" refId="ref20541" refString="Gunther ACLG. 1864. The reptiles of British India. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1864">
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<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FB760B994A1404B5" bold="true" box="[1208,1399,402,426]" pageId="4">GÜNTHER, 1864</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FC070BB24A7704CF" blockId="4.[969,1300,441,466]" box="[969,1300,441,466]" pageId="4">SIDE- BLOTCHED REED SNAKE</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4509FF82FB8A0BD44BFA04E7" box="[1092,1177,479,504]" pageId="4" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FB8A0BD44BFA04E7" blockId="4.[1092,1177,479,504]" box="[1092,1177,479,504]" pageId="4">
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(
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<figureCitation id="7DBAEB844509FF82FB830BD44BF204E7" box="[1101,1169,479,504]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[146,225,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[232,1337,195,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-109@7.[232,1337,195,1603]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Top and middle: dorsum and venter of Macrocalamus lateralis (LSUHC 11590) from Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island, Kedah. Photographs by Evan Quah. Lower left and right: dorsum and venter of Macrocalamus lateralis from Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island, Kedah. Photographs by Tom Charlton." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721187/files/figure.png" pageId="4">FIG. 3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4509FF82FCF508034BAB0766" pageId="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FCF508034C1D0723" blockId="4.[827,1443,520,634]" pageId="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C591D02F4509FF82FCF508034C1D0723" pageId="4">
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<treatmentCitation id="6420D1104509FF82FCF508034A280702" author="Gunther ACLG" box="[827,1355,520,542]" page="199" pageId="4" year="1864">
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<taxonomicName id="22818C824509FF82FCF508034A280702" ID-CoL="3X2YP" authority="Gunther, 1864: 199" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="199" authorityYear="1864" box="[827,1355,520,542]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
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<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FCF508034B340702" box="[827,1111,520,541]" italics="true" pageId="4">Macrocalamus lateralis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FBAF08034A280702" author="Gunther ACLG" box="[1121,1355,520,542]" pageId="4" refId="ref20541" refString="Gunther ACLG. 1864. The reptiles of British India. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864: 199</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 18: fig. D.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FC9D084E4BAB0766" blockId="4.[827,1443,520,634]" pageId="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C591D02F4509FF82FC9D084E4BAB0766" pageId="4">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="6420D1104509FF82FC9D084E4C070766" author="Vogel G & David P" page="332" pageId="4" year="1999">
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||
<taxonomicName id="22818C824509FF82FC9D084E4C070766" ID-CoL="3X2YP" authority="Vogel & David 1999: 309 - 332" authorityName="Vogel & David" authorityPageNumber="309 - 332" authorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
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<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FC9D084E4B090745" box="[851,1130,581,602]" italics="true" pageId="4">Macrocalamus lateralis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FBBF084E4C070766" author="Vogel G & David P" pageId="4" pagination="309 - 332" refId="ref22104" refString="Vogel G, David P. 1999. A revision of the genus Macrocalamus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with description of a new species and a key to the genus. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 47: 309 - 332." type="journal article" year="1999">Vogel & David 1999: 309– 332</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(in part);
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<treatmentCitation id="6420D1104509FF82FC18086F4B1B0765" author="Das I" box="[982,1144,612,634]" page="285" pageId="4" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FC18086F4B1B0765" author="Das I" box="[982,1144,612,634]" pageId="4" refId="ref19532" refString="Das I. 2010. A field guide to the reptiles of South-East Asia. London: New Holland Publishers." type="book" year="2010">Das 2010: 285</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 48.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4509FF82FCF508A94C8C060B" pageId="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FCF508A94C8C060B" blockId="4.[827,1442,674,789]" pageId="4">
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<materialsCitation id="55E9FD5C4509FF82FCF508A94C8C060B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3410890306" collectionCode="BMNH" county="The" location="State" municipality="Specified" pageId="4" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pulau Pinang" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FCF508A94CCF07A8" box="[827,940,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="4">
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<typeStatus id="3A3A49A34509FF82FCF508A94CC407A8" box="[827,935,674,695]" pageId="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode id="B5275F7A4509FF82FC0A08A84B1407A7" box="[964,1143,674,696]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="4">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
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.7.23. Type locality: ‘
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<collectingCounty id="0C5F8F8D4509FF82FABD08A94AC107A7" box="[1395,1442,674,696]" pageId="4">The</collectingCounty>
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continent’, with no precise locality.
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<collectingMunicipality id="055A6D7B4509FF82FB2908CA4A3007C8" box="[1255,1363,705,727]" pageId="4">Specified</collectingMunicipality>
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to the mainland part of the
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<location id="E05EA1DA4509FF82FB8608EB4BEA07EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD:E05EA1DA4509FF82FB8608EB4BEA07EA" box="[1096,1161,736,757]" county="The" municipality="Specified" name="State" pageId="4" stateProvince="Pulau Pinang">State</location>
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of
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<collectingRegion id="274539E34509FF82FB7C08EB4A6F07EA" box="[1202,1292,736,757]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="4">Penang</collectingRegion>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FAF308EB4C84060A" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" pageId="4" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4509FF82FCF509354AC703D2" pageId="4" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FCF509354B490178" blockId="4.[827,1443,829,1127]" pageId="4">
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||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FCF509354CD4064C" box="[827,951,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="4">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Adults reach
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||
<quantity id="22795AE44509FF82FBA909364BA5064C" box="[1127,1222,829,851]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="262.0">262 mm</quantity>
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||
SVL,
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||
<quantity id="22795AE44509FF82FADC09364A11064C" box="[1298,1394,829,851]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9699999999999998" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="297.0">297 mm</quantity>
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TL. Head relatively stocky, triangular and indistinct from neck; snout pointed; loreal fused with prefrontal; one preocular; one postocular; eight supralabials, fourth and fifth touching eye; seven infralabials; 1 + 2 temporals; 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody; dorsal scales smooth; ventrals 112–122 (males 112–114 and females 122); cloacal scale single; 14–24 subcaudals (males 21–24 and females 14); (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FB090E394C110179" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" pageId="4" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
; present study).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF82FCF50E9B4AC703D2" blockId="4.[827,1444,1168,1742]" pageId="4">
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||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FCF50E9B4B6C01BA" box="[827,1039,1168,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4">Coloration in life:</emphasis>
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||
The dorsum is ochre to brown in colour with a light cream, oblique streak on the neck that extends from the parietals and temporals to the venter posterior to the jaws. The snout is lighter in colour, with pale labial markings. No additional oblique streaks or markings occur on the neck or the anterior portion of the body. Elongate, cream–yellow ocelli edged posteriorly with dark brown located on the scales of the fifth and sixth dorsal scale rows and are evenly spaced along the length of the body and the dorsal surface of the tail. Double, parallel, dark brown lateral stripes run the length of the body, beginning on the first ventral scale and extending to the vent. The first stripe results from the brown edging along the ventral scale margins, and a thin cream stripe separates the two darker ones. The venter is cream– yellow, with dark brown speckling near the lateral margins of the ventrals. The underside of the tail is uniform cream–yellow (
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<figureCitation id="7DBAEB844509FF82FB880CB34BE703D2" box="[1094,1156,1720,1742]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[146,225,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[232,1337,195,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-109@7.[232,1337,195,1603]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Top and middle: dorsum and venter of Macrocalamus lateralis (LSUHC 11590) from Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island, Kedah. Photographs by Evan Quah. Lower left and right: dorsum and venter of Macrocalamus lateralis from Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island, Kedah. Photographs by Tom Charlton." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721187/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FB5E0CB34AF603D2" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" box="[1168,1429,1720,1742]" pageId="4" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4509FF83FCF50CFC4D5B0275" lastPageId="5" pageId="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E53EF7014509FF83FCF50CFC4D5B0275" blockId="4.[827,1443,1782,1896]" lastBlockId="5.[145,761,1661,1898]" lastPageId="5" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134509FF82FCF50CFC4CCE0213" box="[827,941,1783,1804]" italics="true" pageId="4">Variation:</emphasis>
|
||
In the specimens from Langkawi Island, the double, dark, ventrolateral stripes are not as clearly defined as in the Thai specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04509FF82FB000D3F4C100278" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" pageId="4" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 5, 6), because the upper stripe is faint and diffuse. The oblique, light-coloured streak on the nape and neck is also not as prominent in the Langkawi specimens in comparison to the Thai specimen. In the Langkawi specimens, the colour of the venter also ranges from yellow to orange, with varying degrees of speckling along the margins of the ventral scales. The subcaudal region has a series of dark spots along the midline, creating a faint median line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="B1FEA7894508FF83FF5C0C154C03034E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721181" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721181/files/figure.png" pageId="5" startId="5.[146,226,1566,1588]" targetBox="[146,1425,196,1526]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF7014508FF83FF5C0C154C03034E" blockId="5.[145,1425,1566,1617]" pageId="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134508FF83FF5C0C154F9F032C" bold="true" box="[146,252,1566,1588]" pageId="5">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum likelihood phylogram of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C824508FF83FD220C154CEB032B" authorityName="LATERALIS GUNTHER" authorityYear="1864" box="[748,904,1566,1588]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134508FF83FD220C154CEB032B" box="[748,904,1566,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5">Macrocalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134508FF83FBD30C154B2D032B" box="[1053,1102,1566,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5">Cytb</emphasis>
|
||
gene, with Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A4508FF80FCE70C764D600585" lastPageId="6" pageId="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF7014508FF83FCE70C764AF20275" blockId="5.[809,1426,1661,1898]" pageId="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134508FF83FCE70C764CAE038D" box="[809,973,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="5">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
This species is found in northern Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9D96B7914508FF83FC640C974B7203AD" box="[938,1041,1692,1714]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in mainland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="274539E34508FF83FB690C974A5D03AE" box="[1191,1342,1692,1713]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="5">Penang State</collectingRegion>
|
||
and on Langkawi Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="274539E34508FF83FC380CB04B2103CE" box="[1014,1090,1723,1745]" country="Malaysia" name="Kedah" pageId="5">Kedah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9D96B7914508FF83FAC40CB04A1203CE" box="[1290,1393,1723,1745]" name="Thailand" pageId="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
at Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="274539E34508FF83FBBA0CD24A3803F0" box="[1140,1371,1753,1775]" country="Thailand" name="Narathiwat" pageId="5">Narathiwat Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DBAEB844508FF83FAA90CD24C540212" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,243,1180,1202]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1140]" captionTargetId="figure-320@6.[163,1443,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Collorhabdium williamsoni and Macrocalamus species in the Malay Peninsula. The tree was extracted from the maximum likelihood phylogram in Figure 1. Branch lengths do not represent genetic distance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721185/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A3A49A34508FF83FCB30CF34CBE0211" box="[893,989,1784,1806]" pageId="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C824508FF83FBCE0CF24BE10212" authorityName="Vogel & David" authorityYear="1999" box="[1024,1154,1784,1806]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B134508FF83FBCE0CF24BE10212" box="[1024,1154,1784,1806]" italics="true" pageId="5">M. lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected by Major- General Thomas Hardwicke, but its collecting location is unknown, because the label indicates only that it came ‘From the continent’. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF04508FF83FB5B0D5F4A2A0275" author="Gunther ACLG" box="[1173,1353,1876,1898]" pageId="5" refId="ref20541" refString="Gunther ACLG. 1864. The reptiles of British India. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1864">Günther (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF701450BFF80FF6D0A8B4D600585" blockId="6.[163,515,128,155]" box="[163,515,128,155]" pageId="6">
|
||
1242 E. S. H. QUAH
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FE7F0A8E4D600585" box="[433,515,133,154]" italics="true" pageId="6">ET AL.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="B1FEA789450BFF80FF6D0E974A2501D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721185" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721185/files/figure.png" pageId="6" startId="6.[163,243,1180,1202]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1140]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF701450BFF80FF6D0E974A2501D0" blockId="6.[163,1443,1180,1231]" pageId="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FF6D0E974E6E01AE" bold="true" box="[163,269,1180,1202]" pageId="6">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C82450BFF80FE700E974D8601AD" authorityName="Smedley" authorityYear="1931" box="[446,741,1180,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Collorhabdium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FE700E974D8601AD" box="[446,741,1180,1202]" italics="true" pageId="6">Collorhabdium williamsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C82450BFF80FCD20E974B6901AD" box="[796,1034,1180,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FCD20E974CDB01AD" box="[796,952,1180,1202]" italics="true" pageId="6">Macrocalamus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malay Peninsula. The tree was extracted from the maximum likelihood phylogram in Figure 1. Branch lengths do not represent genetic distance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A450BFF80FF6D0EF04DBE0072" pageId="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF701450BFF80FF6D0EF04DBE0072" blockId="6.[163,779,1275,1389]" pageId="6">
|
||
it as coming ‘From the mainland’. Major Hardwicke collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9D96B791450BFF80FEE80F114EF4002F" box="[294,407,1306,1328]" name="Singapore" pageId="6">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Penang Island, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF0450BFF80FD630F114E2C0050" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" pageId="6" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
narrowed down the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A3A49A3450BFF80FDF70F324D090051" box="[569,618,1337,1358]" pageId="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the species to the mainland part of the State of Penang.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AD9BA48A450BFF80FF6D0F9D4A3900DD" pageId="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF701450BFF80FF6D0F9D4B6F0072" blockId="6.[163,779,1430,1912]" lastBlockId="6.[827,1443,1275,1389]" pageId="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FF6D0F9D4E0D00B4" box="[163,366,1430,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6">Natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
This is the only known lowland species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C82450BFF80FED50FBE4EA500D5" authorityName="LATERALIS GUNTHER" authorityYear="1864" box="[283,454,1461,1482]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FED50FBE4EA500D5" box="[283,454,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="6">Macrocalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9D96B791450BFF80FD6E0FBE4C6900D4" box="[672,778,1461,1483]" name="Thailand" pageId="6">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
was collected from hill rainforest at an elevation of ~
|
||
<quantity id="22795AE4450BFF80FF7F0FF94F9F0318" box="[177,252,1522,1543]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF0450BFF80FEC30FF94D470318" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" box="[269,548,1522,1544]" pageId="6" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, we now know that the species ranges up to
|
||
<quantity id="22795AE4450BFF80FDF90C1A4D1D0339" box="[567,638,1553,1574]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation at Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island. Specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="83906FC4450BFF80FD7E0C244C69035B" box="[688,778,1583,1604]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gc15-4qsc" name="La Sierra University, Herpetological Collection" pageId="6">LSUHC</collectionCode>
|
||
11590 was collected during mid-morning, at ~10.00 h, from beneath damp leaf litter along a road cut. Although the Thai specimen was reported to have been found active above the ground during the daytime (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81108AF0450BFF80FF650CC34EDC03C1" author="David P & Pauwels OSG" box="[171,447,1736,1758]" pageId="6" pagination="635 - 645" refId="ref19592" refString="David P, Pauwels OSG. 2004. A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 (Serpentes, Colubridae), with the descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 635 - 645." type="journal article" year="2004">David & Pauwels, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), observations of additional specimens on Gunung Raya, Langkawi indicate that this species is also active at night, with specimens having been observed crossing roads after sunset (Tom Charlton
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FEDB0D4F4E3B0247" box="[277,344,1859,1881]" italics="true" pageId="6">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
., 2015). Nothing is known about the diet, reproductive biology or behaviour of this species.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FCF50EF04B94000F" box="[827,1271,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="6">
|
||
Relationships:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C82450BFF80FC270EF04B94000F" authorityName="Vogel & David" authorityYear="1999" box="[1001,1271,1275,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">Macrocalamus lateralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is most closely related to the new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22818C82450BFF80FB440F104B8E002F" authorityName="Quah & Anuar & Grismer & Wood & Mohd Nor" authorityYear="2020" box="[1162,1261,1307,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Macrocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emas">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FB440F104B8E002F" box="[1162,1261,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6">M. emas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs by an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 15.0% (Table 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E53EF701450BFF80FCF50F854A3900DD" blockId="6.[827,1441,1422,1474]" pageId="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7F52B13450BFF80FCF50F854B4800BC" box="[827,1067,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="6">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9D96B791450BFF80FB050F854A5E00BB" box="[1227,1341,1422,1444]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="274539E3450BFF80FA830F854AFD00BB" box="[1357,1438,1422,1444]" country="Malaysia" name="Kedah" pageId="6">Kedah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Langkawi Island, Gunung Raya
|
||
<collectionCode id="83906FC4450BFF80FB630FA64A6400DD" box="[1197,1287,1453,1474]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gc15-4qsc" name="La Sierra University, Herpetological Collection" pageId="6">LSUHC</collectionCode>
|
||
11590.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |