367 lines
65 KiB
XML
367 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="0B10FD932BCA894D9671F903AFA3D980" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4013.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eba00897-ad6a-4c1d-b7eb-5ec83517a01f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="235368" ID-ZooBank="3C01B34C-0C84-4BF1-97C1-375798C05A3E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461246137900" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mayr, Gerald" docDate="2015" docId="690F87EAA939FFF0FF3F333BFB99534C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04013p264.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4013 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Eopachypteryx praeterita Mayr, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="258" masterDocId="9536FF92A938FFF6FFA83514FF915523" masterDocTitle="Towards completion of the early Eocene aviary: A new bird group from the Messel oil shale (Aves, Eopachypterygidae, fam. nov.)" masterLastPageNumber="264" masterPageNumber="252" pageNumber="253" updateTime="1698606470662" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EB6D40A34C1851952CE0B065CAE40C4C">Towards completion of the early Eocene aviary: A new bird group from the Messel oil shale (Aves, Eopachypterygidae, fam. nov.)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B842AB12866A2D81B7AC5A5FDEC96D6E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6A5BA454D2CC13115B937121DD50E002">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5C9C9FD82E5F403CE42EA1F9BB0A09F9">Mayr, Gerald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B56CC1A0DDBE11ADC50F81C49704F65C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5786A458455053F0F5E6F4872C11D1E5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="87B2EE382E4D6FA4C1CD0A0A15F4F6BB">
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<mods:date id="E50745C9C49D4A37C70D5CAEDB67360B">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="082A2DF5FF02474AF7AD9021E8FD59AE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D9D7CC33059450EFB0B45C1DA7E48140">4013</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="38728BD79AF546AA4EFB6BBCCDA566AD" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="88E167472761070CC2857ADDED30403D">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F81B876AE70A2E3FFBA5421DB5E6A3F6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="86185F1376381D12AD87EC7A0CDF6AEC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4013.2.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0213146BACC0A026DBA70A7E0F57C180" type="GBIF-Dataset">eba00897-ad6a-4c1d-b7eb-5ec83517a01f</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2A903AD0E89781D19AB8E1A67C4B7AAF" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="50F59B785A73411017E5AD3124B95300" type="Zenodo-Dep">235368</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="690F87EAA939FFF0FF3F333BFB99534C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5669205" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119634815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5669205" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:690F87EAA939FFF0FF3F333BFB99534C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/690F87EAA939FFF0FF3F333BFB99534C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<subSubSection id="A9BC6577A939FFF7FF3F333BFDA55369" box="[151,564,1583,1610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF3F333BFDA55369" blockId="1.[151,564,1583,1610]" box="[151,564,1583,1610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<heading id="BA518190A939FFF7FF3F333BFDA55369" bold="true" box="[151,564,1583,1610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF3F333BFDA55369" bold="true" box="[151,564,1583,1610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA939FFF7FF3F333BFE56536A" box="[151,455,1583,1609]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF3F333BFE56536A" bold="true" box="[151,455,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C8E15795A939FFF7FE7E3324FDA55369" box="[470,564,1584,1610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9BC6577A939FFF7FF3F3362FC7B53AC" box="[151,1002,1654,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF3F3362FC7B53AC" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" box="[151,1002,1654,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<typeStatus id="3E1D885EA939FFF7FF3F3362FE9553AC" box="[151,260,1654,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="holotype">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF3F3362FE9553AC" bold="true" box="[151,260,1654,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Holotype</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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. SMF-ME 825 (postcranial skeleton lacking the left leg;
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<figureCitation id="799D2A79A939FFF7FC2D3362FC5253AC" box="[901,963,1654,1679]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,445,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,445,1834]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany), overview of skeletons. A, Holotype, SMF-ME 825, partial skeleton in dorsal view. B, SMF-ME 2426, partial skeleton in ventral view. C, SMF-ME 11033 A, partial skeleton in ventral view. D, SMF-ME 11033 B, partial skeleton in dorsal view. Abbreviation: rft, right foot. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance the contrast of the bones. Scale bars equal 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235369/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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A).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9BC6577A939FFF7FF6F338EFE4E5390" box="[199,479,1690,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF6F338EFE4E5390" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" box="[199,479,1690,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF6F338EFEAB5390" bold="true" box="[199,314,1690,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="99B1766CA939FFF7FEE0338FFEF65390" box="[328,359,1691,1715]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">As</collectingCountry>
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for genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9BC6577A939FFF7FF6F33AAFD02523C" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF6F33AAFBEF53F4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" box="[199,1150,1726,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF6F33AAFE6653F4" bold="true" box="[199,503,1726,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<typeStatus id="3E1D885EA939FFF7FF6F33AAFE9353F4" box="[199,258,1726,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Type</typeStatus>
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locality and horizon
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</emphasis>
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. Messel near Darmstadt; early Eocene (
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<bibRefCitation id="85374B0DA939FFF7FC1D33ABFBE353F4" author="Lenz" box="[949,1138,1726,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" refString="Lenz, O. K., Wilde, V., Mertz, D. F. & Riegel, W. (2015) New palynology-based astronomical and revised 40 Ar / 39 Ar ages for the Eocene maar lake of Messel (Germany). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 104, 873 - 889. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00531 - 014 - 1126 - 2" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Lenz
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FC5E33ABFBBF53F5" box="[1014,1070,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF6F33F6FD02523C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF6F33F6FE2453D8" bold="true" box="[199,437,1762,1787]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Referred specimens</emphasis>
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. SMF-ME 2426 (skeleton lacking the left leg;
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<figureCitation id="799D2A79A939FFF7FC7133F6FB8A53D8" box="[985,1051,1762,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,445,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,445,1834]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany), overview of skeletons. A, Holotype, SMF-ME 825, partial skeleton in dorsal view. B, SMF-ME 2426, partial skeleton in ventral view. C, SMF-ME 11033 A, partial skeleton in ventral view. D, SMF-ME 11033 B, partial skeleton in dorsal view. Abbreviation: rft, right foot. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance the contrast of the bones. Scale bars equal 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235369/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B); SMF-ME 11033A+B (cranial portion of skeleton on two slabs;
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<figureCitation id="799D2A79A939FFF7FDA43212FDDB523C" box="[524,586,1798,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,445,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,445,1834]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany), overview of skeletons. A, Holotype, SMF-ME 825, partial skeleton in dorsal view. B, SMF-ME 2426, partial skeleton in ventral view. C, SMF-ME 11033 A, partial skeleton in ventral view. D, SMF-ME 11033 B, partial skeleton in dorsal view. Abbreviation: rft, right foot. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance the contrast of the bones. Scale bars equal 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235369/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C, D).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9BC6577A939FFF7FF6F323EFAAE5260" box="[199,1343,1834,1859]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF6F323EFAAE5260" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" box="[199,1343,1834,1859]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF6F323EFEDF5260" bold="true" box="[199,334,1834,1859]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Derived from
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FE5B323FFDFF5261" box="[499,622,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">praeteritus</emphasis>
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(Lat.), past, in reference to the extinct status of the new species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9BC6577A939FFF0FF6F325AFB99534C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF6F325AFD9C5244" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" box="[199,525,1870,1895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF6F325AFEE75244" bold="true" box="[199,374,1870,1895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Measurements</emphasis>
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. See
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<tableCitation id="AC240347A939FFF7FE1C325AFD965244" box="[436,519,1870,1895]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,236,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1559,1829]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Dimensions of the major limb bones of Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. and a fossil tentatively referred to Eopachypteryx (left / right, in mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B5D96674A93BFFF5FF3F30D6FDED50D8" pageId="1" pageNumber="253" tableUuid="B5D96674A93BFFF5FF3F30D6FDED50D8">Table 1</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA939FFF7FF6F3266FA0C52F0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1654,2003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA939FFF7FF6F3266FDB752A8" bold="true" box="[199,550,1906,1931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="253">Description and comparisons</emphasis>
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. Although the skull is preserved in the two referred specimens, only a limited amount of osteological details can be obtained from these fossils (more skull features are visible in the tentatively referred specimen described below). The beak is relatively short, measuring less than half of the total skull length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA93AFFF4FF3F358CFD7D54AB" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">
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It appears to be wide at its base, but is only moderately deep and was probably of similar shape to the beak of some extant
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<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93AFFF4FF4A35A8FEEB55F6" box="[226,378,188,213]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cuculiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cuculiformes</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93AFFF4FE6935A8FE6F55F0" box="[449,510,188,211]" class="Aves" family="Cuculidae" genus="Coua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cuculiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93AFFF4FE6935A8FE6F55F0" box="[449,510,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">Coua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The size of the nostrils is not clearly discernible. The pterygoid (SMF-ME 2426) is long and rod-like, a facies articularis basipterygoidea and, hence, basipterygoid processes seem to be absent (
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<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93AFFF4FAC735CBFF37543F" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,193,1230]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1232]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany). Skulls of A, SMF-ME 2426 and B, SMF-ME 11033 A. C, D, Details of pterygoid and quadrate of SMF-ME 2426; in D the bones are digitally enhanced. E, Detail of quadrate of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Cervical vertebrae (numbered) of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. Abbreviations: crm, caudal end of right ramus mandibulae; fos, fossa in midsection of ramus mandibulae; rpt, right pterygoid; rqd, right quadrate; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. The framed areas in A and B indicate the position of the details in C – E. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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C). The processus oticus of the quadrate is mediolaterally broad and its caudal surface lacks pneumatic openings; the vallecula (“incisura”) intercapitularis is very shallow and a small tuberculum subcapitulare (“eminentia articularis”) can be discerned (SMF-ME 2426;
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<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93AFFF4FD113458FD6F5447" box="[697,766,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,193,1230]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1232]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany). Skulls of A, SMF-ME 2426 and B, SMF-ME 11033 A. C, D, Details of pterygoid and quadrate of SMF-ME 2426; in D the bones are digitally enhanced. E, Detail of quadrate of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Cervical vertebrae (numbered) of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. Abbreviations: crm, caudal end of right ramus mandibulae; fos, fossa in midsection of ramus mandibulae; rpt, right pterygoid; rqd, right quadrate; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. The framed areas in A and B indicate the position of the details in C – E. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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C). The processus (“condylus”) lateralis is well-developed and projecting, and a condylus caudalis is developed.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="B5D96674A93AFFF4FF3F3254FB5B5291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235369/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="254" targetBox="[152,1436,445,1833]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA93AFFF4FF3F3254FB5B5291" blockId="2.[151,1437,1856,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93AFFF4FF3F3254FE835276" bold="true" box="[151,274,1856,1878]" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93AFFF4FEB03254FD8D5275" box="[280,540,1856,1878]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93AFFF4FEB03254FD8D5275" box="[280,540,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93AFFF4FD813254FD575276" bold="true" box="[553,710,1856,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="254">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
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from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany), overview of skeletons. A, Holotype, SMF-ME 825, partial skeleton in dorsal view. B, SMF-ME 2426, partial skeleton in ventral view. C, SMF-ME 11033A, partial skeleton in ventral view. D, SMF-ME 11033B, partial skeleton in dorsal view. Abbreviation: rft, right foot. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride to enhance the contrast of the bones. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="B5D96674A93BFFF5FF3F31F2FCDD50B6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235370/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" targetBox="[154,1428,193,1230]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="E11936FCA93BFFF5FF3F31F2FCDD50B6" blockId="3.[151,1437,1254,1429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
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<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FF3F31F2FE8551D8" bold="true" box="[151,276,1254,1276]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93BFFF5FEB431F2FDB051DF" box="[284,545,1254,1276]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FEB431F2FDB051DF" box="[284,545,1254,1276]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FD9831F2FD4251D8" bold="true" box="[560,723,1254,1275]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany). Skulls of A, SMF-ME 2426 and B, SMF-ME 11033A. C, D, Details of pterygoid and quadrate of SMF-ME 2426; in D the bones are digitally enhanced. E, Detail of quadrate of SMF-ME 11033A. F, Cervical vertebrae (numbered) of SMF-ME 11033B in dorsal view. Abbreviations: crm, caudal end of right ramus mandibulae; fos, fossa in midsection of ramus mandibulae; rpt, right pterygoid; rqd, right quadrate; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. The framed areas in A and B indicate the position of the details in C–E. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B5D96674A93BFFF5FF3F30D6FDED50D8" ID-Table-UUID="B5D96674A93BFFF5FF3F30D6FDED50D8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B5D96674A93BFFF5FF3F30D6FDED50D8" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" targetBox="[159,1415,1559,1829]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93BFFF5FF3F30D6FDED50D8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1474,1531]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FF3F30D6FE9850FA" bold="true" box="[151,265,1474,1497]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions of the major limb bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93BFFF5FD6430D6FC7150FA" box="[716,992,1474,1497]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FD6430D6FC7150FA" box="[716,992,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FC4730D6FB0D50FA" bold="true" box="[1007,1180,1474,1497]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
and a fossil tentatively referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93BFFF5FEA530F0FE3C50D8" box="[269,429,1508,1531]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="262" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FEA530F0FE3C50D8" box="[269,429,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Eopachypteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left/right, in mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93BFFF5FDBC330CFABB5206" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<table id="93A6C45CA93B0009FF373303FA165206" box="[159,1415,1559,1829]" gridcols="7" gridrows="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF373303FA16530E" box="[159,1415,1559,1581]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FDBC3303FDE5530E" box="[532,628,1559,1581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Humerus</th>
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FD193303FC8F530E" box="[689,798,1559,1581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Ulna</th>
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FCE23303FC26530E" box="[842,951,1559,1581]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Carpomet.</th>
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FC4B3303FBB4530E" box="[995,1061,1559,1581]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Femur</th>
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FB2B3303FB65530E" box="[1155,1268,1559,1581]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Tibiotarsus</th>
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FA8A3303FA16530E" box="[1314,1415,1559,1581]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Tarsomet.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF373355FA165375" box="[159,1415,1601,1622]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FF373355FE335375" box="[159,418,1601,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93BFFF5FF373355FE335375" box="[159,418,1601,1622]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FF373355FE335375" box="[159,418,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF37337EFA1653A3" box="[159,1415,1642,1664]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FF37337EFE3353A3" box="[159,418,1642,1664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">SMF-ME 825</th>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FDBC337EFDE553A3" box="[532,628,1642,1664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FD19337EFC8F53A3" box="[689,798,1642,1664]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">~31.2/-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FCE2337EFC2653A3" box="[842,951,1642,1664]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">~17.8/18.3</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FC4B337EFBB453A3" box="[995,1061,1642,1664]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FB2B337EFB6553A3" box="[1155,1268,1642,1664]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">26.9/-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FA8A337EFA1653A3" box="[1314,1415,1642,1664]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">~13.2/-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF373387FA16538A" box="[159,1415,1683,1705]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FF373387FE33538A" box="[159,418,1683,1705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">SMF-ME 2426</th>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FDBC3387FDE5538A" box="[532,628,1683,1705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">29.8/29.8</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FD193387FC8F538A" box="[689,798,1683,1705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">~33.0/32.9</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FCE23387FC26538A" box="[842,951,1683,1705]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">~19.1/-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FC4B3387FBB4538A" box="[995,1061,1683,1705]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-/~19</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FB2B3387FB65538A" box="[1155,1268,1683,1705]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-/~26.5</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FA8A3387FA16538A" box="[1314,1415,1683,1705]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-/~14.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF3733A8FA1653F1" box="[159,1415,1724,1746]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FF3733A8FE3353F1" box="[159,418,1724,1746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">SMF-ME 11033A+B</th>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FDBC33A8FDE553F1" box="[532,628,1724,1746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-/30.0</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FD1933A8FC8F53F1" box="[689,798,1724,1746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">33.2/32.9</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FCE233A8FC2653F1" box="[842,951,1724,1746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">18.1/18.1</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FC4B33A8FBB453F1" box="[995,1061,1724,1746]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FB2B33A8FB6553F1" box="[1155,1268,1724,1746]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FA8A33A8FA1653F1" box="[1314,1415,1724,1746]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF3733F2FA1653DF" box="[159,1415,1766,1788]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="255" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FF3733F2FE3353DF" box="[159,418,1766,1788]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93BFFF5FF0233F2FED353D8" box="[170,322,1766,1787]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="262" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93BFFF5FF0233F2FED353D8" box="[170,322,1766,1787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Eopachypteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F9634BEA93B0009FF37321BFA165206" box="[159,1415,1807,1829]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<th id="1C475DC2A93B0009FF37321BFE335206" box="[159,418,1807,1829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">SMF-ME 11417A+B</th>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FDBC321BFDE55206" box="[532,628,1807,1829]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-/27.8</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FD19321BFC8F5206" box="[689,798,1807,1829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">29.7/29.5</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FCE2321BFC265206" box="[842,951,1807,1829]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">16.2/16.1</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FC4B321BFBB45206" box="[995,1061,1807,1829]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FB2B321BFB655206" box="[1155,1268,1807,1829]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
<td id="1C475DC2A93B0009FA8A321BFA165206" box="[1314,1415,1807,1829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93BFFF5FF6F327EFB2B52E8" blockId="3.[151,1437,1898,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">
|
||
The mandible has moderately deep rami, which bear a lateral fossa in their midsection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93BFFF5FB5F327EFAD352A1" box="[1271,1346,1898,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,193,1230]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1232]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel (Germany). Skulls of A, SMF-ME 2426 and B, SMF-ME 11033 A. C, D, Details of pterygoid and quadrate of SMF-ME 2426; in D the bones are digitally enhanced. E, Detail of quadrate of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Cervical vertebrae (numbered) of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. Abbreviations: crm, caudal end of right ramus mandibulae; fos, fossa in midsection of ramus mandibulae; rpt, right pterygoid; rqd, right quadrate; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. The framed areas in A and B indicate the position of the details in C – E. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235370/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="255">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The symphysis mandibularis is of average length and is pitted by neurovascular foramina (SMF-ME 11033A). In SMF- ME 11033, ossified tracheal rings are preserved along the entire length of the cervical column.