178 lines
25 KiB
XML
178 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="81144B82C1FF085C37824E28DC4FF66E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.273702" ID-GBIF-Dataset="52aae097-a663-49c0-a977-65dae033fa31" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="273702" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459822423683" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Erik J." docDate="2007" docId="6B7A87DFEA48C65DAEF2484995E4F89E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01436p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1436" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Acalyptris staticis" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="9743FFA7EA58C64CAE654E46915BFFF4" masterDocTitle="Acalyptris Meyrick: revision of the platani and staticis groups in Europe and the Mediterranean (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698221987891" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3C3A5D1BB45C2C51ACB87C282378E89A">Acalyptris Meyrick: revision of the platani and staticis groups in Europe and the Mediterranean (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D1F991B36E0B7E1D1E96B04509676891">Van, Erik J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E15DEA7B69AF21C5D07EC5785560DFCD">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="6B7A87DFEA48C65DAEF2484995E4F89E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5067283" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119356096" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5067283" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B7A87DFEA48C65DAEF2484995E4F89E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B7A87DFEA48C65DAEF2484995E4F89E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="ABC96542EA48C65CAEF2484992E5F968" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA48C65CAEF2484990AEF9DD" blockId="16.[151,501,1551,1577]" box="[151,501,1551,1577]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="B82481A5EA48C65CAEF2484990AEF9DD" bold="true" box="[151,501,1551,1577]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAEF2484990AEF9DD" bold="true" box="[151,501,1551,1577]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA48C65CAEAA484990F8F9DD" ID-CoL="8SNX" box="[207,419,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Acalyptris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staticis">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAEAA484990F8F9DD" bold="true" box="[207,419,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acalyptris staticis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA48C65CAEF2481C92E5F968" blockId="16.[151,1436,1626,2012]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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This species group is established here for the Plumbaginaceae-feeding species and
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA48C65CAA01481D95A2F980" box="[1124,1273,1626,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Acalyptris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAA01481D952DF980" box="[1124,1142,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAAE0481D95A2F980" box="[1157,1273,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">pyrenaica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. There are no representatives known outside Europe and the Mediterranean region.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABC96542EA48C65DAEA348EC919EFACE" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA48C65CAEA348EC9369F828" blockId="16.[151,1436,1626,2012]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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These species differ considerably from most other
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA48C65CAD4448ED92C2F930" box="[801,921,1707,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Acalyptris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAD4448ED92C2F930" box="[801,921,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acalyptris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the most important shared character being the generic apomorphy: the venation with the closed cell in forewing shifted towards base. In contrast to most other
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA48C65CAEB948BD900FF8E0" box="[220,340,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Acalyptris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAEB948BD900FF8E0" box="[220,340,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acalyptris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the transverse bar of the transtilla is present as a sclerotized bar (the plesiomorphic condition). The male genitalia are otherwise rather uniform, the vesica being reduced, without any structure, and the aedeagus relatively short. The female genitalia are characterised by a reduced corpus bursae and the absence of sclerotisations, a condition very similar to that in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA48C65CAA64493595C2F878" box="[1025,1177,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Parafomoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA48C65CAA64493595C2F878" box="[1025,1177,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parafomoria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see van
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<bibRefCitation id="87424B38EA48C65CAB764934918DF840" author="Nieukerken" pageId="16" pageNumber="28" refString="Nieukerken, E. J. van (1983) The Cistaceae-feeding Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of the western Palaearctic region. Systematic Entomology, 8 (4), 453 - 478." type="journal article" year="1983">Nieukerken 1983</bibRefCitation>
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). The reduced bursa and absence of cornuti in the aedeagus are probably related characters. Externally the males lack androconial scaling.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA34ED1901BFEA6" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAEA34ED19055FF45" bold="true" box="[198,270,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adult</emphasis>
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. Head: collar small, comprising hair-scales. Forewing pale, often with fascia, or uniform; cilia-line normally present, often indistinct. Forewing underside without subdorsal retinaculum. Hindwing with costal bristles in male and female. Venation as in
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DACF04EAE93B3FEF5" box="[661,744,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platani">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DACF04EAE93B3FEF5" box="[661,744,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">platani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (Fig. 19). No androconial scales present.
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<collectingCountry id="9BC47659EA49C65DAB464EAE9404FEF6" box="[1315,1375,232,258]" name="Malta" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Male</collectingCountry>
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with anal tufts on T8, female sometimes with tufts on T7. Sternite 2 with 2A broadly triangular, almost as wide as long (
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<figureCitation id="7BE82A4CEA49C65DAEBE4F7E9068FEA6" box="[219,307,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURES 55 – 61. 55 – 59" captionStartId="37.[151,269,1757,1781]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,194,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[264,1323,194,1781]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 55 – 61. 55 – 59. Acalyptris staticis group: terminal abdominal segments and female genitalia (as far as visible), in dorsal view and dorsally focussed, in 58 more ventrally focussed, showing sternite. 55, 56, A. maritima, slide 3530, Italy, Portogruaro; 57 – 59, A. lesbia, slide 3642, paratype, Greece, Lesvos. 60 – 61. Acalyptris species, female, second abdominal segment from ventral, showing shape of s 2 a. 60, A. limoniastri, slide BM 22615, Algeria, Biskra, Paratype; 61, A. minimella, slide 3415, Portugal (Algarve), Serra de Monte Figo." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273710/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA24F26934DFD9E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<collectingCountry id="9BC47659EA49C65DAEA24F269058FE8E" box="[199,259,352,378]" name="Malta" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Male</collectingCountry>
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genitalia. Vinculum invisibly fused with tegumen, forming complete ring; ventral plate rounded, with posterior process joined to ventral carina. Tegumen forming variably shaped prominent pseuduncus. Uncus with single medial process. Gnathos with single medial element. Valva elongate, with a dense group of thick setae terminally on dorsal face. Transtilla with transverse bar present. Aedeagus with bifurcate ventral carina and a pair of curved lateral carinae, curving dorsad; vesica without any structure, no cornuti, but also no cathrema (the striate thickening around base of ductus ejaculatorius). Aedeagus relatively short, ratio aedeagus: capsule 0.6 to 0.8 (
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<tableCitation id="AE510372EA49C65DAFC94C16935CFD9E" box="[428,519,592,618]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,239,991,1015]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,1239,1881]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of male genitalia of Acalyptris. Mean, standard deviation and sample size are given in brackets, for sample size 3 or smaller only sample size is provided." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B7AC6641EA5EC64AAEF24D99927CFBD5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="B7AC6641EA5EC64AAEF24D99927CFBD5">Table 3</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA24C3E92C7FCFE" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Female genitalia. Terminalia blunt. T8 single narrow plate, with single setae or groups of setae. T9 comprising distinct pair of anal papillae, often with many setae. S
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<quantity id="242B9B2CEA49C65DAD0D4CE692CDFD4E" box="[872,918,672,698]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
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some species also with dense group of long setae. Corpus bursae hardly developed, without any sclerotisation or signa; as such no measurements of bursa presented. Ductus spermathecae inconspicuous, with ca 2–3 coils.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA24D51942FFC5E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAEA24D5190C2FCC5" bold="true" box="[199,409,791,817]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Immature stages</emphasis>
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. Number of instars unknown. Final instar larva. Body yellow. Headcapsule (
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<figureCitation id="7BE82A4CEA49C65DAB5E4D5E94C8FCC6" box="[1339,1427,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURES 84 – 93" captionStartId="40.[151,269,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[265,1308,184,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[265,1322,184,1593]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 84 – 93. Acalyptris species, details of immatures. 84 – 88, Headcapsule of final instar larva and part of prothorax with sclerites. 89, 90, Last abdominal segment (s) with anal rods. 91 – 93, Pupal exuviae, details of abdomen with abdominal spines (91, 92) and detached frons with conical projection (93). 84, 89, A. platani, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 85, A. minimella, Tunisia, Tabarka; 86, A. pistaciae, slide RMNH 11892, Turkey, Antalya, Selimiye; 87, A. loranthella, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 88, 90, A. lesbia, RMNH 12393, Greece, Lesvos, paratype; 91, A. loranthella, slide 3647, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 92, A. lesbia, slide 3643, Greece, Lesvos; 93, A. platani, slide 3646, Italy, Trieste." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273713/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
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) wider than long. Frontoclypeus narrowing posteriorly, slightly stirrup-shaped. Anterior tentorial arms long, approximately twice as long as posterior arms. Labrum with medial and lateral setae. Labial palpi with two short segments and long apical seta. Antenna with sensilla not placed cross-wise (Van
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<bibRefCitation id="87424B38EA49C65DAAEE4DD6943CFC5E" author="Nieukerken" box="[1163,1383,912,938]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" refString="Nieukerken, E. J. van (1986 a) Systematics and phylogeny of Holarctic genera of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera, Heteroneura: Monotrysia). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 236, 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="a">Nieukerken 1986a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA24DFE923CFB6E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Prothorax with elongate, narrow, ventral sclerite and narrow paired dorsal sclerites. Pro-, meso- and metathorax respectively with 11, 7 and 7 pairs of setae. A1–8 with 6, A9 with 2 and A10 with 3 pairs of setae. Most setae relatively short, ventral setae longest. Reduction on meso- and metathorax affects the dorsal and lateral setae groups, SV1 and the three more ventral setae are all present. Anal rods almost straight, posteriorly ending in 3 pointed tips (
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<figureCitation id="7BE82A4CEA49C65DAFAD4A1E9378FB86" box="[456,547,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURES 84 – 93" captionStartId="40.[151,269,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[265,1308,184,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[265,1322,184,1593]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 84 – 93. Acalyptris species, details of immatures. 84 – 88, Headcapsule of final instar larva and part of prothorax with sclerites. 89, 90, Last abdominal segment (s) with anal rods. 91 – 93, Pupal exuviae, details of abdomen with abdominal spines (91, 92) and detached frons with conical projection (93). 84, 89, A. platani, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 85, A. minimella, Tunisia, Tabarka; 86, A. pistaciae, slide RMNH 11892, Turkey, Antalya, Selimiye; 87, A. loranthella, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 88, 90, A. lesbia, RMNH 12393, Greece, Lesvos, paratype; 91, A. loranthella, slide 3647, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 92, A. lesbia, slide 3643, Greece, Lesvos; 93, A. platani, slide 3646, Italy, Trieste." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273713/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
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). Spinosity of thorax and abdomen reduced, microspines scattered, hardly visible at a magnification of 400×. Earlier instars not studied.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA24AEE919EFACE" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Pupa (studied from exuviae). Head: clypeus transverse; frons not completely detached at emergence, smooth; labial palpi slightly longer than maxillae. A2–8 dorsally with many relatively short spines, arranged in about 3–4 indistinct transverse rows per segment; cremaster comprising two widely separate spines (
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<figureCitation id="7BE82A4CEA49C65DAB084ABE91E3FACE" captionStart="FIGURES 84 – 93" captionStartId="40.[151,269,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[265,1308,184,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[265,1322,184,1593]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 84 – 93. Acalyptris species, details of immatures. 84 – 88, Headcapsule of final instar larva and part of prothorax with sclerites. 89, 90, Last abdominal segment (s) with anal rods. 91 – 93, Pupal exuviae, details of abdomen with abdominal spines (91, 92) and detached frons with conical projection (93). 84, 89, A. platani, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 85, A. minimella, Tunisia, Tabarka; 86, A. pistaciae, slide RMNH 11892, Turkey, Antalya, Selimiye; 87, A. loranthella, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 88, 90, A. lesbia, RMNH 12393, Greece, Lesvos, paratype; 91, A. loranthella, slide 3647, Greece, Evvoia, Dhírfis Oros; 92, A. lesbia, slide 3643, Greece, Lesvos; 93, A. platani, slide 3646, Italy, Trieste." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273713/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABC96542EA49C65DAEA24B0195E4F89E" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA24B019381F9A6" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAEA24B019070FA95" bold="true" box="[199,299,1351,1377]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biology.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAF514B0E90E8FA95" box="[308,435,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hostplants</emphasis>
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. Five of the six known species feed on
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DADEB4B0E950AFA96" box="[910,1105,1352,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Plumbaginaceae</taxonomicName>
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, and four of these on
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAB334B0E9189FA7D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAB334B0E9189FA7D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Limonium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species (Sea lavenders) along the sea coast. Only
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<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAD434B3692E7FA7D" box="[806,956,1392,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Acalyptris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
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<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAD434B369263FA7D" box="[806,824,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
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.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAD2D4B3692E7FA7D" box="[840,956,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">pyrenaica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently is feeding on a different host family, because it was found in localities where this plant family is absent.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAA734BDE95D6FA45" box="[1046,1165,1432,1457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAA734BDE95D6FA45" box="[1046,1165,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Limonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very diverse plant genus in the Mediterranean region. Identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAC9B4B86922EFA2D" box="[766,885,1472,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAC9B4B86922EFA2D" box="[766,885,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Limonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is problematic and usually only possible when flowers are present. Previous records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAC154BAE921DF9F5" box="[624,838,1512,1537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAC154BAE921DF9F5" box="[624,838,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Limonium vulgare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a host in the Adriatic and Aegean area (A. &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87424B38EA49C65DABE74BAE9013F9DE" author="Lastuvka" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" refString="Lastuvka, A. & Lastuvka, Z. (1997) Nepticulidae Mitteleuropas. Ein illustrierter Begleiter (Lepidoptera), Konvoj, Brno, 229 pp." type="book" year="1997">Z. Laštůvka 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Z. &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87424B38EA49C65DAFF14856933CF9DE" author="Lastuvka" box="[404,615,1551,1578]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" refString="Lastuvka, Z. & Lastuvka, A. (1998) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nepticulidenfauna Griechenlands (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Stapfia, 55, 313 - 326." type="journal article" year="1998">A. Laštůvka 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are possibly correct, but should be confirmed on flowering individuals because there are several very similar species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA248269437F956" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Phylogenetically the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAFA5482693DBF98E" box="[448,640,1632,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Plumbaginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAD4E48269284F98E" box="[811,991,1632,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Caryophyllales</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a basal clade in the Core Eudicots in the sense of the APG II classification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87424B38EA49C65DAC3F48CE9260F956" author="Bremer" box="[602,827,1672,1698]" pageId="17" pageNumber="27" refString="Bremer, B., Bremer, K., Chase, M. W., Reveal, J. L., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Stevens, P. F., Anderberg, A. A., Fay, M. F., Goldblatt, P., Judd, W. S., Kallersjo, M., Karehed, J., Kron, K. A., Lundberg, J., Nickrent, D. L., Olmstead, R. G., Oxelman, B., Pires, J. C., Rodman, J. E., Rudall, P. J., Savolainen, V., Sytsma, K. J., van der Bank, M., Wurdack, K., Xiang, J. Q. Y. & Zmarzty, S. (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141 (4), 399 - 436." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Bremer
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DACDE48CE93B4F955" box="[699,751,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and are considered sister to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAAA448CE943CF956" box="[1217,1383,1672,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polygonales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA248F693E2F8EE" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
This group contains the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D34D4AEA49C65DAC7948F693E9F93E" box="[540,690,1712,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepticulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
found so far that have adapted to halophytic plants and live in a coastal habitat. The larvae make gallery mines, and the cocoons are spun on the leaves, probably as an adaptation to avoid lengthy submersion by sea water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36C36C9EA49C65DAEA2496E95E4F89E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The mines of all
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A7EADBEA49C65DAFF6496E9331F8B5" box="[403,618,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Limonium-feeding</emphasis>
|
||
species are very similar, usually starting with a more or less spirally arranged gallery, with a thin line of frass. Larva feeds in mine with ventral side uppermost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |