270 lines
30 KiB
XML
270 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.64.25453" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3b2884-8805-41cf-9dc0-65e11aa9d776" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-64-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB89E571131B424FFEA6468C760FFF4" ID-ZBK="A27707E3673148319A0BAAB6C2CD1412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1303466" ID-ZooBank="A27707E3673148319A0BAAB6C2CD1412" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2607-64-25" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research " ModsDocTitle="Seventeen new genera of microgastrine parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from tropical areas of the world" checkinTime="1553125430822" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fernandez-Triana, Jose L & Boudreault, Caroline" docDate="2018" docId="6D00E48644EA918C084F6F09FDE5C9D2" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 64: 25-140" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 64" docPubDate="2018-06-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.64.25453" docTitle="Markshawius Fernandez-Triana 2018, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="AAB8DED0-1B31-4ACF-8590-9C73F4048991" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="FFB89E571131B424FFEA6468C760FFF4" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="FFB89E571131B424FFEA6468C760FFF4" masterDocTitle="Seventeen new genera of microgastrine parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from tropical areas of the world" masterLastPageNumber="140" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1678750774343" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Seventeen new genera of microgastrine parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from tropical areas of the world</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fernandez-Triana, Jose L</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0425-0309</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of insects, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cnc.braconidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Boudreault, Caroline</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-2626</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of insects, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>64</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>25</mods:start>
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<mods:end>140</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.64.25453</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.64.25453</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-64-25</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A27707E3673148319A0BAAB6C2CD1412</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFB89E571131B424FFEA6468C760FFF4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1303466</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473005" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AAB8DED0-1B31-4ACF-8590-9C73F4048991" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D00E48644EA918C084F6F09FDE5C9D2" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/AAB8DED0-1B31-4ACF-8590-9C73F4048991" authority="Fernandez-Triana" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Markshawius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Markshawius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. n.">Markshawius Fernandez-Triana</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="56" pageNumber="81">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="81" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="81">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Markshawius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Markshawius erucidoctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erucidoctus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">Markshawius erucidoctus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault, here designated.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="81" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="81">Diagnostic description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="81">
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Female head elongate and strongly concave posteriorly, modified to be tightly appressed to and follow the contour of anterior margin of pronotum (pronotum also concave). Upper margin of face produced dorsally between the antennal insertions into a triangular flange (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31B</figureCitation>
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). Face looking almost depressed, and with very strong sculpture including transverse striae and punctures (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31B</figureCitation>
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). Frons very elongate, with ocelli clearly much higher than normally found in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="56" pageNumber="81" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
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. Frons with strong excavation at antennal base -better appreciated on a lateral view of the head (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31E</figureCitation>
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). Antenna very short (much shorter than body length, usually shorter than the combined length of head and mesosoma), with all flagellomeres but first with a single row of placodes (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28A, E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31A</figureCitation>
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). Pronotum only with lower sulcus (which is sometimes barely visible). Propodeum with median carina clearly visible on posterior half (sometimes that carina looks divided, giving the impression of actually being the posterior half of a very thin areola). Propodeum sometimes with transverse rugosity medially, including a poorly and partially defined transverse carina (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28D, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29F, G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30E, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31G, H</figureCitation>
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). Fore wing with large, four-sided areolet (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31D</figureCitation>
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). Legs in general short and stout, especially metafemur (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31A</figureCitation>
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). T1 with unusual, very distinctive shape: in some species being extremely long and thin (T1 length at least 6.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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its width centrally) (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29E-G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30D, E</figureCitation>
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), in other species very thin on anterior 0.3-0.4, then strongly widening towards posterior margin (width at posterior margin around 3.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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its width centrally) (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28D, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31F, G</figureCitation>
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). T2 either trapezoidal and with lateral margins strongly sculptured, or subtriangular and with lateral margins less sculptured (Figs
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Markshawius erucidoctus female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Fore wing and hind wing D Metasoma dorsal E Antenna F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212169" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">28D, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Markshawius francescae female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head lateral D Fore wing E Metasoma dorsal F Propodeum G Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212170" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">29E-G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Markshawius francescae female paratype CNC 878540. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing, inset: details of the areolet E Metasoma dorsal F Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212171" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">30D, E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Markshawius thailandensis female holotype. A Habitus B Head frontal C Head dorsal D Fore wing E Head lateral F Metasoma dorsal G Propodeum H Mesosoma dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.64.25453.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/212172" pageId="56" pageNumber="81">31F, G</figureCitation>
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). Ovipositor sheaths almost without setae (with only very few, small setae near apex that are usually invisible at less than 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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of magnification), ovipositor strongly narrowing toward apex, where it looks almost needle-like.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="putative autapomorphies and potentially related genera">
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<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="57" pageNumber="82" start="start">Putative</pageBreakToken>
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autapomorphies and potentially related genera.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">
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The carination pattern of propodeum is unique among
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
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. The two known shapes of T1 are also highly unusual. All species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Protomicroplitis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protomicroplitis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Protomicroplitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Wilkinsonellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wilkinsonellus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Wilkinsonellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diolcogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Diolcogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Venanides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Venanides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Venanides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have very long and thin T1; however, they have a strong median sulcus on T1 (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diolcogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Diolcogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Protomicroplitis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protomicroplitis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Protomicroplitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Wilkinsonellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wilkinsonellus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Wilkinsonellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or are completely unrelated genera with many different and distinguishing features compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Markshawius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Markshawius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Markshawius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Venanides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Venanides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Venanides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The shape of the head is similarly shared with a few species of other genera (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diolcogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Diolcogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, to a lesser extent also some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Cotesia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cotesia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Cotesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Keylimepie" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keylimepie" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Keylimepie</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Venanides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Venanides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Venanides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). All of those genera, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diolcogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Diolcogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are unrelated to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Markshawius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Markshawius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Markshawius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that trait likely evolved independently several times within
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitizing stem borers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Hosts are unknown at present. However, it is here hypothesized that the modification of head and pronotum serves the purpose of facilitating entering into or egressing from narrow tunnels where the caterpillar hosts live, and those hosts most likely are stem borers, perhaps from the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">All known species are found in the Oriental region (Thailand, Vietnam).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="molecular data">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Molecular data.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Only one sequence available (a complete barcode), but it is very unique, 11.2 % different than next
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequence available in BOLD.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">
|
||
The genus name refers to and honors the British braconid expert Mark Shaw, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="82" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially host/parasitoid biology. Throughout the years, Mark has been a mentor, dear friend, and an inspiration for the first author to continue his work with parasitoid wasps. The gender of the genus is neuter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">The species described below have two different sculpture patterns of propodeum, as well as two different shapes of T1. Future studies may find that those species are better placed in separate genera, but due to the paucity of specimens we prefer to keep them all within one single genus for the time being.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="82" type="species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">Species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="82">We recognize three different species, all new and described below. They can be separate using the following key.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |