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<mods:title id="566F2E22B52A0B726228F175F88863E1">The extinct Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): a palaeobiological approach</mods:title>
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<treatment id="6A7F87DFFF92FF91E797FD345774FC49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822797" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182401064" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4822797" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A7F87DFFF92FF91E797FD345774FC49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7F87DFFF92FF91E797FD345774FC49" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">
<subSubSection id="AACC6542FF92FF98E797FD3452D9FCCE" box="[677,1204,754,781]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF92FF98E797FD3452D9FCCE" blockId="21.[677,1204,754,781]" box="[677,1204,754,781]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">
<heading id="B92181A5FF92FF98E797FD3452D9FCCE" allCaps="true" box="[677,1204,754,781]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E797FD345505FCCE" ID-CoL="7NW5S" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[677,872,754,780]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">NERINEOIDEA</taxonomicName>
AND ACTEONELLOIDEA
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E26936C9FF92FF98E797FCF45224FC88" blockId="21.[674,1211,818,1699]" box="[677,1097,818,844]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">
THE PHYLOGENY OF THE
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E686FCF45224FC88" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[948,1097,818,844]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">NERINEOIDEA</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF92FF98E797FC9752D5FB0A" blockId="21.[674,1211,818,1699]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">
The earliest recorded
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E6AFFC975245FCA9" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[925,1064,849,875]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
are
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E16EFC9755C0FC49" authority="Cossmann, 1902" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Ceritellidae" genus="Ceritella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welschi">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E16EFC975483FC49" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Ceritella welschi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E7C6FCB755C0FC49" author="COSSMANN M." box="[756,941,881,907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="163 - 203" refId="ref17469" refString="COSSMANN M. 1902. - Paleontologie, in CHRA- TRON C. &amp; COSSMANN M. (eds), Note sur l'Infalies de la Vendee et specialement sur un gisement situe dans la commune du Simon-La-Vineuse. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, Ser. 4, vol. 2: 163 - 203." type="journal article" year="1902">Cossmann, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E6D6FCB75531FC69" authority="Cossmann, 1902" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" genus="Nerinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grossouvrei">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E6D6FCB752D7FC49" box="[996,1210,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Nerinella grossouvrei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E797FC575531FC69" author="COSSMANN M." box="[677,860,913,939]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="163 - 203" refId="ref17469" refString="COSSMANN M. 1902. - Paleontologie, in CHRA- TRON C. &amp; COSSMANN M. (eds), Note sur l'Infalies de la Vendee et specialement sur un gisement situe dans la commune du Simon-La-Vineuse. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, Ser. 4, vol. 2: 163 - 203." type="journal article" year="1902">Cossmann, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) of the Vendeé (
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF92FF98E644FC7755AFFC09" box="[886,962,945,971]" name="France" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">France</collectingCountry>
).From the same period,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E791FC165554FC28" author="BOHM G." box="[675,825,976,1002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="737 - 782" refId="ref17134" refString="BOHM G. 1884. - Beitrag zur Kenntnis der grauen Kalke in Venetien. Zeitschrift der deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 36: 737 - 782." type="journal article" year="1884">Böhm (1884)</bibRefCitation>
described fragments of turriculate gastropods with strongly rebounding growth lines from northern
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF92FF98E677FBC95518FBEB" box="[837,885,1039,1065]" name="Italy" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Italy</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E6A7FBC954B6FB8B" authority="Bohm, 1884" authorityName="Bohm" authorityYear="1884" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Chemnitzia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="canossae">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E6A7FBC95207FBEB" box="[917,1130,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Chemnitzia canossae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E15DFBC954B6FB8B" author="BOHM G." pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="737 - 782" refId="ref17134" refString="BOHM G. 1884. - Beitrag zur Kenntnis der grauen Kalke in Venetien. Zeitschrift der deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 36: 737 - 782." type="journal article" year="1884">Böhm, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the aperture is incomplete,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E150FBE95481FBA8" author="DIETRICH W. O." pageId="21" pageNumber="370" refId="ref18005" refString="DIETRICH W. O. 1925. - Gastropoda mesozoica: fam. Nerineidae, in JUNK W. (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus: Animalia. Vol. 1. W. Junk, Berlin, 164 p." type="book" year="1925">Dietrich (1925)</bibRefCitation>
probably correctly assigned this species to
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E797FBA85550FB4A" authorityName="de Loriol" authorityYear="1890" box="[677,829,1134,1160]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pseudonerineidae" genus="Pseudonerinea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E797FBA85550FB4A" box="[677,829,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Pseudonerinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Well-preserved specimens of the Late Jurassic
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E61EFB4852D6FB6B" authority="(d'Orbigny, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[812,1211,1166,1193]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pseudonerineidae" genus="Pseudonerinea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clytia">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E61EFB48559BFB6A" box="[812,1014,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Pseudonerinea clytia</emphasis>
(d’Orbigny, 1851)
</taxonomicName>
show a comparable external morphology (
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF92FF98E16BFB6852C1FB0A" box="[1113,1196,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[113,123,1544,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[112,662,759,1305]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2.—Pseudonerineidae Pchelintsev,1965,Ceritellidae Wenz,1940: A, Pseudonerinea clytia (d’Orbigny,1851),Middle Oxfordian,Cordebugle (Calvados, France), MNHN.F.A46317; B, Cossmannea desvoidyi (d’Orbigny, 1850), Middle Oxfordian, St.-Mihiel (Meuse, France), paralectotype MNHN.F.A08287; C, Cossmannea desvoidyi, axial section, Middle Oxfordian,St.-Mihiel (Meuse,France),MNHN.F.A08287; D, Cossmannea esparcyensis (Piette,1855),Bathonian,Esparcy (Aisne,France), figure from Fischer 1969,MNHN.F.R00146; E, Cossmannea speciosa (Voltz,1835),Oxfordian,Ecuelly (Haute Saone,France),figure from Maire 1927,MNHN.F.A26131; F, Fibuloptyxis bucillyensis Fischer,1959,axial section,Bathonian,Bucilly (Aisne,France),MNHN.F.A24495; G, Fibuloptyxis bucillyensis, with well-preserved aperture, Bathonian,Bucilly (Aisne,France),MNHN.F.A49007; H, Fibuloptyxis undans Piette,1857,the figure shows the subsutural notch,Bathonian," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822597/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF92FF98E78BFB08558BFA07" blockId="21.[674,1211,818,1699]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">
In the Middle Jurassic, more or less broadly umbilicate taxa with siphonal aureoles evolved within the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E7FDFACB5523FAE5" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1940" box="[719,846,1293,1319]" family="Ceritellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="377" rank="family">Ceritellidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E66CFACB559FFAEA" author="FISCHER J. &amp; CL" box="[862,1010,1293,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="201 - 209" refId="ref18210" refString="FISCHER J. - CL. 1959. - Description de quatre especes nouvelles des genres fossiles Pseudotrochalia Cox et Fibuloptyxis Cossmann. JournaldeConchyliologie 99: 201 - 209." type="journal article" year="1959">Fischer 1959</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E132FACB5250FAEA" author="FISCHER J. &amp; CL" box="[1024,1085,1293,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="135 - 154" refId="ref18240" refString="FISCHER J. - CL. 1961. - Sur l'apparation des Ceritellidae au Charmouthien, avec la proposition d'un genre nouveau, Proceritella. Journal de Conchyliologie 101: 135 - 154." type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
). Of these,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E794FAEB55B9FA85" authority="Cox, 1954" authorityName="Cox" authorityYear="1954" box="[678,980,1324,1351]" genus="Pseudotrochalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E794FAEB553DFA85" box="[678,848,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Pseudotrochalia</emphasis>
Cox, 1954
</taxonomicName>
possesses a strongly convex final whorl, an acute siphonal aureole and a palatal plait (see
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E65CFAAA5593FA45" author="FISCHER J. &amp; CL" box="[878,1022,1388,1415]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" pagination="201 - 209" refId="ref18210" refString="FISCHER J. - CL. 1959. - Description de quatre especes nouvelles des genres fossiles Pseudotrochalia Cox et Fibuloptyxis Cossmann. JournaldeConchyliologie 99: 201 - 209." type="journal article" year="1959">Fischer 1959</bibRefCitation>
). The other morphological features agree with those of the turriform
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E791FA6D558FFA07" authority="Cossmann, 1898" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1898" box="[675,994,1451,1477]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Fibuloptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF92FF98E791FA6D554DFA07" box="[675,800,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">Fibuloptyxis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E615FA6D558FFA07" author="COSSMANN M." box="[807,994,1451,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" refId="ref17434" refString="COSSMANN M. 1898. - Contribution a la Paleontologie Francaise des Terrains Jurassiques. Gastropodes: Nerinees. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, ser. Paleontologie 19, 179 p." type="book" year="1898">Cossmann, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF92FF9BE789FA0D57A0FEF3" blockId="21.[674,1211,818,1699]" lastBlockId="22.[111,649,216,1699]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="371" pageId="21" pageNumber="370">
Equally in the Middle Jurassic, the coniform
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E795FA2D5277F9C7" authority="Pchelintsev, 1960" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[679,1050,1515,1541]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="356" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cryptoplocinae">
Cryptoplocinae
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF92FF98E665FA2D5277F9C7" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[855,1050,1515,1541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" refId="ref20905" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1960. - Superfamily Murchisoniacea, in PCHELINTSEV V. F. &amp; KOROBKOV I. A. (eds), Fundamentals of Palaeontology, Mollusca-Gastropoda. Governmental technical-scientific printing company, Moskwa, 360 p." type="book" year="1960">Pchelintsev, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which are the earliest
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E7C2F9CC55EBF9E6" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[752,902,1546,1572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
, appear.The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E134F9CC52F4F9E6" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[1030,1177,1546,1572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
are often large and possess the most sophisticated plait structure among the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E64DF98C526AF9A6" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[895,1031,1610,1636]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
. Their umbilicus is surrounded by a moderately acute siphonal aureole. The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF92FF98E7CCF94F55F5F961" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[766,920,1673,1699]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="370" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
became extinct in the Early Cretaceous. Pictet &amp; Campiche (1862) describe a number of internal moulds which indicate a range up the Aptian/Albian boundary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE5BAFEF157F3FD4C" blockId="22.[111,649,216,1699]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
The external morphology of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE4FAFEF156F5FEB2" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1902" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" genus="Nerinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grossouvrei">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE4FAFEF156F5FEB2" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Nerinella grossouvrei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost the same as in the early
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE735FE9054EBFEB2" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1940" box="[519,646,342,368]" family="Ceritellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="377" rank="family">Ceritellidae</taxonomicName>
but differs by an obscurely angular periphery of the last whorl and three internal plaits. In stratigraphically later genera, the whorl periphery becomes distinctly angular. The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE489FE13542FFE2D" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[443,578,469,495]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerinellidae</taxonomicName>
range stratigraphically into the Late Cretaceous (Campanian). In the Middle Jurassic they gave rise to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5A8FDF25744FD8C" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[154,297,564,590]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
n.fam.. Like the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE4D3FDF254EDFD8C" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[481,640,564,590]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
, the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5AEFD925740FDAC" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[156,301,596,622]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF91FF9BE404FD9357E6FDAC" box="[310,395,596,623]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
range stratigraphically into the Late Cenomanian.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE5BAFD555785FAC5" blockId="22.[111,649,216,1699]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE58BFD555742FD6F" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[185,303,659,685]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
evolved from the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE4CAFD5554EBFD6F" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[504,646,659,685]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF91FF9BE541FD7256ABFD0F" box="[115,198,691,718]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, of which some had become increasingly loosely coiled in late ontogenetic stages. The stratigraphically earliest
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE408FD3457C2FCCE" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[314,431,754,780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
species is the Bathonian
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE594FCD55465FCEE" authority="Cossmann, 1898" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1898" box="[166,520,786,812]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="choffati">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE594FCD55727FCEE" box="[166,330,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Nerinea choffati</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE462FCD45465FCEE" author="COSSMANN M." box="[336,520,786,812]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref17434" refString="COSSMANN M. 1898. - Contribution a la Paleontologie Francaise des Terrains Jurassiques. Gastropodes: Nerinees. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, ser. Paleontologie 19, 179 p." type="book" year="1898">Cossmann, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. It possesses three internal plaits, its whorl periphery is rounded and the base is tightly perforate. While it is morphologically still close to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE493FCB75442FC49" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[417,559,881,907]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF91FF9BE706FCB454EEFC49" box="[564,643,881,908]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, the number of columellar plaits increased and the siphonal canal became larger and bent outwards, yielding a trumpet-like siphonal aureole in typical representatives of this family. The oviform
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE701FC3754EBFBC8" authorityName="Deshayes" authorityYear="1827" box="[563,646,1009,1034]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE701FC3754EBFBC8" box="[563,646,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Nerinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the turriform
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE419FBC954EBFBE8" authority="Pchelintsev, 1965" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1965" box="[299,646,1039,1066]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Fibuloptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE419FBC957A6FBEB" box="[299,459,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Fibuloptygmatis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE4E2FBC954EBFBE8" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[464,646,1039,1066]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref20970" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1965. - Mesozoic Murchisoniata from the Crimean Highland. Nauka, Moskwa, 216 p." type="book" year="1965">Pchelintsev, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
extended into the Early Cretaceous (for example the Aptian
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5DAFB965450FBAB" authority="Delpey, 1940" authorityName="Delpey" authorityYear="1940" box="[232,573,1103,1129]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zumoffeni">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE5DAFB9657CBFBAB" box="[232,422,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Nerinea zumoffeni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE499FB895450FBAB" author="DELPEY G." box="[427,573,1103,1129]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="5 - 292" refId="ref17925" refString="DELPEY G. 1940. - Les Gasteropodes mesozoiques de la Region libanaise. Service des travaux publics, Section d'etudes geologiques, Notes et Memoires 3: 5 - 292" type="journal article" year="1940">Delpey, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). From
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE542FBA85777FB4A" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1965" box="[112,282,1134,1160]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Fibuloptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE542FBA85777FB4A" box="[112,282,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Fibuloptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the Cretaceous genera evolved. They dominate the assemblages from the Late Cenomanian upwards.
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE455FB6854EAFB0A" authority="Boese, 1906" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[359,647,1198,1224]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE455FB68546CFB0A" box="[359,513,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE734FB6854EAFB0A" author="BOESE E." box="[518,647,1198,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref17160" refString="BOESE E. 1906. - La fauna de Molluscos del Senoniano de Cardenas, San Luis Potosi. Boletin del Instituto Geologico de Mexico 24: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1906">Boese, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF91FF9BE43CFB0B5733FB25" box="[270,350,1229,1255]" name="Mexico" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and the Caribbean (Caribbean Province of
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE41EFB2B57B1FAC5" author="KAUFFMAN E. G." box="[300,476,1261,1287]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="353 - 363" refId="ref19147" refString="KAUFFMAN E. G. 1973. - Cretaceous Bivalvia, in HAL- LAM A. (ed.), Atlas of palaeobiogeography: 353 - 363." type="book chapter" year="1973">Kauffman 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE5BAFACB522DFEB3" blockId="22.[111,649,216,1699]" lastBlockId="22.[675,1211,216,369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
Because of their totally different whorl sections, the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5A4FAEB569CFA85" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[150,241,1325,1351]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
cannot be an offshoot of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE726FAEB54EBFA85" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[532,646,1325,1351]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
as
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE5BAFA8A5720FAA5" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[136,333,1356,1383]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref20970" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1965. - Mesozoic Murchisoniata from the Crimean Highland. Nauka, Moskwa, 216 p." type="book" year="1965">Pchelintsev (1965)</bibRefCitation>
suggests. The family
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE715FA8A54E8FAA4" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[551,645,1356,1382]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
evolved in the Late Jurassic from the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE73AFAAA54E9FA44" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1940" box="[520,644,1388,1414]" family="Ceritellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="377" rank="family">Ceritellidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE548FA4A575FFA64" author="COSSMANN M." box="[122,306,1420,1446]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref17412" refString="COSSMANN M. 1896. - Essais de Paleoconchologie compare 2, 179 p. (published by the author)." type="book" year="1896">Cossmann 1896</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE40DFA4A5793FA64" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[319,510,1419,1446]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref20970" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1965. - Mesozoic Murchisoniata from the Crimean Highland. Nauka, Moskwa, 216 p." type="book" year="1965">Pchelintsev 1965</bibRefCitation>
). Late Jurassic taxa such as
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE425FA6D57DFFA07" box="[279,434,1451,1477]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ceritellidae" genus="Ceritella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polita">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE425FA6D57DFFA07" box="[279,434,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Ceritella polita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sauvage &amp; Rigaux
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE543FA0D56FBFA27" box="[113,150,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">fide</emphasis>
Cossmann, 1895) show a comparable, broadly rounded shell outline.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE454FA2D545CF9C7" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[358,561,1514,1541]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref20970" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1965. - Mesozoic Murchisoniata from the Crimean Highland. Nauka, Moskwa, 216 p." type="book" year="1965">Pchelintsev (1965)</bibRefCitation>
figured a turriculate specimen with a solid columella un- der
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5AEF9EC547CF986" authority="Zittel, 1873" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[156,529,1578,1604]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Phaneroptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rugifera">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE5AEF9EC57EEF986" box="[156,387,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Phaneroptyxis rugifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE4B9F9EC547CF986" author="ZITTEL K. A." box="[395,529,1578,1604]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="311 - 490" refId="ref22748" refString="ZITTEL K. A. 1873. - Palaontologische Studien uber die Grenzschichten der Jura- und Kreideformation. 3. Die Gastropoden der Stramberger Schichten. Palaontologische Mitteilungen aus dem Museum des Koniglich Bayerischen Staates 2: 311 - 490." type="journal article" year="1873">Zittel, 1873</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The Early Cretaceous
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5DDF98C545FF9A6" authority="Akopjan, 1976" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1976" box="[239,562,1610,1636]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" genus="Eotrochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE5DDF98C57E6F9A6" box="[239,395,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Eotrochactaeon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE4A3F98C545FF9A6" author="AKOPJAN V. T." box="[401,562,1610,1636]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref16772" refString="AKOPJAN V. T. 1976. - Cretaceous Gastropods of the Armenian SSR. Akademia Nauk Arminskoj SSR, Yerevan, 415 p." type="book" year="1976">Akopjan, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is similar. In other
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE5CFF9AF5730F941" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[253,349,1641,1667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
genera the shells are much broader while the columella is hollow and enclosed by an aureole. In the Cretaceous genera
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE16EFF1E553DFED0" authority="Mazeran, 1912" authorityName="Mazeran" authorityYear="1912" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" genus="Vernedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE16EFF1E52DAFF30" box="[1116,1207,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Vernedia</emphasis>
Mazeran, 1912
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE6B9FF3152D4FED0" authority="Djaliliov, 1972" authorityName="Djaliliov" authorityYear="1972" box="[907,1209,247,274]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aphididae" genus="Sogdianella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE6B9FF31526BFED3" box="[907,1030,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Sogdianella</emphasis>
Djaliliov, 1972
</taxonomicName>
hollow lunulae are incorporated in the columella (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE79FFEF155DAFE93" author="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; SOHL N. F." box="[685,951,311,337]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref19724" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; SOHL N. F. 1980. - Western hemisphere Cretaceous Itieriidae gastropods. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1135 - A: A 1 - A 15." type="journal volume" year="1980">Kollmann &amp; Sohl 1980</bibRefCitation>
) mark the limits of the siphonal beak in earlier growth stages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE797FE50527BFE6C" blockId="22.[674,1211,406,1160]" box="[677,1046,406,432]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">PERIODS OF SHELL ENLARGEMENTS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE797FE735201FCEE" blockId="22.[674,1211,406,1160]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
Striking is the enormous increase in shell size in the families
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE607FE1355A7FE2D" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[821,970,469,495]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF91FF9BE6E1FE105245FE2D" box="[979,1064,469,496]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE104FE1352D8FE2D" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[1078,1205,469,495]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE795FE33552FFDCD" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[679,834,501,527]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE647FE3355B8FDCD" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[885,981,501,527]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
in the Oxfordian and the Kimmeridgian. Another period of enlargement is the Barremian with the diverse assemblage from Orgon,
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF91FF9BE7C9FD93552EFDAD" box="[763,835,597,623]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">France</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE663FD92526BFDAC" author="COSSMANN M." box="[849,1030,596,622]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="6 - 42" refId="ref17528" refString="COSSMANN M. 1907. - Description des gastropode et pelecypodes, in PELLAT E. &amp; COSSMANN M. (eds), Le Barremien superieur a facies Urgonien de Brouzet- Lez-Alais Gard). Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, ser. 15, 1: 6 - 42." type="journal article" year="1907">Cossmann 1907</bibRefCitation>
), and a final one took place from the Turonian onwards when the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE794FD555540FD6F" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[678,813,659,685]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF91FF9BE603FD525518FD6F" box="[817,885,659,686]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" rank="family">n.fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE6FAFD555236FD6F" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[968,1115,659,685]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
had died out and the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE62DFD7555F9FD0F" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[799,916,691,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
flourished. With sizes up to
<quantity id="252E9B2CFF91FF9BE791FD145483FD2F" box="[675,750,722,749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE7CBFD155241FD2F" authority="Dietrich, 1939" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1939" box="[761,1068,723,749]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Laevinerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="379" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="subgen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE7CBFD155512FD2E" box="[761,895,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Laevinerinea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE6B5FD155241FD2F" author="DIETRICH W. O." box="[903,1068,723,749]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="131 - 135" refId="ref18047" refString="DIETRICH W. O. 1939. - Laevinerinea nov. subg. aus der Oberkreide von Trinidad. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 21: 131 - 135." type="journal article" year="1939">Dietrich, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE10AFD15554AFCCF" authority="Tiedt, 1958" authorityName="Tiedt" authorityYear="1958" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Simploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE10AFD1552D4FD2F" box="[1080,1209,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Simploptyxis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE797FD34554AFCCF" author="TIEDT L." box="[677,807,754,781]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="483 - 517" refId="ref22126" refString="TIEDT L. 1958. - Die Nerineen der osterreichischen Gosauschichten. Sitzungberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften., Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abt. 1, 167: 483 - 517." type="journal article" year="1958">Tiedt, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE653FD3452D7FCCE" authority="Akopjan, 1976" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1976" box="[865,1210,754,780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE653FD345260FCCE" box="[865,1037,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Parasimploptyxis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE124FD3452D7FCCE" author="AKOPJAN V. T." box="[1046,1210,754,780]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref16772" refString="AKOPJAN V. T. 1976. - Cretaceous Gastropods of the Armenian SSR. Akademia Nauk Arminskoj SSR, Yerevan, 415 p." type="book" year="1976">Akopjan, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are the largest
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE670FCD455ABFCEE" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[834,966,786,812]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
genera known.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE789FCF455CCFCA9" blockId="22.[674,1211,406,1160]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">In general, the enlargement periods correspond with times of warming.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE789FCB7550AFB4A" blockId="22.[674,1211,406,1160]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
This is evident from δ18
<subScript id="7E52348CFF91FF9BE6F8FCB855B7FC4D" attach="left" box="[970,986,894,911]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">O</subScript>
curves presented by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE794FC5755ECFC69" author="WEISSERT H. &amp; ERBA E." box="[678,897,913,939]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref22391" refString="WEISSERT H. &amp; ERBA E. 2004. - Volcanism, CO 2 and palaeoclimata: a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous carbon and oxygen isotope record. Journal of the Geological Society of London 161: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2004">
Weissert
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE630FC54555EFC69" box="[770,819,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
for the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous and by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE658FC765586FC09" author="GALE A." box="[874,1003,944,971]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref18389" refString="GALE A. 2000. - The Cretaceous world, in CULVER St. J. &amp; RAWSON P. F. (eds), Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 4 - 19." type="book chapter" year="2000">Gale (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for the Cretaceous. The occurrence of large
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE696FC165245FC28" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[932,1064,976,1002]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
fits well with a warming pulse in the Oxfordian (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE110FC3654B3FBE8" author="WEISSERT H. &amp; ERBA E." pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref22391" refString="WEISSERT H. &amp; ERBA E. 2004. - Volcanism, CO 2 and palaeoclimata: a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous carbon and oxygen isotope record. Journal of the Geological Society of London 161: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2004">
Weissert
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE1B4FC3752D7FBC8" box="[1158,1210,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
) but not with the Early Kimmeridgian (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE14EFBD6554EFB8B" author="COSSMANN M." pageId="22" pageNumber="371" refId="ref17434" refString="COSSMANN M. 1898. - Contribution a la Paleontologie Francaise des Terrains Jurassiques. Gastropodes: Nerinees. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, ser. Paleontologie 19, 179 p." type="book" year="1898">Cossmann 1898</bibRefCitation>
) for which the δ18
<subScript id="7E52348CFF91FF9BE6C3FBFA526CFB8F" attach="left" box="[1009,1025,1084,1101]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">O</subScript>
curve indicates a cooling. This may, however, be due to inaccuracies in the correlation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9BE797FB685274FB04" blockId="22.[675,1211,1198,1700]" box="[677,1049,1198,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
THE ORIGIN OF THE
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE6B6FB685274FB04" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[900,1049,1198,1224]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">NERINEOIDEA</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF91FF9AE797FB0B5410FAC5" blockId="22.[675,1211,1198,1700]" lastBlockId="23.[111,647,1229,1699]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
Besides the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE602FB0B55ADFB25" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[816,960,1229,1255]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE6FDFB0852D4FB2A" author="HASZPRUNAR G." box="[975,1209,1229,1256]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="15 - 37" refId="ref18697" refString="HASZPRUNAR G. 1985 a. - The Heterostropha - a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda. Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 23: 15 - 37." type="journal article" year="1985">Haszprunar (1985a)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF91FF9BE7E6FB2B5519FACA" author="BANDEL K." box="[724,884,1261,1288]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" pagination="325 - 365" refId="ref16946" refString="BANDEL K. 1996. - Some heterostrophic gastropods from Triassic St. Cassian Formation with a discussion on the classification of the Allogastropoda. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 70: 325 - 365." type="journal article" year="1996">Bandel (1996)</bibRefCitation>
allocated the Streptacidoidea Knight, 1931, Mathildoidea Dall, 1889, Pyramidelloidea Gray, 1840, Architectonicoidea Gray, 1850 and Valvatoidea Gray, 1840 to the Allogastropoda Haszprunar, 1985, informally termed Lower Heterobranchia. Beyond the heterostrophy, Haszprunar quotes shell solidity, an operculum (which actually has never been recorded) and columellar plaits in the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF91FF9BE697FA2D5241F9C7" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[933,1068,1515,1541]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
as indicative for this systematic position. The limited space within the shell, leaving a “narrow labyrinth”, is reminiscent of the Pyramidelloidea. According to Schrödl
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF91FF9BE62DF9AF5522F941" box="[799,847,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">etal.</emphasis>
(2011), however, the Pyramidelloidea cluster with the Pulmonata. They have to be excluded from the Lower Heterobranchia and therefore cannot be related to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE4DFFB2B5414FAC5" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[493,633,1261,1287]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B6A96641FF90FF9AE543FBC55412FB44" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" startId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" targetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF90FF9AE543FBC55412FB44" blockId="23.[113,1211,1026,1158]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">
FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae:
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE47FFBC55737FBD7" bold="true" box="[333,346,1027,1045]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE457FBC5546EFBD7" box="[357,515,1027,1045]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Acteonella styriaca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE738FBC554FCFBD7" author="KOLLMANN H. A." box="[522,657,1027,1045]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="243 - 262" refId="ref19317" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1965. - Actaeonellen (Gastropoda) aus der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 68: 243 - 262." type="journal article" year="1965">Kollmann, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE104FBC552D5FBD7" author="KOLLMANN H. A." box="[1078,1208,1027,1045]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="243 - 262" refId="ref19317" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1965. - Actaeonellen (Gastropoda) aus der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 68: 243 - 262." type="journal article" year="1965">Kollmann 1965</bibRefCitation>
, NHMW 1965/664/13;
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE416FBDF575CFBE9" bold="true" box="[292,305,1049,1067]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE408FBDF578DFBE9" box="[314,480,1049,1067]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Acteonella jicarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE4D6FBDF54F2FBE9" author="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A." box="[484,671,1049,1067]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" refId="ref21792" refString="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A. 1985. - Cretaceous Actaeonellidae Gastropods from the Western Hemisphere. US Geogical Survey, Professional Paper 1304, 104 p." type="book" year="1985">Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985</bibRefCitation>
,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE45EFBF65717FB80" bold="true" box="[364,378,1072,1090]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">C</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE4B1FBF65489FB80" authority="Kollmann, 1967" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="1967" box="[387,740,1072,1090]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gosaviensis">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE4B1FBF65430FB80" box="[387,605,1072,1090]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Neocylindrites gosaviensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE753FBF65489FB80" author="KOLLMANN H. A." box="[609,740,1072,1090]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="199 - 261" refId="ref19345" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1967. - Die Gattung Trochactaeon in der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Zur Phylogenie der Actaeonellidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 71: 199 - 261." type="journal article" year="1967">Kollmann,1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2;
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE543FB815612FB9B" bold="true" box="[113,127,1095,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">D</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE5B8FB8157BFFB9B" authority="(Sowerby, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[138,466,1095,1113]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lamarcki">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE5B8FB81572EFB9B" box="[138,323,1095,1113]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Trochactaeon lamarcki</emphasis>
(Sowerby, 1831)
</taxonomicName>
, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18;
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE69CFB8155D7FB9B" bold="true" box="[942,954,1095,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE6F6FB8155A2FB9B" bold="true" box="[964,975,1095,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">F</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE6E8FB81569BFBAD" authority="(Munster, 1844)" baseAuthorityName="Munster" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subglobosus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE6E8FB8152D4FB9B" box="[986,1209,1095,1113]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Trochactaeon subglobosus</emphasis>
(Münster, 1844)
</taxonomicName>
;?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749;
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE794FB9B54DFFBAD" bold="true" box="[678,690,1117,1135]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">E</emphasis>
, shows the resorbed columella;
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE6F7FB9B55BDFBAD" bold="true" box="[965,976,1117,1135]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">F</emphasis>
, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF90FF9AE5BAFACB5755F961" blockId="23.[111,647,1229,1699]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">
Besides the family-specific features of the apertures, earliest Nerinelloidea agree remarkably in their external morphology. This postulates a parental group of more or less high-spired genera with adapically sinuate apertures in the Triassic. This is the case in
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE543FA6D5698FA07" box="[113,245,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Sinarbullina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE5CFFA6D57CFFA07" author="GRUNDEL J." box="[253,418,1451,1477]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="177 - 223" refId="ref18471" refString="GRUNDEL J. 1997. - Heterostropha (Gastropoda) aus dem Dogger Norddeutschlands und Nordpolens. III. Opisthobranchia. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E 25: 177 - 223." type="journal article" year="1997">Gründel, 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE49CFA6A5471FA04" box="[430,540,1452,1478]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Costacteon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE716FA6D56C4FA27" author="GRUNDEL J." pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="177 - 223" refId="ref18471" refString="GRUNDEL J. 1997. - Heterostropha (Gastropoda) aus dem Dogger Norddeutschlands und Nordpolens. III. Opisthobranchia. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E 25: 177 - 223." type="journal article" year="1997">Gründel, 1997</bibRefCitation>
and
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE5EDFA0A5707FA27" box="[223,362,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Domerionina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE443FA0D54EEFA27" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[369,643,1483,1509]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel &amp; Nützel, 2012</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE543FA2D5719F9C7" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[113,372,1515,1541]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel&amp; Nützel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
have allocated these genera to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE582F9CC5741F9E6" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[176,300,1546,1572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tubiferidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tubiferidae</taxonomicName>
, but to me the before-mentioned morphological features seem representative for the Cylindrobullinidae
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE47EF98C57BAF9A6" author="WENZ W." box="[332,471,1610,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="36" refId="ref22510" refString="WENZ W. 1947. - Zur Taxonomie der Euthyneura. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 76: 36." type="journal article" year="1947">Wenz, 1947</bibRefCitation>
, although their shells are not cylindrical like the typical representatives of the family.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF90FF9AE797FB08521EFB24" blockId="23.[675,1211,1230,1699]" box="[677,1139,1230,1257]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">THE ACTEONELLOIDEA, THE OTHER GROUP</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF90FF9AE797FB35523CFAC4" blockId="23.[675,1211,1230,1699]" box="[677,1105,1262,1288]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">OF LARGE MESOZOIC HETEROBRANCHIA</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF90FF9AE797FACB55D3F961" blockId="23.[675,1211,1230,1699]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">
The Cylindrobullinidae which are the earliest Acteonelloidea possess more or less cylindrical whorls, low to moderately high spires, moderately adapically reflected growth lines and a subsutural ramp (see
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE7E6FA4A558CFA64" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[724,993,1420,1446]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel &amp; Nützel 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The
<typeStatus id="3D6D886BFF90FF9AE116FA4A523FFA64" box="[1060,1106,1420,1446]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">type</typeStatus>
species is
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE797FA6A55D0FA04" authority="(Dunker, 1846)" baseAuthorityName="Dunker" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[677,957,1451,1478]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ceritellidae" genus="Ceritella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE797FA6A5567FA07" box="[677,778,1451,1478]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">C. fragilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE62BFA6D55D8FA04" author="DUNKER W." box="[793,949,1451,1478]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="168 - 171" refId="ref18186" refString="DUNKER W. 1846. - Diagnosen einiger neuer Conchylien aus der norddeutschen Liasbildung. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie 3: 168 - 171." type="journal article" year="1846">Dunker, 1846</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) of northern
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF90FF9AE6F2FA0D5248FA27" box="[960,1061,1483,1509]" name="Germany" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Germany</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE16CFA0D548EF9C7" author="GRUNDEL J." pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="3 - 24" refId="ref18535" refString="GRUNDEL J. 2010. - Neubeschreibung der Gastropodenfauna aus dem Hettangium (unterster Jura) des Kanonenberges bei Halberstadt (Deutschland). Beringeriana 41: 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="2010">Gründel 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Earliest Cylindrobullinidae date from the Late Triassic (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE603F9CD55C8F9E7" author="HAAS O." box="[817,933,1546,1573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="1 - 328" refId="ref18618" refString="HAAS O. 1953. - Mesozoic invertebrate faunas of Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 101: 1 - 328." type="journal article" year="1953">Haas 1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE69DF9CC52C3F9E7" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[943,1198,1546,1573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel&amp; Nützel 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Taxa from the St. Cassian Formation described by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF90FF9AE796F98C553FF9A6" author="BANDEL K." box="[676,850,1610,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" pagination="79 - 100" refId="ref16866" refString="BANDEL K. 1994 a. - Triassic Euthyneura (Gastropoda) from St. Cassian (Italian Alps) with a discussion on the evolution of the Heterostropha. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 452: 79 - 100." type="journal article" year="1994">Bandel (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
under
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE694F98C527DF9A6" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[934,1040,1610,1636]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE694F98C527DF9A6" box="[934,1040,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Acteonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE116F98C5555F946" authority="Bandel, 1994" authorityName="Bandel" authorityYear="1994" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lancadellia">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE116F98C52D4F9A6" box="[1060,1209,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">A. lancadellia</emphasis>
Bandel, 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF90FF9AE675F9AC5236F946" authority="Bandel, 1994" authorityName="Bandel" authorityYear="1994" box="[839,1115,1641,1668]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuorense">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF90FF9AE675F9AC55ADF941" box="[839,960,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">A. stuorense</emphasis>
Bandel, 1994
</taxonomicName>
) have to be included in this family.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E5BAFF1E57A5F9E7" blockId="24.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
The Cylindrobullinidae were the parental group to
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E543FF315697FED3" box="[113,250,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Rugalindrites</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E432FF315466FED0" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[256,523,247,274]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel &amp; Nützel, 2012</bibRefCitation>
(pro
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E777FF3156CAFEF3" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Cylindrites</emphasis>
Morris&amp; Lycett, 1851). Because of its distinct subsutural notch and ramp and its columellar plaits,
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E55DFE905695FEB2" box="[111,248,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Rugalindrites</emphasis>
represents the earliest Acteonellidae Gill, 1871 (see also
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E470FEB0579DFE53" author="KOLLMANN H. A." box="[322,496,374,401]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="199 - 261" refId="ref19345" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1967. - Die Gattung Trochactaeon in der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Zur Phylogenie der Actaeonellidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 71: 199 - 261." type="journal article" year="1967">Kollmann 1967</bibRefCitation>
). Occurrences in the Upper Middle Jurassic Great Oolite of
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9FFF95E77BFE5056D6FE0D" name="United Kingdom" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E5FAFE7357D0FE12" author="MORRIS F. G. S. &amp; LYCETT J." box="[200,445,437,464]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" refId="ref20309" refString="MORRIS F. G. S. &amp; LYCETT J. 1854. - Monograph of the Mollusca from the Great Oolite, Chiefly from Minchinhampton. Palaeontographical Society, London, 147 p." type="book" year="1854">Morris &amp; Lycett 1854</bibRefCitation>
), the Bathonian of
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9FFF95E543FE1056D4FE32" box="[113,185,470,496]" name="France" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">France</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E5F5FE135738FE32" author="FISCHER J. &amp; CL" box="[199,341,469,496]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="1 - 319" refId="ref18274" refString="FISCHER J. - CL. 1969. - Geologie, paleontologie et paleoecologie du Bathonien au sud-ouest du Massif Ardennais. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, n. s., 20: 1 - 319." type="journal article" year="1969">Fischer 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and the Late Jurassic of the Crimea (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E5FDFE3357E7FDD2" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[207,394,501,528]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" refId="ref20948" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1963. - Brjuchonogie Mesozoja Gornogo Kryma. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 130 p." type="book" year="1963">Pchelintsev 1963</bibRefCitation>
) illustrate the wide distribution and diversity of this group. In the Early Cretaceous (Barremian),
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E44DFDF25465FD8C" box="[383,520,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Rugalindrites</emphasis>
gave rise to
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E543FD9257E6FDAC" authority="Sayn, 1932" authorityName="Sayn" authorityYear="1932" box="[113,395,596,622]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E543FD925769FDAC" box="[113,260,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Neocylindrites</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E43CFD9257E6FDAC" author="SAYN G." box="[270,395,596,622]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref21339" refString="SAYN G. 1932. - Description de la faune de l'Urgonien de Barcelonne (Drome). Travaux du Laboratoire de Geologie de la Faculte des Sciences de Lyon, Fascicule 18, Memoire 15: 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1932">Sayn, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E4F4FD925414FDAD" author="KOLLMANN H. A." box="[454,633,596,623]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="199 - 261" refId="ref19345" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1967. - Die Gattung Trochactaeon in der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Zur Phylogenie der Actaeonellidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 71: 199 - 261." type="journal article" year="1967">Kollmann 1967</bibRefCitation>
), which is almost identical with its ancestor but differs by 2-3 strong columellar plaits (
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9FFF95E4F8FD55545CFD6F" box="[458,561,659,685]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" captionTargetId="figure-240@23.[111,936,211,985]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae: A, Acteonella styriaca Kollmann, 1965, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from Kollmann 1965, NHMW 1965/664/13;B, Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;C, Neocylindrites gosaviensis Kollmann,1967,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2; D, Trochactaeon lamarcki (Sowerby, 1831), Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18; E, F, Trochactaeon subglobosus (Münster, 1844);?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749; E, shows the resorbed columella; F, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
). In the Aptian, a lineage leads from
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E49EFD755450FD0F" authorityName="Sayn" authorityYear="1932" box="[428,573,691,717]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E49EFD755450FD0F" box="[428,573,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Neocylindrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the convolute
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E5ECFD155728FD2F" box="[222,325,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Acteonella</emphasis>
d’Orbigny, 1842 (
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9FFF95E734FD155412FD2F" box="[518,639,723,749]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" captionTargetId="figure-240@23.[111,936,211,985]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae: A, Acteonella styriaca Kollmann, 1965, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from Kollmann 1965, NHMW 1965/664/13;B, Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;C, Neocylindrites gosaviensis Kollmann,1967,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2; D, Trochactaeon lamarcki (Sowerby, 1831), Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18; E, F, Trochactaeon subglobosus (Münster, 1844);?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749; E, shows the resorbed columella; F, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Fig. 12A, B</figureCitation>
) with “
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E586FD3457D0FCCE" box="[180,445,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E586FD345751FCCE" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[180,316,754,780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Trochactaeon</taxonomicName>
” subrenauxi
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E4F7FD3454E9FCCF" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[453,644,754,781]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" refId="ref20822" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1953. - [Gastropod Fauna of Transcaucasia and Middle Asia] Fauna bryukhogikh verkhemelov'ikh Otlozhenij Zakawkas'ja srednei Azii. Akademie Nauk SSR, Moskwa-Leningrad, 391 p." type="book" year="1953">Pchelintsev, 1953</bibRefCitation>
as a transitional form. In the Cenomanian, another lineage leads from
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E471FCF457BAFC8E" authorityName="Sayn" authorityYear="1932" box="[323,471,818,844]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E471FCF457BAFC8E" box="[323,471,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Neocylindrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the turreted
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E541FC975697FCA9" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[115,250,849,875]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E541FC975697FCA9" box="[115,250,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which invaded littoral environments in the Late Cretaceous. As in the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E4C8FCB754E9FC49" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[506,644,881,907]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
this was connected with an increase up to
<quantity id="252E9B2CFF9FFF95E771FC5754E5FC69" box="[579,648,913,939]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9FFF95E54AFC76568FFC09" box="[120,226,944,971]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[113,124,1544,1562]" captionTargetBox="[131,1191,215,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-23@18.[130,750,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 10. — Taphonomy (Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea): A, Nerinella grossouvrei Cossmann, 1896 with epibiontic bivalves; MNHN.F.A51318; B, Nerinella flexuosa (Sowerby,1831),Gosau (Austria),Late Cretaceous,NHMW 2013/0268/000;the shells are aligned by a moderate water current; C, Parasimploptyxis buchi (Münster, 1829), Late Cretaceous, Abtenau (Austria), NHMW 2002z0074; following the breakage soft mud entered the shell synchronous with the decay of soft tissue; fragments of the shell were therefore kept in their original position; D, Trochactaeon ventricosus Hojnos, 1921, Campanian,Hieflau (Austria), NHMW 2013/0052/0001;shell material sealed the adapical portions of the whorls which were most endangered by abrasion; mud entered the shell synchronously with the decay of soft parts. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538515/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9FFF95E5DCFC77574EFC09" box="[238,291,945,971]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" captionTargetId="figure-240@23.[111,936,211,985]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae: A, Acteonella styriaca Kollmann, 1965, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from Kollmann 1965, NHMW 1965/664/13;B, Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;C, Neocylindrites gosaviensis Kollmann,1967,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2; D, Trochactaeon lamarcki (Sowerby, 1831), Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18; E, F, Trochactaeon subglobosus (Münster, 1844);?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749; E, shows the resorbed columella; F, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">12D</figureCitation>
). The subsutural notch indicates a semi-infaunal mode of life. In contrast to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E541FC36569AFBC8" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[115,247,1008,1034]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
and all other Acteonelloidea genera, traces of boring sponges and epibionts are abundant on
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E5A1FBE95777FB8B" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[147,282,1071,1097]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E5A1FBE95777FB8B" box="[147,282,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E456FBE9544DFB88" author="SCHREMMER F." box="[356,544,1071,1098]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="297 - 300" refId="ref21401" refString="SCHREMMER F. 1954. - Bohrschwammspuren in Actaeonellen aus der nordalpinen Gosau. Sitzungsbericht der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung 1 (4 - 5): 297 - 300." type="journal article" year="1954">Schremmer 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E718FBF65695FBAB" author="HERM D. &amp; SCHENK V." pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="324 - 339" refId="ref18796" refString="HERM D. &amp; SCHENK V. 1971. - Parasitare Epokie von Radiolites auf Trochactaeon. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie 6: 324 - 339." type="journal article" year="1971">Herm &amp; Schenk 1971</bibRefCitation>
).Based on the boring sponges,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E71CFB895681FB4B" author="SCHREMMER F." pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="297 - 300" refId="ref21401" refString="SCHREMMER F. 1954. - Bohrschwammspuren in Actaeonellen aus der nordalpinen Gosau. Sitzungsbericht der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung 1 (4 - 5): 297 - 300." type="journal article" year="1954">Schremmer (1954)</bibRefCitation>
estimated living environments of
<quantity id="252E9B2CFF9FFF95E769FBA956C7FB6B" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" unit="m" value="6.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 10 m</quantity>
depth. Winnowing during storm events has therefore commonly removed the surrounding sediment and accumulated the shells (Sanders
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E76AFB0B54E8FB25" box="[600,645,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">etal.</emphasis>
1997). The shells which in contrast to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E77FFB2B56A9FAE5" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
were broadly convex may have been also partly uncovered from sediments the surface of the shells during lifetime. This is supported by the lack of a twisted siphonal canal or basal notch which would have elevated the inhalation opening and by the deposition of shell material in the adapical portion of the whorls (
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9FFF95E45BFA0D57A3FA27" box="[361,462,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[113,124,1544,1562]" captionTargetBox="[131,1191,215,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-23@18.[130,750,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 10. — Taphonomy (Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea): A, Nerinella grossouvrei Cossmann, 1896 with epibiontic bivalves; MNHN.F.A51318; B, Nerinella flexuosa (Sowerby,1831),Gosau (Austria),Late Cretaceous,NHMW 2013/0268/000;the shells are aligned by a moderate water current; C, Parasimploptyxis buchi (Münster, 1829), Late Cretaceous, Abtenau (Austria), NHMW 2002z0074; following the breakage soft mud entered the shell synchronous with the decay of soft tissue; fragments of the shell were therefore kept in their original position; D, Trochactaeon ventricosus Hojnos, 1921, Campanian,Hieflau (Austria), NHMW 2013/0052/0001;shell material sealed the adapical portions of the whorls which were most endangered by abrasion; mud entered the shell synchronously with the decay of soft parts. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538515/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
) to protect these most vulnerable parts from abrasion (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E725FA2D56C3F9E6" author="KOLLMANN H. A." pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="199 - 261" refId="ref19345" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1967. - Die Gattung Trochactaeon in der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Zur Phylogenie der Actaeonellidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 71: 199 - 261." type="journal article" year="1967">Kollmann 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E58BF9CC57D1F9E7" author="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A." box="[185,444,1546,1573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" refId="ref21792" refString="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A. 1985. - Cretaceous Actaeonellidae Gastropods from the Western Hemisphere. US Geogical Survey, Professional Paper 1304, 104 p." type="book" year="1985">Sohl &amp; Kollmann 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B6A96641FF9FFF95E796FCC95497FC8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538525/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" startId="24.[676,687,783,801]" targetBox="[729,945,220,735]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E796FCC95497FC8D" blockId="24.[676,1211,783,847]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
FIG. 13.— Intuitive cladogram:affinities between the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E163FCC952D5FCE3" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[1105,1208,783,801]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
, the Acteonelloidea and the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E6B9FCE05269FCFA" authorityName="Knight" authorityYear="1931" box="[907,1028,806,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptacididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Streptacididae</taxonomicName>
based on affinities of apertures.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E5BAF9EC54EBF961" blockId="24.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">The apertures of the Acteonelloidea are high and narrow and broadly excavated at the base. Adjacent to the subsutural notch, the whorl interior is enlarged by a broad, bipartite parietal depression</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E68FFF11527CFF29" blockId="24.[957,1158,215,745]" box="[957,1041,215,235]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Ebalidae</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E68FFECB5247FEE3" blockId="24.[957,1158,215,745]" box="[957,1066,269,289]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFECB5247FEE3" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1940" box="[957,1066,269,289]" family="Ceritellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="377" rank="family">Ceritellidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E68FFE81527DFE99" blockId="24.[957,1158,215,745]" box="[957,1040,327,347]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFE81527DFE99" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[957,1040,327,347]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E68FFEB9525DFDC7" blockId="24.[957,1158,215,745]" box="[957,1133,383,517]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFEB95227FE51" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[957,1098,383,403]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFE7E5200FE0E" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1965" box="[957,1133,440,460]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pseudonerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Pseudonerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFE37525DFDC7" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[957,1072,497,517]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerinellidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E68FFDEC524BFDB5" blockId="24.[957,1158,215,745]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFDEC5251FDFC" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[957,1084,554,574]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF9FFF95E170FDEC52EBFDFC" box="[1090,1158,554,574]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E68FFDA5524BFDB5" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[957,1062,611,631]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E68FFD5A5208FD2B" blockId="24.[957,1158,215,745]" box="[957,1125,668,745]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Acteonellidae Pseudobullinidae</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E797FC5755C7FBEB" blockId="24.[675,1211,913,1319]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
(
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9FFF95E79EFC575545FC69" box="[684,808,913,939]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" captionTargetId="figure-240@23.[111,936,211,985]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae: A, Acteonella styriaca Kollmann, 1965, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from Kollmann 1965, NHMW 1965/664/13;B, Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;C, Neocylindrites gosaviensis Kollmann,1967,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2; D, Trochactaeon lamarcki (Sowerby, 1831), Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18; E, F, Trochactaeon subglobosus (Münster, 1844);?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749; E, shows the resorbed columella; F, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Fig. 12E, F</figureCitation>
). I have interpreted this as an impression of a posterior adductor muscle (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E17AFC76548DFC29" author="KOLLMANN H. A." pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="199 - 261" refId="ref19345" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1967. - Die Gattung Trochactaeon in der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Zur Phylogenie der Actaeonellidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 71: 199 - 261." type="journal article" year="1967">Kollmann 1967</bibRefCitation>
) but because of its position adjacent to the siphonal notch it is more likely the impression of a posterior pallial cavity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E7F3FBE95212FAE5" blockId="24.[675,1211,913,1319]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
Aperture shape and the comparatively deep and broad subsutural notch reflect a position of the mantly cavity and the anus in a right posterior position, as
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E78EFB49550DFB6A" author="MORTON J. E." box="[700,864,1166,1193]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="337 - 349" refId="ref20405" refString="MORTON J. E. 1972. - The Form and Functioning of the Pallial Organs in the Opisthobranch Akera bullata with a Discussion on the Nature of the Gill in Notaspidea and other Tectibranchs. The Veliger 14 (4): 337 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Morton (1972)</bibRefCitation>
has described for example in the Anaspidean
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E618FB68523CFB0A" authority="Muller, 1776" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[810,1105,1198,1224]" class="Gastropoda" family="Akeridae" genus="Akera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bullata">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E618FB6855D5FB0A" box="[810,952,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Akera bullata</emphasis>
Müller, 1776
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E14FFB68555EFB25" authority="Muller, 1776" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1776" class="Gastropoda" family="Akeridae" genus="Akera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anaspidea" pageId="24" pageNumber="373" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E14FFB6852D4FB0A" box="[1149,1209,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Akera</emphasis>
Müller, 1776
</taxonomicName>
the shell is partly or totally covered by the mantle. This might have been also the case in the Acteonelloidea but cannot be proved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E797FA8B55A1FA47" blockId="24.[674,1211,1357,1700]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
THE COMMON ORIGIN OF THE
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9FFF95E6C0FA8B52EBFAA7" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[1010,1158,1357,1383]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">NERINEOIDEA</taxonomicName>
AND THE ACTEONELLOIDEA
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9FFF95E797FA4A52D7F961" blockId="24.[674,1211,1357,1700]" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">
From the Cylindrobullinidae (as conceived here) the lineage of the Acteonelloidea can be followed back in time to the earliest Triassic
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E13FFA0A52E8FA27" box="[1037,1157,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">Jiangxispira</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9FFF95E1B9FA0A55FBF9C7" author="PAN H. - Z. &amp; ERWIN D. H. &amp; NUTZEL A. &amp; ZHU X. - S." pageId="24" pageNumber="373" pagination="44 - 48" refId="ref20717" refString="PAN H. - Z., ERWIN D. H., NUTZEL A. &amp; ZHU X. - S. 2003. - Jiangxispira, a new gastropod genus from the Early Triassic of China with remarks on the Phylogeny of the Heterostropha at the Permian / Triassic boundary. Journal of Paleontology 77 (1): 44 - 48." type="journal article" year="2003">Pan, Erwin &amp; Nützel, 2003</bibRefCitation>
. It possesses a fusiform shell with moderately convex, smooth whorls and the characteristic subsutural ramp. Pan
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9FFF95E13FF9EC5254F986" box="[1037,1081,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="373">etal.</emphasis>
(2003) have pointed out the affinities to the Cylindrobullinidae and even left the possibility of an allocation to this family open. There is in fact a high coincidence of
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E543FF1E5423FE72" blockId="25.[111,648,216,432]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
the teleconch with
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E408FF1E57D0FF30" box="[314,445,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Sinarbullina</emphasis>
, which
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E722FF1E577DFED0" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel&amp; Nützel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
allocated to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E4E0FF31543CFED3" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[466,593,247,273]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tubiferidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tubiferidae</taxonomicName>
(see above). Despite these affinities,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E4FDFEDE54E5FEF3" author="PAN H. - Z. &amp; ERWIN D. H. &amp; NUTZEL A. &amp; ZHU X. - S." box="[463,648,279,306]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="44 - 48" refId="ref20717" refString="PAN H. - Z., ERWIN D. H., NUTZEL A. &amp; ZHU X. - S. 2003. - Jiangxispira, a new gastropod genus from the Early Triassic of China with remarks on the Phylogeny of the Heterostropha at the Permian / Triassic boundary. Journal of Paleontology 77 (1): 44 - 48." type="journal article" year="2003">
Pan
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E732FEDE545BFEF3" box="[512,566,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
allocated Jiangxispira to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E4ABFEF1545DFE93" authorityName="Knight" authorityYear="1931" box="[409,560,311,337]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptacididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Streptacididae</taxonomicName>
because of the greater affinity of the protoconch. This would mean that both the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E40DFEB057AEFE52" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[319,451,374,400]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
and the Acteonelloidea have evolved from the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E49FFE505424FE72" authorityName="Knight" authorityYear="1931" box="[429,585,406,432]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptacididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Streptacididae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E543FE10544DFBE8" blockId="25.[111,649,470,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
THE PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF THE ACTEONOIDEA
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E543FE33572EFDD2" author="COSSMANN M." box="[113,323,501,528]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" refId="ref17349" refString="COSSMANN M. 1895 a. - Essais de Paleoconchologie compare 1, 159 p. (published by the author)." type="book" year="1895">Cossmann (1895a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E462FE335428FDD2" author="WENZ W. &amp; ZILCH A." box="[336,581,501,528]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" refId="ref22528" refString="WENZ W. &amp; ZILCH A. 1959 - 1960. - Euthyneura in SCHINDEWOLF O. H. (ed.), Handbuch der Palaeozoologie 6 / 2. Gebruder Borntrager, Berlin, 834 p." type="book" year="1959">Wenz &amp; Zilch (1959)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E760FE33571CFDED" author="BOUCHET P. &amp; ROCROI J. - P." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref17191" refString="BOUCHET P. &amp; ROCROI J. - P. 2005. - Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families. Malacologia 47 (1 - 2), 397 p." type="book chapter" year="2005">Bouchet &amp; Rocroi (2005)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E49DFDD356D3FD8C" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel &amp; Nützel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
have included the Acteonelloidea into the Acteonoidea. This cannot be upheld when the Acteonellidae originate from the Cylindrobullinidae. The main differences to the Acteonoidea are the subsutural notch and the smoothness of the shell, whereas the Acteonoidea are characterized by a sculpture of spiral grooves. This sculpture is a homologous morphological character persisting through geological times (see also
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E4EDFCF45416FC8F" author="BANDEL K." box="[479,635,818,845]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="127 - 160" refId="ref16905" refString="BANDEL K. 1994 b. - Comparison of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic gastropods from the Peruvian Andes (Pucara Group) and the Alps (Cassian Formation). Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 233: 127 - 160." type="journal article" year="1994">Bandel 1994b</bibRefCitation>
). By considering the groove sculpture as a common feature, Mesozoic Acteonoidea would comprise the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E542FC57568CFC69" box="[112,225,913,939]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bullinidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Bullinidae</taxonomicName>
, the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E423FC5757E4FC69" box="[273,393,913,939]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Acteonidae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E4D0FC575404FC69" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1853" box="[482,617,913,939]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ringiculidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ringiculidae</taxonomicName>
in the sense of
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E5DEFC76546DFC09" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[236,512,944,971]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel &amp; Nützel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. They would further include parts of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E49DFC16545FFC28" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[431,562,976,1002]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tubiferidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tubiferidae</taxonomicName>
, which Gründel&amp; Nützel conceive extremely broadly, and the “
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E590FBC95736FBEB" box="[162,347,1039,1065]" class="Gastropoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthobranchia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">Opisthobranchia</taxonomicName>
” by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E4BEFBC95471FBE8" author="KAIM A." box="[396,540,1039,1066]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 183" refId="ref19122" refString="KAIM A. 2004. - The evolution of conch ontogeny in Mesozoic open sea gastropods. Palaeontologia Polonica 62: 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="2004">Kaim (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E5BAFBE9524AFC69" blockId="25.[111,649,470,1700]" lastBlockId="25.[674,1212,216,1224]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
The spiral sculpture supports the inclusion of the Early Carboniferous
<typeStatus id="3D6D886BFF9EFF94E44DFB8957C0FBAB" box="[383,429,1103,1129]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E713FB89576BFB4B" authority="Meek (1863)" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E713FB8954E5FBAB" box="[545,648,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Acteonina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E543FBA8576BFB4B" author="MEEK F. B." box="[113,262,1134,1161]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="89 - 94" refId="ref20255" refString="MEEK F. B. 1863. - Remarks on the family Actaeonidae, with descriptions of some new genera and subgenera. American Journal of Science 35: 89 - 94." type="journal article" year="1863">Meek (1863)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E425FBA954EBFB4B" authority="de Koninck, 1881" authorityName="de Koninck" authorityYear="1881" box="[279,646,1134,1161]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E425FBA957C3FB4A" box="[279,430,1134,1161]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">A. carbonaria</emphasis>
de
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E4E9FBA854EBFB4B" author="KONINCK L. - G. DE" box="[475,646,1134,1161]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" refId="ref19758" refString="KONINCK L. - G. DE 1881. - Faune du calcaire carbonifere de la Belgique, 3 e partie: Gasteropodes. Annales du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, serie paleontologique 6: 170 p." type="book" year="1881">Koninck, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
into the Acteonoidea and therefore into the Heterobranchia. This has been advanced by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E70BFB6856D2FB2A" author="KNIGHT J. B." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="50 - 534" refId="ref19247" refString="KNIGHT J. B. 1936. - Notes on Paleozoic Gastropoda. Journal of Paleontology 10: 50 - 534." type="journal article" year="1936">Knight (1936)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E5C9FB0B543AFB2A" author="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; YOCHELSON E. L." box="[251,599,1229,1256]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="207 - 220" refId="ref19506" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; YOCHELSON E. L. 1976. - Survey of Paleozoic gastropods possibly belonging to the subclass Opisthobranchia. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 80: 207 - 220." type="journal article" year="1976">Kollmann &amp; Yochelson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
but has been more or less vehemently rejected (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E70EFB2B56D8FAE5" author="BANDEL K." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="79 - 100" refId="ref16866" refString="BANDEL K. 1994 a. - Triassic Euthyneura (Gastropoda) from St. Cassian (Italian Alps) with a discussion on the evolution of the Heterostropha. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 452: 79 - 100." type="journal article" year="1994">Bandel 1994a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E58CFACB5731FAE5" author="SCHRODER M." box="[190,348,1293,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref21489" refString="SCHRODER M. 1996. - Fruhontogenetische Schalen jurassischer und unterkretazischer Gastropoden aus Norddeutschland und Polen. Palaeontographica A 238: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1996">Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E457FACB5472FAE5" author="NUTZEL A. &amp; ERWIN D. H. &amp; MAPES R. H." box="[357,543,1293,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="575 - 598" refId="ref20481" refString="NUTZEL A., ERWIN D. H. &amp; MAPES R. H. 2000. - Identity and phylogeny of the Late Paleozoic Subulitoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Paleontology 74 (4): 575 - 598." type="journal article" year="2000">
Nützel
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E483FAC8578CFAE5" box="[433,481,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E71AFACB56C1FA85" author="PAN H. - Z. &amp; ERWIN D. H. &amp; NUTZEL A. &amp; ZHU X. - S." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="44 - 48" refId="ref20717" refString="PAN H. - Z., ERWIN D. H., NUTZEL A. &amp; ZHU X. - S. 2003. - Jiangxispira, a new gastropod genus from the Early Triassic of China with remarks on the Phylogeny of the Heterostropha at the Permian / Triassic boundary. Journal of Paleontology 77 (1): 44 - 48." type="journal article" year="2003">
Pan
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E766FAC854E8FAE5" box="[596,645,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E58BFAEB57A7FA85" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[185,458,1325,1351]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel &amp; Nützel 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E4ECFAEB54EBFA85" author="BANDEL K." box="[478,646,1325,1351]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="79 - 100" refId="ref16866" refString="BANDEL K. 1994 a. - Triassic Euthyneura (Gastropoda) from St. Cassian (Italian Alps) with a discussion on the evolution of the Heterostropha. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 452: 79 - 100." type="journal article" year="1994">Bandel (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
stated that
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E5DDFA8B5735FAA5" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[239,344,1357,1383]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E5DDFA8B5735FAA5" box="[239,344,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Acteonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was of “subulitid and thus of caenogastropod relation”. Later, he allocated it to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E58BFA4A5789FA64" authority="(Bandel 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Bandel" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[185,484,1420,1446]" class="Gastropoda" family="Soleniscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">
Soleniscidae (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E479FA4A57B1FA64" author="BANDEL K." box="[331,476,1420,1446]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="81 - 188" refId="ref16979" refString="BANDEL K. 2002. - Reevaluation and classification of Carboniferous and Permian Gastropoda belonging to the Caenogastropoda and their relation. Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Palaontologischen Instituts der Universitat Hamburg 86: 81 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Bandel 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This has to be ruled out for the following reasons: The original of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E542FA0D5690FA27" authorityName="de Koninck" authorityYear="1881" box="[112,253,1483,1509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E542FA0D5690FA27" box="[112,253,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">A. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a cylindrical internal mould which is shouldered adapically.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E449FA2D5475F9C7" author="KNIGHT J. B." box="[379,536,1515,1541]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" refId="ref19269" refString="KNIGHT J. B. 1941. - Paleozoic gastropod genotypes. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 32: 510 p." type="book" year="1941">Knight (1941)</bibRefCitation>
mentions remains of a spiral sculpture and
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E4D8F9CD54EBF9E7" author="BATTEN R. L." box="[490,646,1546,1573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" refId="ref17036" refString="BATTEN R. L. 1966. - The Lower Carboniferous Gastropod Fauna from the Hotwells Limestone of Compton Martin, Somerset. Palaeontological Society Monographs, London, 119: 109 p." type="book" year="1966">Batten (1966)</bibRefCitation>
figures a cylindrical specimen with narrow whorls, a distinct subsutural ramp and a well-preserved spiral sculpture. In contrast, the shell of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E4C3F9AF541DF941" baseAuthorityName="Bandel" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[497,624,1641,1667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Soleniscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Soleniscidae</taxonomicName>
is aciculate to subglobular, and the aperture is tightly drop-shaped with a strong columellar plait.The shells are smooth or bear a sculpture of minute collabral ribs. The morphology therefore differs totally from
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E791FEF155EBFE93" box="[675,902,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E791FEF155EFFE93" authorityName="de Koninck" authorityYear="1881" box="[675,898,311,337]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">Acteonina carbonaria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which actually resembles the Mesozoic Acteonoidea described by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E11DFE9152D5FEB3" author="HAAS O." box="[1071,1208,342,369]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 328" refId="ref18618" refString="HAAS O. 1953. - Mesozoic invertebrate faunas of Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 101: 1 - 328." type="journal article" year="1953">Haas (1953)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E7E6FEB05585FE52" author="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A." box="[724,1000,374,400]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref18566" refString="GRUNDEL J. &amp; NUTZEL A. 2012. - On the early evolution (Late Cretaceous to Late Jurassic) of the Architectibranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with a provisional classification. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 264 (1): 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">Gründel&amp; Nützel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. Information about the protoconch would certainly be desirable, but the preserved morphological features of the teleoconch are nonetheless highly conclusive for the Acteonoidea. The occurrence of Acteonoidea in the Palaeozoic is also supported by
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E6DBFDD355C2FD8C" authority="Hanger &amp; Strong, 1998" authorityName="Hanger &amp; Strong" authorityYear="1998" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E6DBFDD352D5FDEC" box="[1001,1208,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Acteonina permiana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E791FDF355C2FD8C" author="HANGER R. A. &amp; STRONG E. E." box="[675,943,564,591]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="795 - 798" refId="ref18644" refString="HANGER R. A. &amp; STRONG E. E. 1998. - Acteonina permiana, a new species from the Permian Coyote Butte Formation, central Oregon (Mollusca: Gastropoda, Actaeonidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111 (4): 795 - 798." type="journal article" year="1998">Hanger &amp; Strong, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Permian Coyote Butte Formation of central
<collectingRegion id="2012F82BFF9EFF94E112FD92521BFDAC" box="[1056,1142,596,622]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Oregon</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9EFF94E1B2FD9252D5FDAC" box="[1152,1208,596,622]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">USA</collectingCountry>
. Again, the heterostrophy is not explicitly recognizable because of the recrystallized protoconch. Although the sculpture is not preserved, the narrow aperture and the ramps of the whorls agree well with Triassic taxa of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E6E7FD34523DFCCE" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[981,1104,754,780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tubiferidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tubiferidae</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E7F6FCD55521FCEF" author="HAAS O." box="[708,844,786,813]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 328" refId="ref18618" refString="HAAS O. 1953. - Mesozoic invertebrate faunas of Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 101: 1 - 328." type="journal article" year="1953">Haas (1953)</bibRefCitation>
, which undoubtedly belong to the Acteonoidea. The only disturbing fact is the large time interval between the Early Permian and the first well-preserved Acteonoidea in the Late Triassic, which has not yet been bridged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E789FC7752D7FB0A" blockId="25.[674,1212,216,1224]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
Due to ongoing molecular studies and a reassessment of anatomical
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E642FC1655B4FC28" box="[880,985,976,1002]" family="Characters" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="360" rank="family">characters</taxonomicName>
, the systematics of the Heterobranchia are currently in flux (see
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E163FC36554BFBE8" author="DAYRAT B. &amp; TILLIER S." pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="403 - 470" refId="ref17857" refString="DAYRAT B. &amp; TILLIER S. 2002. - Evolutionary relationship of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistics re-evaluation of morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135: 403 - 470." type="journal article" year="2002">Dayrat &amp; Tillier 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Vonnemann
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E68EFBD65583FBEB" box="[956,1006,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
2005; Göbbeler &amp; Klussmann-Kolb 2011;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E697FBE9521DFB8B" author="SCHRODL M. &amp; JORGER K. M. &amp; KOLB A. &amp; WILSON N. G." box="[933,1136,1071,1097]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="101 - 112" refId="ref21437" refString="SCHRODL M., JORGER K. M., KLUSSMANN- KOLB A. &amp; WILSON N. G. 2011. - Bye Bye &quot; Opisthobranchia &quot;! A review on the contribution of mesopsammic sea slugs to euthyneuran systematics. Thalassas 27 (2): 101 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">
Schrödl
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E6CCFBF65242FB8B" box="[1022,1071,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Only the following points seem certain: The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E109FB8954A4FB4A" authorityName="Knight" authorityYear="1931" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptacididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Streptacididae</taxonomicName>
and their descendants constitute a polyphyletic group which first appeared in the Palaeozoic and cluster outside the Euthyneura (Schrödl
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E173FB685202FB0A" box="[1089,1135,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">etal.</emphasis>
2011).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E790FB285270FAC4" blockId="25.[674,1211,1262,1700]" box="[674,1053,1262,1288]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
E XTINCTION OF THE
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E6BBFB285270FAC4" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[905,1053,1262,1288]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">NERINEOIDEA</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E797FAD555F7FAE7" blockId="25.[674,1211,1262,1700]" box="[677,922,1294,1320]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">AND ACTEONELLOIDEA</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E797FAEB554DFA85" blockId="25.[674,1211,1262,1700]" box="[677,800,1325,1351]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E797FAEB554DFA85" box="[677,800,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Fossil record</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF94E797FA8A550AFA64" blockId="25.[674,1211,1262,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
<tableCitation id="AF540372FF9EFF94E797FA8A549EFAA4" box="[677,755,1356,1382]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="26.[678,687,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="TABLE 1. — Synopsis of first appearance/extinction of Nerineoidea and Acteonellidae families in the Cretaceous." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B6A96641FF9DFF97E794FF1D5272FEC1" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" tableUuid="B6A96641FF9DFF97E794FF1D5272FEC1">Table 1</tableCitation>
provides a synopsis of the first appearance/ extinction of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E619FAAA55C7FA44" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[811,938,1388,1414]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
and Acteonellidae families in the Cretaceous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9EFF97E789FA6A54E4FDCD" blockId="25.[674,1211,1262,1700]" lastBlockId="26.[111,649,216,1699]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="375" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">
In many cases, the processes are obscured by facies changes or cannot be dated precisely. An exception is the Late Cenomanian extinction event: In the Bohemian and Saxonian Basin (
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9EFF94E139F9CC52D6F9E6" box="[1035,1211,1546,1572]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9EFF94E7E4F9EC552DF986" box="[726,832,1578,1604]" name="Germany" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Germany</collectingCountry>
),
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E661F9ED55D0F986" authorityName="Cox" authorityYear="1947" box="[851,957,1579,1604]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" genus="Eunerinea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E661F9ED55D0F986" box="[851,957,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Eunerinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded up to the Late Cenomanian zone of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9EFF94E68BF98D550DF946" authority="(d'Orbigny, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acanthoceratidae" genus="Metoicoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonoidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="geslinianum">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E68BF98D52D7F9A6" box="[953,1210,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">Metoicoceras geslinianum</emphasis>
(d’Orbigny, 1842)
</taxonomicName>
but not in younger deposits (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9EFF94E1B1F9AF553AF961" author="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; PEZA L. &amp; CECH ST" pageId="25" pageNumber="374" pagination="151 - 172" refId="ref19665" refString="KOLLMANN H. A., PEZA L. &amp; CECH ST. 1998. - Upper Cretaceous Nerineacea of the Bohemian Basin (Czech Republic) and the Saxonian Basin (Germany) and their significance for Tethyan environments. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fur Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 43 / 44: 151 - 172." type="journal article" year="1998">
Kollmann
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9EFF94E7D5F94C557BF961" box="[743,790,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
). Comparable stratigraphic ranges were recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E416FF1E57ABFF30" author="BERTHOU P. Y." box="[292,454,216,242]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref17070" refString="BERTHOU P. Y. 1973. - Le Cenomanien de l'Estremadure Portugaise. Servicios Geologicos de Portugal, Lisboa, Memoria 23 (n. s.), 162 p." type="book" year="1973">Berthou (1973)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E731FF1E5436FF30" box="[515,603,216,242]" name="Portugal" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Portugal</collectingCountry>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E5A2FF31575AFED0" author="DJALILOV M. R." box="[144,311,247,274]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref18111" refString="DJALILOV M. R. 1977. - [Cretaceous gastropods of southeast Cebtral Asia] Melovye bruchonogije jugo-vostoka Credniej Azji. Akademia NaukTadzyckoj SSR-Institut Geologii, Duszanbe, 202 p. (in Russian)." type="book" year="1977">Djalilov (1977)</bibRefCitation>
from central Asia.
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E731FF3E5400FED3" authorityName="Cox" authorityYear="1947" box="[515,621,248,273]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" genus="Eunerinea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E731FF3E5400FED3" box="[515,621,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Eunerinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still present in the assemblage of Cherghes
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E712FED154EEFEF3" box="[544,643,279,305]" name="Romania" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Rumania</collectingCountry>
, allocated by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E5DDFEF15719FE90" author="LUPU D." box="[239,372,311,338]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="47 - 60" refId="ref20010" refString="LUPU D. 1965. - Studiul faunei de gasteropode cenomanienne de la Cherghes. Studii si Cercetari de Geologie, Geofizika, Geografie, Serie Geologie 10 (1): 47 - 60." type="journal article" year="1965">Lupu (1965)</bibRefCitation>
to the Early Cenomanian. Equally,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E5F8FE905708FEB3" author="DELPEY G." box="[202,357,342,369]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="5 - 292" refId="ref17925" refString="DELPEY G. 1940. - Les Gasteropodes mesozoiques de la Region libanaise. Service des travaux publics, Section d'etudes geologiques, Notes et Memoires 3: 5 - 292" type="journal article" year="1940">Delpey (1940)</bibRefCitation>
recorded 2
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E4EDFE905439FEB2" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[479,596,342,368]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E597FEB05434FE52" authority="d'Orbigny, 1842" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1842" box="[165,601,374,400]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="requieni">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E597FEB057C8FE52" box="[165,421,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Parasimploptyxis requieni</emphasis>
d’Orbigny, 1842
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E55DFE5157F0FE73" authority="Sharpe, 1850" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1850" box="[111,413,406,433]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="olisiponensis">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E55DFE515613FE72" box="[111,126,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E5BFFE505764FE72" box="[141,265,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">olisiponensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E43CFE5057F0FE73" author="SHARPE D." box="[270,413,406,433]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="101 - 114" refId="ref21514" refString="SHARPE D. 1850. - Remarks on the genus Nerinea with an account of the species found in Portugal. Quarterly Journal of the Geoogical Society London 6: 101 - 114." type="journal article" year="1850">Sharpe, 1850</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) from the Turonian of the Near East, in contrast to a diverse Cenomanian fauna.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E58FFE135730FE32" author="ABBASS H. L." box="[189,349,469,496]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref16712" refString="ABBASS H. L. 1963. - A Monograph on the Egyptian Cretaceous Gastropods. United Arab Republic, Geological Survey and Mineral Research Department, Geological Museum Monograph 2, 146 p." type="book" year="1963">Abbass (1963)</bibRefCitation>
reported exclusively Early Cenomanian
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E430FE3357EEFDCD" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[258,387,501,527]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
assemblages from
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E771FE3354E8FDCD" box="[579,645,501,527]" name="Egypt" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Egypt</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B6A96641FF9DFF97E794FF1D5272FEC1" ID-Table-UUID="B6A96641FF9DFF97E794FF1D5272FEC1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B6A96641FF9DFF97E794FF1D5272FEC1" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" startId="26.[678,687,219,237]" targetBox="[679,1209,317,1064]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9DFF97E794FF1D5272FEC1" blockId="26.[678,1210,219,259]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
TABLE 1. — Synopsis of first appearance/extinction of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E164FF1D52D7FF2F" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[1110,1210,219,237]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
and Acteonellidae families in the Cretaceous.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9DFF97E795FE915243FBEA" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<table id="90D6C469FF9D0072E795FEFB52D4FBEA" box="[679,1209,317,1064]" gridcols="2" gridrows="8" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FEFB52D4FEA9" box="[679,1209,317,363]" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<th id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FEFB5530FEA9" box="[679,861,317,363]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Time</th>
<th id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FEFB52D4FEA9" box="[898,1209,317,363]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6B0FEFB5258FE93" bold="true" box="[898,1077,317,337]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">First appearance/</emphasis>
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6B0FE91558BFEA9" bold="true" box="[898,998,343,363]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">extinction</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FEBC52D4FE6A" box="[679,1209,378,424]" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FEBC5530FE6A" box="[679,861,378,424]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Barremian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FEBC52D4FE6A" box="[898,1209,378,424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
First appearance of the Acteonellidae genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E12FFE5252C9FE6A" authorityName="Sayn" authorityYear="1932" box="[1053,1188,404,424]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E12FFE5252C9FE6A" box="[1053,1188,404,424]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Neocylindrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FE0152D4FE19" box="[679,1209,455,475]" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FE015530FE19" box="[679,861,455,475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Late Aptian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FE0152D4FE19" box="[898,1209,455,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
Extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E110FE0152C1FE19" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[1058,1196,455,475]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FE3C52D4FD99" box="[679,1209,506,603]" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FE3C5530FD99" box="[679,861,506,603]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Late Cenomanian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FE3C52D4FD99" box="[898,1209,506,603]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
Extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E129FE3C55C5FDEA" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1965" class="Gastropoda" family="Pseudonerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Pseudonerineidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E69DFDD55278FDE5" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1940" box="[943,1045,531,551]" family="Ceritellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="377" rank="family">Ceritellidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E170FDD252D4FDEA" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[1090,1209,532,552]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF9DFF97E6B0FDEB55A8FD83" box="[898,965,557,577]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; Appearance of the Acteonellidae genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E124FD8152FFFD99" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[1046,1170,583,603]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E124FD8152FFFD99" box="[1046,1170,583,603]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FDBC52D4FD37" box="[679,1209,634,757]" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FDBC5530FD37" box="[679,861,634,757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Early Campanian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FDBC52D4FD37" box="[898,1209,634,757]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
Extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E110FDBC52E5FD4C" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[1058,1160,634,654]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
in the Eastern Hemisphere; extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E6DAFD6B5235FD03" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[1000,1112,685,705]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerinellidae</taxonomicName>
and the Acteonellidae genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E17AFD0155DAFD37" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E17AFD0155DAFD37" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(except noded forms)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FCD252D4FC83" box="[679,1209,788,833]" gridrow="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FCD25530FC83" box="[679,861,788,833]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Early Maastrichtian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FCD252D4FC83" box="[898,1209,788,833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
First appearance of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E172FCD255D8FC83" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E172FCD255D8FC83" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Caribbean Province.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FCA652D4FC19" box="[679,1209,864,987]" gridrow="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FCA65530FC19" box="[679,861,864,987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Basal Late Maastrichtian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FCA652D4FC19" box="[898,1209,864,987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
Extinction of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E6CDFCA752F8FCB7" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[1023,1173,865,885]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6CDFCA752F8FCB7" box="[1023,1173,865,885]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; first appearance of
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E109FCBC5588FC6A" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Mexticotrochactaeon</emphasis>
in the Caribbean Province; extinction of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E16EFC6B55DAFC19" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E16EFC6B55DAFC19" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(noded forms)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE6348BFF9D0072E795FC3C52D4FBEA" box="[679,1209,1018,1064]" gridrow="7" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E795FC3C5530FBEA" box="[679,861,1018,1064]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Late Maastrichtian</td>
<td id="1F375DF7FF9D0072E6B0FC3C52D4FBEA" box="[898,1209,1018,1064]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
Extinction of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E6CDFC3C55F7FBEA" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1972" class="Gastropoda" genus="Mexicotrochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6CDFC3C55F7FBEA" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Mexicotrochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6F8FBD25243FBEA" box="[970,1070,1044,1064]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Acteonella</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9DFF97E5B4FDD3579BFAA4" blockId="26.[111,649,216,1699]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
The extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E4BEFDD35448FDED" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[396,549,533,559]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF9DFF97E702FDD354EAFDED" box="[560,647,533,559]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is a good stratigraphical marker. The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E714FDF256C5FDAC" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerinellidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E584FD925742FDAC" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[182,303,596,622]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E45BFD9257A1FDAC" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[361,460,596,622]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
survive the Late Cenomanian extinction event. Members of these families became extinct at various times during the remaining Late Cretaceous periods and do not show a single extinction pattern. In the “basins” of the Alpine Gosau Group, the large
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E73FFD3454EBFCCE" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[525,646,754,780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E543FCD457E2FCEF" authority="Tiedt, 1958" authorityName="Tiedt" authorityYear="1958" box="[113,399,786,813]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Simploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E543FCD45691FCEE" box="[113,252,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Simploptyxis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E436FCD457E2FCEF" author="TIEDT L." box="[260,399,786,813]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="483 - 517" refId="ref22126" refString="TIEDT L. 1958. - Die Nerineen der osterreichischen Gosauschichten. Sitzungberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften., Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abt. 1, 167: 483 - 517." type="journal article" year="1958">Tiedt, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E4FCFCD45774FC8E" authority="Akopjan, 1976" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1976" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E4FCFCD454EBFCEE" box="[462,646,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Parasimploptyxis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E543FCF45774FC8E" author="AKOPJAN V. T." box="[113,281,818,844]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref16772" refString="AKOPJAN V. T. 1976. - Cretaceous Gastropods of the Armenian SSR. Akademia Nauk Arminskoj SSR, Yerevan, 415 p." type="book" year="1976">Akopjan, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
persist to the Late Santonian or Early Campanian (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E47DFC9754ECFCAE" author="SUMMESBERGER H. &amp; WAGREICH M. &amp; TROGER K. - A. &amp; SCHOLGER R." box="[335,641,849,876]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="373 - 399" refId="ref21961" refString="SUMMESBERGER H., WAGREICH M., TROGER K. - A. &amp; SCHOLGER R. 2002. - The Upper Cretaceous of Piesting (Austria): Integrated stratigraphy of the Piesting Formation (Gosau Group). Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommission 15: 373 - 399." type="journal article" year="2002">
Summesberger
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E731FC945457FCA9" box="[515,570,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; Kollmann, own observations).
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E4E1FCB754EBFC49" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1976" box="[467,646,881,907]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E4E1FCB754EBFC49" box="[467,646,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Parasimploptyxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E464FC575467FC69" author="CZABALAY L." box="[342,522,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="285 - 299" refId="ref17707" refString="CZABALAY L. 1973. - [The gastropods of the Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian of the Bakony Mountains (Hungarian Central Massif)] A Sumegi Szenon zatonyfacies Actaeonella es Nerinea faunaja (Actaeonella and Nerinea fauna of the Senonian reef facies at Sumeg). Magyar Allami Foldtani Intezet Evi Jelentese 1973: 285 - 299 (in Hungarian)." type="journal article" year="1973">Czabalay (1973)</bibRefCitation>
from Early Campanian deposits of Ugod and other localities in
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E5BCFC17569DFC29" box="[142,240,977,1003]" name="Hungary" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Hungary</collectingCountry>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E47BFC16546DFC29" author="MARINCAS V." box="[329,512,976,1003]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref20229" refString="MARINCAS V. 1965. - Nerineele din Facieul Gosau de la Sebes. Studie Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Serie Geologia-Geographia 1: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="1965">Marincas (1965)</bibRefCitation>
from Sebes,
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E543FC3656B5FBC8" box="[113,216,1008,1034]" name="Romania" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Rumania</collectingCountry>
. Species from
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E45FFC3657A7FBC8" box="[365,458,1008,1034]" name="Armenia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Armenia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9DFF97E4CCFC3654EFFBC8" box="[510,642,1008,1034]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Azerbaidjan</collectingCountry>
, allocated to
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E5C1FBC957FDFBEB" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[243,400,1039,1065]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E5C1FBC957FDFBEB" box="[243,400,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E487FBC954ECFBE8" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[437,641,1039,1066]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref20856" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1954. - [Gastropods from the Upper Cretaceous Deposits of the Armenian SSR and of the Borderung Areas of the Azerbaydzhan SSR] Brjuchonogie Werchnemelovich Otlozenii Armjainskoj SSR i Prjlegajushej Tsasti Azerbajdshanskoj SSR. Akademia NAUK SSR, Moskwa-Leningrad, 178 p." type="book" year="1954">Pchelintsev (1954)</bibRefCitation>
, actually belong to
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E40EFBE95781FB8B" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1976" box="[316,492,1071,1097]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E40EFBE95781FB8B" box="[316,492,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Parasimploptyxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E4CEFBE95786FBA8" authority="Pchelintsev, 1954" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1954" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="geissuensis">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E4CEFBE9577BFBAB" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Parasimploptyxis geissuensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E412FB895786FBA8" author="PCHELINTSEV V. F." box="[288,491,1103,1130]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref20856" refString="PCHELINTSEV V. F. 1954. - [Gastropods from the Upper Cretaceous Deposits of the Armenian SSR and of the Borderung Areas of the Azerbaydzhan SSR] Brjuchonogie Werchnemelovich Otlozenii Armjainskoj SSR i Prjlegajushej Tsasti Azerbajdshanskoj SSR. Akademia NAUK SSR, Moskwa-Leningrad, 178 p." type="book" year="1954">Pchelintsev, 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, according to Pchelintsev of Late Senonian age, was dated as Coniacian by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E43CFB4857AEFB6B" author="AKOPJAN V. T." box="[270,451,1166,1193]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref16772" refString="AKOPJAN V. T. 1976. - Cretaceous Gastropods of the Armenian SSR. Akademia Nauk Arminskoj SSR, Yerevan, 415 p." type="book" year="1976">Akopjan (1976)</bibRefCitation>
. The stratigraphic range of these taxa agrees with those of European localities. Reports on stratigraphically younger
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E546FB2B5696FAC5" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[116,251,1261,1287]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
from Europe are based on incorrect determinations, mostly of Campanileoidea possessing internal plaits like
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E45EFAEB579EFA85" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[364,499,1325,1351]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
but differing by their apertures (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E470FA8A5784FAA4" author="VAUGHAN P. G." box="[322,489,1356,1382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref22159" refString="VAUGHAN P. G. 1988. - Cretaceous Nerineacean Gastropods: Systematics, Affinities and Palaeoecology. Thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, 264 p." type="book" year="1988">Vaughan 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9DFF97E5BAFAAA5763F961" blockId="26.[111,649,216,1699]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
A specimen from the the Xigaze Group of
<collectingRegion id="2012F82BFF9DFF97E757FAAA56FBFA64" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Tibet</collectingRegion>
, allocated by Wen (1988) to
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E4D2FA4A54EBFA64" box="[480,646,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E4D2FA4A54EFFA64" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[480,642,1420,1446]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Plesioptygmatis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
is not well preserved. Because of its considerable thickness, the recrystallized columella must have been hollow. The high and comparatively narrow whorls possessing five internal plaits represent an undeterminable taxon of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E480F9EC543CF986" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1960" box="[434,593,1578,1604]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ptygmatididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ptygmatididae</taxonomicName>
. The extinction of this family in the Aptian confirms Yü Wen’s doubts about the Late Cretaceous age of the Xigaze Group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9DFF97E789FBA9553AF961" blockId="26.[675,1211,1134,1699]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">
A gastropod assemblage from the Zongshan Formation of the Kamba district of
<collectingRegion id="2012F82BFF9DFF97E178FB4852EAFB6A" box="[1098,1159,1166,1192]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Tibet</collectingRegion>
was first described by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E65BFB685273FB0B" author="DOUVILLE H." box="[873,1054,1198,1225]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref18148" refString="DOUVILLE H. 1916. - Le Cretace et l'Eocene du Tibet Central. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica Indica, n. s., 5 (3), 83 p." type="book" year="1916">Douvillé (1916)</bibRefCitation>
and allocated to the Maastrichtian. Fragments of the large gastropod “
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E610FB28551BFAC5" authorityName="Deshayes" authorityYear="1827" box="[802,886,1262,1287]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E610FB28551BFAC5" box="[802,886,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Nerinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6B1FB2B55B9FAC5" box="[899,980,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">ganesha</emphasis>
Noetling, 1897 were removed from the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E654FACB5587FAE5" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[870,1002,1293,1319]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E13CFACB52D5FAEA" author="DIETRICH W. O." box="[1038,1208,1293,1320]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" refId="ref18005" refString="DIETRICH W. O. 1925. - Gastropoda mesozoica: fam. Nerineidae, in JUNK W. (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus: Animalia. Vol. 1. W. Junk, Berlin, 164 p." type="book" year="1925">Dietrich (1925)</bibRefCitation>
and transferred to the Campaniloidea. Douvillé described shell fragments under
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E13BFA8A521BFAA4" box="[1033,1142,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Acteonella</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E14FFA8B5505FA45" authority="(Dujardin, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E14FFA8B52D4FAA4" box="[1149,1209,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">crassa</emphasis>
(Dujardin, 1835)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E643FAAB5597FA44" author="WEN Y." box="[881,1018,1388,1415]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="179 - 183" refId="ref22431" refString="WEN Y. 1983. - Cretaceous gastropod assemblages from Xizang (Tibet) with reference to their paleozoogeographical significance. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 22 (1 - 3): 179 - 183." type="journal article" year="1983">Wen (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, more cautiously, treated a sectioned specimen from the upper part of the Zongshan Formation with open nomenclature. The Tibetian specimens are apparently not as strongly inflated as
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E68DFA2D5275F9C6" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[959,1048,1515,1541]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E68DFA2D5275F9C6" box="[959,1048,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">A. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E17FFA2D548EF9E7" author="KOLLMANN H. A." pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="243 - 262" refId="ref19317" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. 1965. - Actaeonellen (Gastropoda) aus der ostalpinen Oberkreide. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 68: 243 - 262." type="journal article" year="1965">Kollmann 1965</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9DFF97E62CF9CC55DDF9E6" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[798,944,1546,1572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E62CF9CC55DDF9E6" box="[798,944,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9DFF97E6F4F9CC5240F9E6" box="[966,1069,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="375">tuilaensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9DFF97E105F9CD52D5F9E7" author="WEN Y." box="[1079,1208,1547,1573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="375" pagination="179 - 183" refId="ref22431" refString="WEN Y. 1983. - Cretaceous gastropod assemblages from Xizang (Tibet) with reference to their paleozoogeographical significance. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 22 (1 - 3): 179 - 183." type="journal article" year="1983">Wen, 1983</bibRefCitation>
from the highest Cretaceous Jidula Formation, the internal plaits extend to the parietal region. It represents another gastropod group but is indeterminable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF96E5BAFF1E5400FC28" blockId="27.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E426FF1E5791FF30" author="SAUL L. R. &amp; SQUIRES R. L." box="[276,508,216,242]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="461 - 488" refId="ref21271" refString="SAUL L. R. &amp; SQUIRES R. L. 1998. - New Cretaceous gastropoda from California. Palaeontology 42 (3): 461 - 488." type="journal article" year="1998">Saul &amp; Squires (1998)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E737FF1E54E8FF30" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[517,645,216,242]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
younger than Turonian do not occur along the Pacific margin of North America. From the Atlantic side of the continent,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E430FEF157DAFE90" author="WOODRING W. P." box="[258,439,311,338]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="60 - 62" refId="ref22691" refString="WOODRING W. P. 1952. - A Nerinea from southwestern Oriente Province, Cuba. Journal of Paleontology 26 (1): 60 - 62." type="journal article" year="1952">Woodring (1952)</bibRefCitation>
described fragments which have been found reworked in Paleogene deposits of
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E5BBFEB056AFFE52" box="[137,194,374,400]" name="Cuba" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Cuba</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E5EDFEB15471FE53" authority="Woodring, 1952" authorityName="Woodring" authorityYear="1952" box="[223,540,374,401]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epelys">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E5EDFEB15706FE52" box="[223,363,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Nerinea epelys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E442FEB05471FE53" author="WOODRING W. P." box="[368,540,374,401]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="60 - 62" refId="ref22691" refString="WOODRING W. P. 1952. - A Nerinea from southwestern Oriente Province, Cuba. Journal of Paleontology 26 (1): 60 - 62." type="journal article" year="1952">Woodring, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This species belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E418FE5057F7FE72" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[298,410,406,432]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E4ECFE505412FE72" authorityName="Akopjan" authorityYear="1976" box="[478,639,406,432]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E4ECFE505412FE72" box="[478,639,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Parasimploptyxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is widely distributed in the central and southern Europe and in the Caucasian region.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E723FE1356DBFDCD" author="KNIPSCHEER H." pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="671 - 676" refId="ref19293" refString="KNIPSCHEER H. 1938. - On cretaceous Nerinea's from Cuba. Proceedings of the Section of Sciences 46: 671 - 676." type="journal article" year="1938">Knipscheer (1938)</bibRefCitation>
identified this taxon as
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E4A9FE3056C4FDED" authority="Bronn, 1934" authorityName="Bronn" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicincta">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E4A9FE305457FDCD" box="[411,570,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Nerinea bicincta</emphasis>
Bronn, 1934
</taxonomicName>
. This species was originally described from the Late Cretaceous Gosau Group of the Eastern Alps (Maiersdorf Formation in Summesberger
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E720FD925450FDAC" box="[530,573,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">etal.</emphasis>
2002). According to
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E430FDB257E0FD4C" author="TIEDT L." box="[258,397,627,654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="483 - 517" refId="ref22126" refString="TIEDT L. 1958. - Die Nerineen der osterreichischen Gosauschichten. Sitzungberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften., Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abt. 1, 167: 483 - 517." type="journal article" year="1958">Tiedt (1958)</bibRefCitation>
it is synonymous with the Late Santonian
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E40DFD5556C6FD0F" authority="Munster, 1829" authorityName="Munster" authorityYear="1829" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Parasimploptyxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="buchi">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E40DFD55544EFD6F" box="[319,547,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Parasimploptyxis buchi</emphasis>
Münster, 1829
</taxonomicName>
. The Maastrichtian age assumed by Woodring remains to be proved. Specifically indeterminable axial sections of
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E42EFD3457D4FCCE" box="[284,441,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E42EFD3457D8FCCE" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[284,437,754,780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Plesioptygmatis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
identified by Knipscheer from the same region as
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E480FCD556C4FC8E" authority="Boese, 1906" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="burckhardti">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E480FCD55453FCEE" box="[434,574,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">P. burckhardti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E776FCD556C4FC8E" author="BOESE E." pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref17160" refString="BOESE E. 1906. - La fauna de Molluscos del Senoniano de Cardenas, San Luis Potosi. Boletin del Instituto Geologico de Mexico 24: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1906">Boese, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, do not co-occur with this species. Based on the Cenomanian
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E41DFC9454EEFCAE" authority="d'Orbigny, 1842" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1842" box="[303,643,849,876]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Nerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bauga">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E41DFC9457ABFCA9" box="[303,454,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Nerinea bauga</emphasis>
d’Orbigny, 1842
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E541FCB75773FC49" author="DIETRICH W. O." box="[115,286,881,907]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="131 - 135" refId="ref18047" refString="DIETRICH W. O. 1939. - Laevinerinea nov. subg. aus der Oberkreide von Trinidad. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 21: 131 - 135." type="journal article" year="1939">Dietrich (1939)</bibRefCitation>
described the genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E731FCB45760FC69" authority="Dietrich, 1939" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1939" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Laevinerinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="379" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="subgen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E731FCB454E5FC49" box="[515,648,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Laevinerinea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E543FC575760FC69" author="DIETRICH W. O." box="[113,269,913,939]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="131 - 135" refId="ref18047" refString="DIETRICH W. O. 1939. - Laevinerinea nov. subg. aus der Oberkreide von Trinidad. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 21: 131 - 135." type="journal article" year="1939">Dietrich, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and included specimens from
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E77FFC5754EAFC69" box="[589,647,913,939]" name="Cuba" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Cuba</collectingCountry>
into this species. The exact stratigraphic position of the much smaller Cuban specimens is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF96E5BAFC365467FA64" blockId="27.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
The
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E58BFC365742FBC8" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[185,303,1008,1034]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E44CFC365474FBC8" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[382,537,1008,1034]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E44CFC365474FBC8" box="[382,537,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known exclusively from Maastrichtian deposits of the Caribbean Province determined by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E4ACFBE9543BFB8B" author="KAUFFMAN E. G." box="[414,598,1071,1097]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="353 - 363" refId="ref19147" refString="KAUFFMAN E. G. 1973. - Cretaceous Bivalvia, in HAL- LAM A. (ed.), Atlas of palaeobiogeography: 353 - 363." type="book chapter" year="1973">Kauffman (1973)</bibRefCitation>
. The
<typeStatus id="3D6D886BFF9CFF96E55DFB8956F1FBAB" box="[111,156,1103,1129]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E5CBFB9657E5FBAB" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[249,392,1103,1129]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="burckhardti">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E5CBFB9657E5FBAB" box="[249,392,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">P. burckhardti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was recorded from the Upper Member of the Cardenas Formation (
<collectingRegion id="2012F82BFF9CFF96E703FBA956DFFB6A" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">San Luis Potosi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E589FB485760FB6B" box="[187,269,1166,1193]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Mexico</collectingCountry>
), which is of Early Maastrichtian age (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E545FB685757FB0A" author="OMANA L. &amp; PONS J. M. &amp; ALENCASTER G." box="[119,314,1198,1224]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="445 - 462" refId="ref20523" refString="OMANA L., PONS J. M. &amp; ALENCASTER G. 2008. - Latest Cretaceous foraminifera from the Cardenas Formation, San Luis Potosi, Mexico: Stratigrapical, paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographical significance. Micropaleontology 54 (5): 445 - 462." type="journal article" year="2008">
Omana
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E5FFFB695691FB0A" box="[205,252,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
).An undescribed specimen from the Early Late Maastrichtian El Rayo Fomation of
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E541FB285682FAC5" box="[115,239,1261,1288]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
figured by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E456FB2B578CFAC5" author="SOHL N. F." box="[356,481,1261,1287]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="1085 - 1111" refId="ref21758" refString="SOHL N. F. 1987. - Presidential Address: Cretaceous gastropods. Contrasts between Tethys and the temperate provinces. Journal of Paleontology 61 (6): 1085 - 1111." type="journal article" year="1987">Sohl (1987)</bibRefCitation>
under
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E718FB2B54EAFAC5" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1850" box="[554,647,1261,1287]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerinellidae" genus="Nerinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E718FB2B54EAFAC5" box="[554,647,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Nerinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. possesses two columellar plaits and a distinctly twisted siphonal canal (
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9CFF96E46AFAEB57F6FA85" box="[344,411,1324,1351]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[112,123,1521,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[139,710,779,1347]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Nerineidae: A, Nerinea clymene d’Orbigny, 1850, figure from d’Orbigny 1851, Oxfordian, Châtel-Censoir (Yonne, France) MNHN.F.B12369; B, Nerinea mosae Deshayes, 1827, axial section, Oxfordian, Châtel-Censoir (Yonne, France), MNHN.F.R09444; C, Nerinea mosae, small specimen with almost complete aperture, Kimmeridgian, La Combe de Vaux (Ain,France),MNHN.F.A49004; D, Italoptygmatis digitalis Stoliczka in Stur, 1863, Cenomanian, Cherghes (Romania), NHMW 2013/0264/0001; E, F, Parasimploptyxis subturbinata (Pchelintsev, 1953), external view and axial section, Late Cretaceous, Goygol (Azerbaijan), NHMW 1847/XIII/22; G, Simploptyxis digitalis (Stoliczka, 1863), axial section, Cenomanian, Cherghes (Romania), NHMW 1853/III/30; H, Parasimploptyxis pailletteana (d’Orbigny, 1842), Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), NHMW 2013/0051/0001; I, Simploptyxis ampla (Münster, 1844), axial section, Turonian,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),NHMW 2002/0050/000; J, Plesioptygmatis sp., Late Middle Maastrichtian, Sabana" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822623/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Fig.5J</figureCitation>
). It represents a genuine
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E55DFA8A576DFAA4" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[111,256,1356,1382]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E55DFA8A576DFAA4" box="[111,256,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is the stratigraphically youngest
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E540FAAA569EFA44" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[114,243,1388,1414]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
taxon known.
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E4AAFAAA545DFA44" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[408,560,1388,1414]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E4AAFAAA545DFA44" box="[408,560,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became extinct in the Early Late Maastrichtian.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF96E5BAFA6D5781F961" blockId="27.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
Stratigraphical data on Late Cretaceous
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E718FA6D54EAFA07" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[554,647,1451,1477]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Itieriidae</taxonomicName>
are extremely scarce and not representative.There are only a few records of the Campanian to Maastrichtian
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E55DF9CC56AEF9E6" authorityName="Mazeran" authorityYear="1912" box="[111,195,1546,1572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" genus="Vernedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E55DF9CC56AEF9E6" box="[111,195,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Vernedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These are
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E41EF9CC54E8F9E7" authority="(Stoliczka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[300,645,1546,1573]" class="Gastropoda" family="Itieriidae" genus="Vernedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globoides">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E41EF9CC57B4F9E6" box="[300,473,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Vernedia globoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E4D1F9CC5410F9E7" author="STOLICZKA F." box="[483,637,1546,1573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" refId="ref21915" refString="STOLICZKA F. 1867 - 68. - Cretaceous fauna of southern India, vol. 2: The gastropoda of the Cretaceous rocks of southern India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontographica Indica 5 (2), 497 p." type="book" year="1867">Stoliczka,1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the Arrialoor group of
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E4B2F9EC57D8F986" box="[384,437,1578,1604]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">India</collectingCountry>
and “
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E4C3F9ED5459F986" box="[497,564,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Itruvia</emphasis>
”
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E771F9EC54EBF986" box="[579,646,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">scalaris</emphasis>
Vogel, 1902 from Borneo.
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E44DF98C54EAF9A6" authority="Djalilov, 1972" authorityName="Djaliliov" authorityYear="1972" box="[383,647,1610,1636]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aphididae" genus="Sogdianella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E44DF98C579DF9A6" box="[383,496,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Sogdianella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E4C6F98C54EAF9A6" author="DJALILOV M. R." box="[500,647,1610,1636]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="16 - 23" refId="ref18074" refString="DJALILOV M. R. 1972. - [The systematics of Acteonellidae (gastropoda)] K sistematike Acteonellid (gastropoda). Paleontologiceskii Jurnal 1: 16 - 23. (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1972">Djalilov, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded from
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E41EF9AF5708F941" box="[300,357,1641,1667]" name="Cuba" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E4A6F9AC57AEF946" box="[404,451,1642,1668]" name="Peru" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E4FCF9AF56CAF961" author="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; SOHL N. F." pageId="27" pageNumber="376" refId="ref19724" refString="KOLLMANN H. A. &amp; SOHL N. F. 1980. - Western hemisphere Cretaceous Itieriidae gastropods. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1135 - A: A 1 - A 15." type="journal volume" year="1980">Kollmann &amp; Sohl 1980</bibRefCitation>
) but the exact age is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF96E789FF1E55FBFE32" blockId="27.[674,1212,216,1161]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
As opposed to the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E6B5FF1E5261FF30" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[903,1036,216,242]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
, the diversity of the Acteonelloidea increases after the Cenomanian (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E79FFED15576FEF3" author="SOHL N. F." box="[685,795,279,305]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="1085 - 1111" refId="ref21758" refString="SOHL N. F. 1987. - Presidential Address: Cretaceous gastropods. Contrasts between Tethys and the temperate provinces. Journal of Paleontology 61 (6): 1085 - 1111." type="journal article" year="1987">Sohl 1987</bibRefCitation>
). This is due to the evolution of the genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E790FEF15544FE93" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[674,809,311,337]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E790FEF15544FE93" box="[674,809,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in environments formerly inhabited by the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E7DDFE905515FEB2" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[751,888,342,368]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
n. fam..
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E6E5FE905237FEB2" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[983,1114,342,368]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E6E5FE905237FEB2" box="[983,1114,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
develops extremely large shells. A typical representative is
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E1BCFEB1524EFE72" authority="(Hojnos, 1921)" baseAuthorityName="Hojnos" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E1BCFEB1551BFE72" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Trochactaeon ventricosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E6B6FE505276FE72" author="HOJNOS R." box="[900,1051,406,432]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="89 - 98" refId="ref18825" refString="HOJNOS R. 1921. - Oberkretazische Gastropoden aus dem Komitate Arad. Foldtani Kozlony 50 (1920): 89 - 98." type="journal article" year="1921">Hojnos, 1921</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The shells are almost globular and may reach sizes around
<quantity id="252E9B2CFF9CFF96E144FE7052D7FE12" box="[1142,1210,438,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
(see
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9CFF96E7E0FE135559FE2D" box="[722,820,469,495]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[113,124,1544,1562]" captionTargetBox="[131,1191,215,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-23@18.[130,750,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 10. — Taphonomy (Nerineoidea and Acteonelloidea): A, Nerinella grossouvrei Cossmann, 1896 with epibiontic bivalves; MNHN.F.A51318; B, Nerinella flexuosa (Sowerby,1831),Gosau (Austria),Late Cretaceous,NHMW 2013/0268/000;the shells are aligned by a moderate water current; C, Parasimploptyxis buchi (Münster, 1829), Late Cretaceous, Abtenau (Austria), NHMW 2002z0074; following the breakage soft mud entered the shell synchronous with the decay of soft tissue; fragments of the shell were therefore kept in their original position; D, Trochactaeon ventricosus Hojnos, 1921, Campanian,Hieflau (Austria), NHMW 2013/0052/0001;shell material sealed the adapical portions of the whorls which were most endangered by abrasion; mud entered the shell synchronously with the decay of soft parts. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538515/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9CFF96E60DFE1355E4FE32" box="[831,905,469,496]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" captionTargetId="figure-240@23.[111,936,211,985]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae: A, Acteonella styriaca Kollmann, 1965, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from Kollmann 1965, NHMW 1965/664/13;B, Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;C, Neocylindrites gosaviensis Kollmann,1967,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2; D, Trochactaeon lamarcki (Sowerby, 1831), Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18; E, F, Trochactaeon subglobosus (Münster, 1844);?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749; E, shows the resorbed columella; F, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">12E, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF96E789FE335219FBEB" blockId="27.[674,1212,216,1161]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
In the Eastern Hemisphere, the Acteonellidae (
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E79FFDD3555CFDED" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[685,817,533,559]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E79FFDD3555CFDED" box="[685,817,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E673FDD3522EFDED" authority=", Acteonella" authorityName="Acteonella" box="[833,1091,533,559]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E673FDD355A3FDED" box="[833,974,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Neocylindrites</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E6EFFDD3522EFDED" box="[989,1091,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Acteonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are scarce after the Campanian.
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E6B9FDF25222FD8D" author="SMITH A. B. &amp; MORRIS N. J. &amp; GALE A. S. &amp; ROSEN BR" box="[907,1103,564,591]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="155 - 168" refId="ref21674" refString="SMITH A. B., MORRIS N. J., GALE A. S. &amp; ROSEN BR. R. 1995. - Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) echinoidmollusc-coral assemblages and palaeoenvironments from aTethyan carbonate platform succession, northern Oman. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 119: 155 - 168." type="journal article" year="1995">
Smith
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E6E3FDF3526CFD8C" box="[977,1025,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
(1995)
</bibRefCitation>
quote
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E1AAFDF3549CFDAC" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Acteonella</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E7C5FD9355CBFDAD" authority="(Dujardin)" baseAuthorityName="Dujardin" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[759,934,596,623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonidae" genus="Acteonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E7C5FD935542FDAC" box="[759,815,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">crassa</emphasis>
(Dujardin)
</taxonomicName>
to extend into the Middle Maastrichtian in eastern Arabia (see also
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E166FDB2554AFD6F" author="MORRIS N. &amp; TAYLOR J." pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="149 - 163" refId="ref20344" refString="MORRIS N. &amp; TAYLOR J. 2000. - Global events and biotic interaction as controls on the evolution of gastropods, in CULVER ST. J. &amp; RAWSON P. F. (eds), Biotic response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 149 - 163." type="book chapter" year="2000">Morris &amp; Taylor2000</bibRefCitation>
).The situtation is reversed in the Caribbean Province (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E670FD755256FD0C" author="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A." box="[834,1083,691,718]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" refId="ref21792" refString="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A. 1985. - Cretaceous Actaeonellidae Gastropods from the Western Hemisphere. US Geogical Survey, Professional Paper 1304, 104 p." type="book" year="1985">Sohl &amp; Kollmann 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E17EFD7255C6FD2F" authority="Akopian, 1972" authorityName="Akopian" authorityYear="1972" class="Gastropoda" genus="Mexicotrochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E17EFD72556BFD2F" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Mexicotrochactaeon</emphasis>
Akopian, 1972
</taxonomicName>
and a group of
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E167FD1552D7FD2F" box="[1109,1210,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Acteonella</emphasis>
possessing two instead of three columellar plaits (for example
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E61DFCD4559FFCEE" box="[815,1010,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Acteonella jicarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E6CBFCD454B6FC8F" author="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A." pageId="27" pageNumber="376" refId="ref21792" refString="SOHL N. F. &amp; KOLLMANN H. A. 1985. - Cretaceous Actaeonellidae Gastropods from the Western Hemisphere. US Geogical Survey, Professional Paper 1304, 104 p." type="book" year="1985">Sohl &amp; Kollmann, 1985</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E62DFCF455CFFC8E" box="[799,930,818,844]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
;
<figureCitation id="7AED2A4CFF9CFF96E69CFCF45261FC8E" box="[942,1036,818,844]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1027,1045]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,213,984]" captionTargetId="figure-240@23.[111,936,211,985]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Acteonellidae: A, Acteonella styriaca Kollmann, 1965, Turonian, Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), figure from Kollmann 1965, NHMW 1965/664/13;B, Acteonella jicarensis Sohl &amp; Kollmann,1985,Sabana Grande Quadrangle,Puerto Rico,Late Middle Maastrichtian,NHMW 2013/0267/0002;C, Neocylindrites gosaviensis Kollmann,1967,Gams bei Hieflau (Austria),Turonian,NHMW1967/724/2; D, Trochactaeon lamarcki (Sowerby, 1831), Gams bei Hieflau (Austria), Turonian, NHMW 1836/II/18; E, F, Trochactaeon subglobosus (Münster, 1844);?Campanian, Sebes, Romania, NHMW 1967/749; E, shows the resorbed columella; F, furrows in the parietal wall might be traces of a posterior pallial cavity. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538519/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
) are endemic to this marine palaeobiogeographic province.Studies of the Strontium isotope ratios by
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E6D4FCB752D4FC49" author="STEUBER TH &amp; MITCHELL S. F. &amp; BUHL D. &amp; GUNTER G. &amp; KASPER H. U." box="[998,1209,881,907]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="999 - 1002" refId="ref21825" refString="STEUBER TH., MITCHELL S. F., BUHL D., GUNTER G. &amp; KASPER H. U. 2002. - Catastrophic extinction of Carribean rudist bivalves at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Geology 30 (11): 999 - 1002." type="journal article" year="2002">
Steuber
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E108FCB45201FC49" box="[1082,1132,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
indicate a late to latest Maastrichtian age for most
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E794FC765552FC08" authorityName="Trechmann" authorityYear="1924" box="[678,831,944,970]" class="Bivalvia" family="Antillocaprinidae" genus="Titanosarcolites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hippuritida" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E794FC765552FC08" box="[678,831,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Titanosarcolites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
limestones of
<collectingCountry id="9AC17659FF9CFF96E6E1FC76524AFC08" box="[979,1063,944,970]" name="Jamaica" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
. In contrast to earlier biostratigraphic datings it is evident, that the Acteonellidae range stratigraphically up to the K/Pg boundary exclusively in this faunal province.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF96E789FBF652D7FB4B" blockId="27.[674,1212,216,1161]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
To conclude,the final extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E10FFBE952D7FB8B" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[1085,1210,1071,1097]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
and Acteonellidae was a long-lasting and palaeogeographically differentiated process and not a single event.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9CFF91E797FB68573AFED3" blockId="27.[674,1211,1198,1700]" lastBlockId="28.[111,648,216,907]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">
INTERPRETATION OF THE EXTINCTION EVENTS There is a remarkable congruency between the habitat and the Late Cretaceous climatic history. The Mid- Cretaceous was one of the warmest periods in phanerozoic times, with surface water temperatures up to 36°C and atmospheric CO
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levels much higher than today (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E7D7FAAA55FAFA44" author="FORSTER A. &amp; ST &amp; BAAS M. &amp; SINNINGHE DAMSTE M." box="[741,919,1388,1414]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="919 - 922" refId="ref18314" refString="FORSTER A. ST., BAAS M. &amp; SINNINGHE DAMSTE M. 2007. - Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Santonian) sea surface temperature record of the tropical Atlantic ocean. Geology 35 (10): 919 - 922." type="journal article" year="2007">
Forster
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9CFF96E602FAAB5530FA44" box="[816,861,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E6ADFAAA5273FA44" author="PUCEAT E." box="[927,1054,1388,1414]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" pagination="831" refId="ref21170" refString="PUCEAT E. 2008. - A new breath of life for anoxia. Geology 36 (10): 831, 832." type="journal article" year="2008">Pucéat 2008</bibRefCitation>
).From the Late Cenomanian on, temperatures increased steeply. In marine organisms, high temperatures can unbalance metabolic processes. This physiological disintegration (quoted after
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9CFF96E657FA2D526EF9C7" author="LEVINTON J. S." box="[869,1027,1514,1541]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" refId="ref19918" refString="LEVINTON J. S. 1995. - Marine Biology. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 420 p." type="book" year="1995">Levinton 1995</bibRefCitation>
) primarily affects stenothermic organisms that inhabit extremely shallow marine environments with restricted circulation. This clearly caused the late Cenomanian extinction of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E7FAF9AF55EDF941" authorityName="Pchelintsev" authorityYear="1965" box="[712,896,1641,1667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pseudonerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Pseudonerineidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E6BAF9AF5592F941" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1940" box="[904,1023,1641,1667]" family="Ceritellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="377" rank="family">Ceritellidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9CFF96E11CF9AF52DAF941" authority="Kollmann, 2014" authorityName="Kollmann" authorityYear="2014" box="[1070,1207,1641,1667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eunerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Eunerineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9157A0FF9CFF96E790F94C549FF961" box="[674,754,1673,1700]" pageId="27" pageNumber="376" rank="family">n. fam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Major regressions that took place earlier in the Cenomanian (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9BFF91E406FF1E57BAFF30" author="WILMSEN M." box="[308,471,216,242]" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" pagination="759 - 771" refId="ref22663" refString="WILMSEN M. 2012. - Origin and significance of Late Cretaceous bioevents: Examples from the Cenomanian. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57: 759 - 771." type="journal article" year="2012">Wilmsen 2012</bibRefCitation>
) could not have caused the extinction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26936C9FF9BFF91E5BAFED15774FC49" blockId="28.[111,648,216,907]" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">
The Acteonellidae genus
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E44BFED1579BFEF3" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[377,502,279,305]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E44BFED1579BFEF3" box="[377,502,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
substitutes the extinct taxa ecologically.A remarkable size increase in the comparatively short time range of this genus may reflect the high nutrient production due to favourable climatic conditions.In the Santonian, the palaeo-sea surface temperatures dropped to about 33° (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9BFF91E708FE70568BFE2D" author="FORSTER A. &amp; ST &amp; BAAS M. &amp; SINNINGHE DAMSTE M." pageId="28" pageNumber="377" pagination="919 - 922" refId="ref18314" refString="FORSTER A. ST., BAAS M. &amp; SINNINGHE DAMSTE M. 2007. - Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Santonian) sea surface temperature record of the tropical Atlantic ocean. Geology 35 (10): 919 - 922." type="journal article" year="2007">
Forster
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E543FE1056CAFE2D" box="[113,167,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
) and decreased further throughout the Campanian and Maastrichtian (
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9BFF91E48FFE335440FDCD" author="GALE A." box="[445,557,501,527]" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref18389" refString="GALE A. 2000. - The Cretaceous world, in CULVER St. J. &amp; RAWSON P. F. (eds), Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 4 - 19." type="book chapter" year="2000">Gale 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="86474B38FF9BFF91E705FE33568EFDED" author="BURNETT J. A. &amp; YOUNG J. R. &amp; BROWN P. R." pageId="28" pageNumber="377" pagination="35 - 50" refId="ref17280" refString="BURNETT J. A., YOUNG J. R. &amp; BROWN P. R. 2000. - Calcareous nannoplankton and global climate change, in CULVER ST. J. &amp; RAWSON P. F. (eds), Biotic response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 35 - 50." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Burnett
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E543FDD356C8FDED" box="[113,165,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
) with evidence of a seasonality (Steuber
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E540FDF256F2FD8C" box="[114,159,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">etal.</emphasis>
2005).The new conditions led to the extinction of the Old World
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E407FD9257C4FDAC" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[309,425,596,622]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Nerineidae</taxonomicName>
and of
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E4CDFD9254E9FDAC" authorityName="Meek" authorityYear="1863" box="[511,644,596,622]" class="Gastropoda" family="Acteonellidae" genus="Trochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E4CDFD9254E9FDAC" box="[511,644,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Trochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Campanian. Decreasing global temperatures caused
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E58CFD55574EFD6F" box="[190,291,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Acteonella</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E468FD555788FD6F" box="[346,485,659,685]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Neocylindrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E468FD555788FD6F" box="[346,485,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Neocylindrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to retreat close to the circum-equatorial regions, where only a few species survived.
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E42DFD1557D8FD2F" authorityName="Boese" authorityYear="1906" box="[287,437,723,749]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nerineidae" genus="Plesioptygmatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heterostropha" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E42DFD1557D8FD2F" box="[287,437,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Plesioptygmatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
survived in the Caribbean Province until the basal Lower Maastrichtian, while
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E580FCD4577AFCEE" box="[178,279,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Acteonella</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E47DFCD4547EFCEE" authorityName="Akopian" authorityYear="1972" box="[335,531,786,812]" class="Gastropoda" genus="Mexicotrochactaeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="377" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D0A2EADBFF9BFF91E47DFCD4547EFCEE" box="[335,531,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="377">Mexicotrochactaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranged up to the very Late Maastrichtian.There is, however, no indication that any of the
<taxonomicName id="25D64D4AFF9BFF91E4B5FC97546AFCA9" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1873" box="[391,519,849,875]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="352" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerineoidea">Nerineoidea</taxonomicName>
reached the K/Pg boundary.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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