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F3583FD4955F6" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">The short cervical vertebrae are poorly preserved in all specimens (see, however, below concerning the referred specimen). A notarium seems to be absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F35CBFB3A54F3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The coracoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FEDA35CBFE2755DB" box="[370,438,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1631,1653]" captionTargetBox="[207,1376,202,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[204,1380,193,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel, coracoid (A – E) and humerus (L – P). A, B, Left coracoid of the holotype, SMF-ME 825 (dorsal view); in the right image the bone is digitally enhanced. C, Right coracoid of the holotype (dorsal view). D, Left coracoid of SMF-ME 2426 (ventral view). E, Right coracoid of SMF-ME 11033 B (dorsal view). F, Left coracoid of Vanellus vanellus (Charadriidae) in dorsomedial view. G, Left coracoid of Pterocles namaqua (Pteroclidae) in dorsal view. H, Left humerus of Coracias cyanogaster (Coraciiformes) in cranial view. I, Humerus (cranial view) of P. namaqua (bone from right side, mirrored). J, Humerus (cranial view) of Pharomachrus mocinno (Trogoniformes; bone from right side, mirrored). K, Humerus (cranial view) of Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithiformes; bone from right side, mirrored). L, Left humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view; the arrow indicates a fracture of the bone). M, Right humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view). N, Left humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). O, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (caudal view). P, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). Abbreviations: acr, acromion of scapula; cdd, condylus dorsalis; csc, cotyla scapularis; dep, depression on condylus ventralis; exo, extremitas omalis of furcula; fac, facies articularis clavicularis; fpt, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ppc, processus procoracoideus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235371/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–E) exhibits a distinctive morphology. The well developed and dorsoventrally wide facies articularis clavicularis is ventrally prominent and overhangs the sulcus coracoideus, which gives the extremitas omalis a hook-like outline if seen in ventral view. In dorsal view, the portion of the extremitas omalis between the facies articularis humeralis and the sulcus supracoracoideus forms a ridge, owing to the fact that the sulcus supracoracoideus is very steep. The cotyla scapularis is deeply excavated and cup-like; the area of the bone immediately medial of the cotyla is slightly raised. The processus procoracoideus is well developed. A foramen nervi supracoracoidei is absent. The extremitas sternalis is poorly preserved in all specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F34C8FB75571E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The furcula is U-shaped, with robust scapi clavicularum and a wide extremitas sternalis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FAAA34C8FADD54D7" box="[1282,1356,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E). An apophysis furculae is absent. The extremitas omalis is simple and does not exhibit a widened tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FB4A34EBFAB5573B" box="[1250,1316,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1631,1653]" captionTargetBox="[207,1376,202,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[204,1380,193,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel, coracoid (A – E) and humerus (L – P). A, B, Left coracoid of the holotype, SMF-ME 825 (dorsal view); in the right image the bone is digitally enhanced. C, Right coracoid of the holotype (dorsal view). D, Left coracoid of SMF-ME 2426 (ventral view). E, Right coracoid of SMF-ME 11033 B (dorsal view). F, Left coracoid of Vanellus vanellus (Charadriidae) in dorsomedial view. G, Left coracoid of Pterocles namaqua (Pteroclidae) in dorsal view. H, Left humerus of Coracias cyanogaster (Coraciiformes) in cranial view. I, Humerus (cranial view) of P. namaqua (bone from right side, mirrored). J, Humerus (cranial view) of Pharomachrus mocinno (Trogoniformes; bone from right side, mirrored). K, Humerus (cranial view) of Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithiformes; bone from right side, mirrored). L, Left humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view; the arrow indicates a fracture of the bone). M, Right humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view). N, Left humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). O, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (caudal view). P, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). Abbreviations: acr, acromion of scapula; cdd, condylus dorsalis; csc, cotyla scapularis; dep, depression on condylus ventralis; exo, extremitas omalis of furcula; fac, facies articularis clavicularis; fpt, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ppc, processus procoracoideus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235371/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E). The scapula has a slightly curved corpus and a well-developed acromion with a broad and squarish tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F3753FCFE57EE" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Details of the sternum can only be seen in SMF-ME 11033, where three processus costales and two pairs of deep caudal incisions can be discerned. The carina sterni is rather low, and although the apex carinae appears to be cranially prominent, the poor preservation does not allow a close evaluation of its shape (these features are better visible in the sternum of the referred specimen described below).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F37C3FA0151B9" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The humerus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FED937C3FE2457D3" box="[369,437,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1631,1653]" captionTargetBox="[207,1376,202,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[204,1380,193,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel, coracoid (A – E) and humerus (L – P). A, B, Left coracoid of the holotype, SMF-ME 825 (dorsal view); in the right image the bone is digitally enhanced. C, Right coracoid of the holotype (dorsal view). D, Left coracoid of SMF-ME 2426 (ventral view). E, Right coracoid of SMF-ME 11033 B (dorsal view). F, Left coracoid of Vanellus vanellus (Charadriidae) in dorsomedial view. G, Left coracoid of Pterocles namaqua (Pteroclidae) in dorsal view. H, Left humerus of Coracias cyanogaster (Coraciiformes) in cranial view. I, Humerus (cranial view) of P. namaqua (bone from right side, mirrored). J, Humerus (cranial view) of Pharomachrus mocinno (Trogoniformes; bone from right side, mirrored). K, Humerus (cranial view) of Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithiformes; bone from right side, mirrored). L, Left humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view; the arrow indicates a fracture of the bone). M, Right humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view). N, Left humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). O, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (caudal view). P, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). Abbreviations: acr, acromion of scapula; cdd, condylus dorsalis; csc, cotyla scapularis; dep, depression on condylus ventralis; exo, extremitas omalis of furcula; fac, facies articularis clavicularis; fpt, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ppc, processus procoracoideus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235371/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
L–P) is a robust bone with a large proximal end. The shaft is curved and the overall proportions of the bone are similar to those of, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FCFD37EFFC6E5637" box="[853,1023,763,788]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trogoniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Trogoniformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FBBD37EFFB595637" box="[1045,1224,763,788]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Columbiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the extinct
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FF3F360AFEE35614" box="[151,370,798,823]" class="Aves" family="Archaeotrogonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Archaeotrogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The crista deltopectoralis is proximodistally short and has a convex dorsal margin and a concave caudal surface. The tuberculum dorsale is well developed. In both humeri of SMF-ME 11033B there appears to be second (dorsal) fossa pneumotricipitalis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FCA43671FCDE565D" box="[780,847,869,894]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1631,1653]" captionTargetBox="[207,1376,202,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[204,1380,193,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel, coracoid (A – E) and humerus (L – P). A, B, Left coracoid of the holotype, SMF-ME 825 (dorsal view); in the right image the bone is digitally enhanced. C, Right coracoid of the holotype (dorsal view). D, Left coracoid of SMF-ME 2426 (ventral view). E, Right coracoid of SMF-ME 11033 B (dorsal view). F, Left coracoid of Vanellus vanellus (Charadriidae) in dorsomedial view. G, Left coracoid of Pterocles namaqua (Pteroclidae) in dorsal view. H, Left humerus of Coracias cyanogaster (Coraciiformes) in cranial view. I, Humerus (cranial view) of P. namaqua (bone from right side, mirrored). J, Humerus (cranial view) of Pharomachrus mocinno (Trogoniformes; bone from right side, mirrored). K, Humerus (cranial view) of Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithiformes; bone from right side, mirrored). L, Left humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view; the arrow indicates a fracture of the bone). M, Right humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view). N, Left humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). O, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (caudal view). P, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). Abbreviations: acr, acromion of scapula; cdd, condylus dorsalis; csc, cotyla scapularis; dep, depression on condylus ventralis; exo, extremitas omalis of furcula; fac, facies articularis clavicularis; fpt, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ppc, processus procoracoideus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235371/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="99B1766CA93CFFF2FCD93672FC19565D" box="[881,904,870,894]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Such is, however, not preserved in SMF-ME 825 and the tentatively referred specimen described below, so that there remains a possibility that the appearance of a fossa in SMF-ME 11033 is a taphonomic artefact owing to the crushing of the humerus. The tuberculum supracondylare ventrale, on the distal end of the bone, is of subtriangular shape and proximodistally short. The condylus dorsalis is very narrow (SMF-ME 2426) and the condylus ventralis exhibits a depression on its cranial surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FF503103FEAD510C" box="[248,316,1047,1072]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1631,1653]" captionTargetBox="[207,1376,202,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[204,1380,193,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel, coracoid (A – E) and humerus (L – P). A, B, Left coracoid of the holotype, SMF-ME 825 (dorsal view); in the right image the bone is digitally enhanced. C, Right coracoid of the holotype (dorsal view). D, Left coracoid of SMF-ME 2426 (ventral view). E, Right coracoid of SMF-ME 11033 B (dorsal view). F, Left coracoid of Vanellus vanellus (Charadriidae) in dorsomedial view. G, Left coracoid of Pterocles namaqua (Pteroclidae) in dorsal view. H, Left humerus of Coracias cyanogaster (Coraciiformes) in cranial view. I, Humerus (cranial view) of P. namaqua (bone from right side, mirrored). J, Humerus (cranial view) of Pharomachrus mocinno (Trogoniformes; bone from right side, mirrored). K, Humerus (cranial view) of Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithiformes; bone from right side, mirrored). L, Left humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view; the arrow indicates a fracture of the bone). M, Right humerus of SMF-ME 11033 A (cranial view). N, Left humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). O, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (caudal view). P, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). Abbreviations: acr, acromion of scapula; cdd, condylus dorsalis; csc, cotyla scapularis; dep, depression on condylus ventralis; exo, extremitas omalis of furcula; fac, facies articularis clavicularis; fpt, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ppc, processus procoracoideus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235371/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
N). There is a low tuberculum supracondylare dorsale (SMF-ME 11033B, SMF-ME 825;
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FA913103FAEC510C" box="[1337,1405,1047,1072]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F). The left humeri of SMF-ME 11033 and the tentatively referred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FC23312FFBA25170" box="[907,1075,1083,1107]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93CFFF2FC23312FFBA25170" box="[907,1075,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Eopachypteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen described below are broken, with the ends of the bone being dislocated relative to each other.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="99B1766CA93CFFF2FC71314BFC695154" box="[985,1016,1119,1143]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted previously (Mayr
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93CFFF2FABA314BFADD5155" box="[1298,1356,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004), broken limb bones are common in Messel birds and are likely to have caused the death of some of these animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F31B1FE5E500B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The ulna only slightly exceeds the humerus in length, which distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FBD131B1FAB0519E" box="[1145,1313,1189,1213]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93CFFF2FBD131B1FAB0519E" box="[1145,1313,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Eopachypteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the contemporaneous coraciiform
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FE5931DCFD2451C2" box="[497,693,1224,1249]" class="Aves" family="Primobucconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Primobucconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most other small arboreal birds. On the proximal end of the bone, the olecranon is short. Details of the distal end are not clearly discernible (but see the tentatively referred specimen described below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F3027FA855095" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The carpometacarpus is craniocaudally narrow, with a wide distal symphysis. The strap-like os metacarpale minus broadens proximally (SMF-ME 2426, SMF-ME 11033A;
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FC2B3042FC59504C" box="[899,968,1366,1391]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). The processus extensorius is well developed and cranially prominent; it bears a distinct depression on its dorsal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FB2F306DFB5E50B1" box="[1159,1231,1401,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The processus pisiformis is centrally situated and the marked sulcus tendineus is positioned far caudally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FB253089FB415095" box="[1165,1232,1437,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F30D4FB4653A8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The os carpi radiale (SMF-ME 11033B, SMF-ME 825;
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FC9430D4FCEE50FA" box="[828,895,1472,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a similar shape to that of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FAAC30D4FAEC50FA" box="[1284,1405,1472,1497]" class="Aves" family="Psittacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psittaciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Psittacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93CFFF2FF3F30F0FE8F50DE" box="[151,286,1508,1533]" class="Aves" family="Nyctibiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nyctibiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it is clearly distinguished from the derived
|
||
<typeStatus id="3E1D885EA93CFFF2FCA530F1FCAC50DE" box="[781,829,1509,1533]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">type</typeStatus>
|
||
found in “coraciiform” and piciform birds in that it is not as wide proximodistally and lacks a marked sulcus for the tendon of musculus extensor longus alulae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="85374B0DA93CFFF2FAF6331CFF455360" author="Mayr" pageId="4" pageNumber="256" refString="Mayr, G. (2014) Comparative morphology of the radial carpal bone of birds and the phylogenetic significance of character variation. Zoomorphology, 133, 425 - 434. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 014 - 0236 - 5" type="journal article" year="2014">Mayr 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hand section of the wing measures almost the length of the ulna. The phalanx digiti alulae, which bears a rudimentary ungual phalanx, is very long and reaches to the middle of the carpometacarpus. The phalanx proximalis digiti majoris exhibits a marked fossa ventralis and a small processus internus indicis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93CFFF2FF6F3381FC4E52CD" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">
|
||
The pelvis is comparatively small, but meaningful osteological details are not discernible in any of the specimens. The tibiotarsus exhibits very poorly developed cristae cnemiales and a proximodistally low trochlea cartilaginis tibialis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FED433C8FE5053D6" box="[380,449,1756,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H). The short tarsometatarsus is visible in plantar view in the two specimens with preserved legs, but only SMF-ME 825 allows the recognition of a few osteological details (
|
||
<figureCitation id="799D2A79A93CFFF2FB5D33EBFAAE523B" box="[1269,1343,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1233,1255]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[221,1365,193,1211]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Eopachypteryx praeterita, gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033 B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033 A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
H). The hypotarsus is well-developed and mediolaterally wide and probably enclosed canals or deep sulci for the tendons of musculus flexor hallucis longus and musculus flexor digitorum longus (see Mayr in press for a survey of hypotarsus
|
||
<typeStatus id="3E1D885EA93CFFF2FEB3327FFEC752A0" box="[283,342,1899,1923]" pageId="4" pageNumber="256">types</typeStatus>
|
||
in birds). The plantar surface of the shaft is slightly concave and a crista medianoplantaris is absent. The bone is only weakly arched on the level of the trochleae. The trochleae metatarsorum II and IV reach almost as far distally as the trochlea metatarsi III, but the shape of the trochleae is not discernible owing to their poor preservation; most of the trochlea metatarsi IV is furthermore broken.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B5D96674A93DFFF3FF3F334BFD4952C6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235371/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" targetBox="[207,1376,202,1568]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93DFFF3FF3F334BFD4952C6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1631,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FF3F334BFE825357" bold="true" box="[151,275,1631,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FEB2334BFD8C5356" box="[282,541,1631,1653]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FEB2334BFD8C5356" box="[282,541,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FD83334BFD5B5357" bold="true" box="[555,714,1631,1652]" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
from the early Eocene of Messel, coracoid (A–E) and humerus (L–P). A, B, Left coracoid of the holotype, SMF-ME 825 (dorsal view); in the right image the bone is digitally enhanced. C, Right coracoid of the holotype (dorsal view). D, Left coracoid of SMF-ME 2426 (ventral view). E, Right coracoid of SMF-ME 11033B (dorsal view). F, Left coracoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FDEE33AFFC0353F2" box="[582,914,1723,1745]" class="Aves" family="Charadriidae" genus="Vanellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FDEE33AFFD6653F3" box="[582,759,1723,1744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">Vanellus vanellus</emphasis>
|
||
(Charadriidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsomedial view. G, Left coracoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FA9533AFFEEE53D3" class="Aves" family="Pteroclididae" genus="Pterocles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pteroclidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="namaqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FA9533AFFF6453D3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">Pterocles namaqua</emphasis>
|
||
(Pteroclidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsal view. H, Left humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FD5B33CEFBED53D3" authority="(Coraciiformes)" baseAuthorityName="Coraciiformes" box="[755,1148,1754,1776]" class="Aves" family="Coraciidae" genus="Coracias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanogaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FD5B33CEFC4253D3" box="[755,979,1754,1776]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">Coracias cyanogaster</emphasis>
|
||
(Coraciiformes)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in cranial view. I, Humerus (cranial view) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FEF233EDFE46522D" box="[346,471,1785,1806]" class="Aves" family="Pteroclididae" genus="Pterocles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pteroclidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="namaqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FEF233EDFE46522D" box="[346,471,1785,1806]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">P. namaqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(bone from right side, mirrored). J, Humerus (cranial view) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FB0A33EDFA0D522D" box="[1186,1436,1785,1806]" class="Aves" family="Trogonidae" genus="Pharomachrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trogoniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mocinno">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FB0A33EDFA0D522D" box="[1186,1436,1785,1806]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">Pharomachrus mocinno</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FF353203FEA8520E" box="[157,313,1815,1837]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trogoniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Trogoniformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
; bone from right side, mirrored). K, Humerus (cranial view) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93DFFF3FC16320CFB03520E" box="[958,1170,1816,1837]" class="Aves" family="Steatornithidae" genus="Steatornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caripensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93DFFF3FC16320CFB03520E" box="[958,1170,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="257">Steatornis caripensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Steatornithiformes; bone from right side, mirrored). L, Left humerus of SMF-ME 11033A (cranial view; the arrow indicates a fracture of the bone). M, Right humerus of SMF-ME 11033A (cranial view). N, Left humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). O, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (caudal view). P, Right humerus of SMF-ME 2426 (cranial view). Abbreviations: acr, acromion of scapula; cdd, condylus dorsalis; csc, cotyla scapularis; dep, depression on condylus ventralis; exo, extremitas omalis of furcula; fac, facies articularis clavicularis; fpt, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ppc, processus procoracoideus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B5D96674A93EFFF0FF3F31C5FA8350BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/235372/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="258" targetBox="[223,1361,202,1204]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93EFFF0FF3F31C5FA8350BC" blockId="6.[151,1437,1233,1439]" pageId="6" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93EFFF0FF3F31C5FE8351C5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1233,1255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="258">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A64D7FA93EFFF0FEB131C5FD8C51C4" box="[281,541,1233,1255]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Eopachypteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeterita">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93EFFF0FEB131C5FD8C51C4" box="[281,541,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="258">Eopachypteryx praeterita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D3D2EAEEA93EFFF0FD8231C5FD5851C5" bold="true" box="[554,713,1233,1254]" pageId="6" pageNumber="258">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
from the early Eocene of Messel. Details of various postcranial bones. A, B, Left and right hand sections of the wings of SMF-ME 11033B in dorsal view. C, D, Left and right hand sections of the wings of the holotype (SMF-ME 825) in dorsal view. E, Furcula and ossified tracheal rings of SMF-ME 11033A. F, Distal end of right humerus of the holotype in caudodorsal view. G, Proximal portion of the right tibiotarsus of the holotype in caudal view. H, Right tfoot of the holotype in plantar view. Abbreviations: dep, depression on dorsal surface of processus extensorius; exs, extremitas sternalis of furcula; hyp, hypotarsus; ocu, os carpi ulnare; std, sulcus tendinosus; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tra, ossified tracheal rings; ung, ungual phalanx. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11936FCA93EFFF0FF6F30D2FB99534C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1478,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="258">The feet are too poorly preserved to assess the arrangement of the toes with certainty, although they appear to have been anisodactyl. The toes are notably short and the length of the third toe only slightly exceeds that of the tarsometatarsus. The hallux is likewise short and inserts far distally. The proximal three phalanges of the fourth toe are shorter than the penultimate one, and the proximal phalanx of the second toe has a wide proximal end. The claws are moderately long and deep, with poorly developed tubercula flexoria.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |