241 lines
24 KiB
XML
241 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="41E4380F0CFBD47CF6AF5737DC1930E4" ID-CLB-Dataset="66030" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6616936" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15caf07-9842-4f58-94ac-476c6e17512d" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6616936" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600880485955" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="67120269A439E04EFF60F789F698FACD" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Thyropteridae_418.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Thyroptera tricolor Spix 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="423" masterDocId="9B2B7A11A43AE04DFFE6FFC7FF89FFD6" masterDocTitle="Thyropteridae" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="418" pageNumber="423" updateTime="1698845940813" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="021F8BF038788043AD25AA7260E448CB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2CFA605563AEF7D54D68768682DB1284">
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<mods:title id="FA7E362FB97751677166C4C4A414C5BD">Thyropteridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="77B74A719D9B484422FE4C43DC5BE1F1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="167BD51ECA2BC6B1D1A775A7BCF0EF68">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B9616A635D0683E316C22E41E2237795">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D5AC465A2C758FB33ED3B767B06FD744" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B1C1FDD539AC5E454E714D3259955B63">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9CE9D804E1103CADE69CEEFC5BDCDD4E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5860FF76A1B147798D7B98B3176216FE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9584C12FCCFA02D047425CF2C3349608">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="92CA5348874EDB81284317C966215ECE" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0991434CC28223E3EFEC057712DCDDD6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="AC61C32F67DE7221965FC1DBAF59326B">
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<mods:placeTerm id="67BA52106B52155633D3D4491C722DEF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4806F0859ACECDC7FAB74D258F63A3E4">
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<mods:title id="857B3587D75CEEBC6B3A4BC741EDD3C9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A5AAD01496D754E16BDC1EFCDF030C44">
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<mods:extent id="4C91AC9889D8F02A84D8037429A509C0" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="1298C4396FA98B754BBF1F21F85143CB">418</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="9A79148F3D52E60E5F47C4D645177299">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FE433B7CD38F51C47F0AAF04BDD7F862" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6616936</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2C087372F1981602C096F9FC1A59195E" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="604BC32905844069AEAF3943C1713B8F" type="Zenodo-Dep">6616936</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="67120269A439E04EFF60F789F698FACD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6616997" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195762096" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6616997" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:67120269A439E04EFF60F789F698FACD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/67120269A439E04EFF60F789F698FACD" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFF60F789FF2FF756" box="[134,166,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFF60F789FF2FF756" blockId="3.[132,1087,2126,2220]" box="[134,166,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<heading id="B44C0413A439E04EFF60F789FF2FF756" box="[134,166,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<figureCitation id="7780AFFAA439E04EFF60F789FF29F756" box="[134,160,2126,2176]" captionStart="Plate 33" captionStartId="2.[775,839,1625,1650]" captionTargetBox="[11,2762,16,1552]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Plate 33 Species Accounts" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6616942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6616942/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">4</figureCitation>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFF5EF789FD02F756" box="[184,651,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFF5EF789FD02F756" blockId="3.[132,1087,2126,2220]" box="[184,651,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<heading id="B44C0413A439E04EFF5EF789FD02F756" box="[184,651,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<vernacularName id="61B8C351A439E04EFF5EF789FD02F756" box="[184,651,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Spix’s Disk-winged Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFD25F789FB90F756" box="[707,1049,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFD25F789FB90F756" blockId="3.[132,1087,2126,2220]" box="[707,1049,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<heading id="B44C0413A439E04EFD25F789FB90F756" box="[707,1049,2126,2176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFD25F789FB90F756" ID-CoL="56SY5" authority="Spix" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[707,1049,2126,2176]" class="Mammalia" family="Thyropteridae" genus="Thyroptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFD25F789FB90F756" box="[707,1049,2126,2176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Thyroptera tricolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFF63F755FBB7F771" box="[133,1086,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFF63F755FBB7F771" blockId="3.[132,1087,2126,2220]" box="[133,1086,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<heading id="B44C0413A439E04EFF63F755FBB7F771" box="[133,1086,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFF63F755FF59F771" bold="true" box="[133,208,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="61B8C351A439E04EFF33F755FE1CF771" box="[213,405,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Thyroptere tricolore</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFE4FF755FD8AF771" bold="true" box="[425,515,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="61B8C351A439E04EFDEDF755FCA1F771" box="[523,808,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Spix-Haftscheibenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFCDAF755FC1FF771" bold="true" box="[828,918,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="61B8C351A439E04EFC7DF755FC7AF771" box="[923,1011,2194,2215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Tiréptero</vernacularName>
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tricolor
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFD0FF712FAB1F720" box="[745,1336,2261,2294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFD0FF712FAB1F720" blockId="3.[745,1341,2261,2689]" box="[745,1336,2261,2294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFD0FF712FC0CF720" bold="true" box="[745,901,2261,2294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFC7AF712FABAF720" ID-CoL="56SY5" authority="Spix, 1823" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[924,1331,2261,2294]" class="Mammalia" family="Thyropteridae" genus="Thyroptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">Thyroptera tricolor Spix, 1823</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFD0DF73BFB32F642" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFD0DF73BFB32F642" blockId="3.[745,1341,2261,2689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<materialsCitation id="5FD3B922A439E04EFD0DF73BFB32F642" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803443304" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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“ad littora fluminis Amazonum.” Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to “lower Amazon River below Santo Antonio Dolca at the mouth of the Rio Ica,”
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFB83F6B0FB3EF642" box="[1125,1207,2423,2452]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFD0CF65DFBDEF5DC" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFD0CF65DFBDEF5DC" blockId="3.[745,1341,2261,2689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes indicates that
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFBE9F605FB00F635" authority="Spix, 1823" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1039,1161,2498,2531]" class="Mammalia" family="Thyropteridae" genus="Thyroptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">T. tricolor</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFB37F605FAB4F635" authority="Pine, 1993" authorityName="Pine" authorityYear="1993" box="[1233,1341,2498,2531]" class="Mammalia" family="Thyropteridae" genus="Thyroptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lavali">T. lavali</taxonomicName>
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are sister taxa. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFD0CF5D6FCB3F521" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="distribution">
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<caption id="BBC4E3F7A439E04EFD0CF5D6FCB3F521" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6616952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6616952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6616952/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" targetBox="[130,722,2275,2689]" targetPageId="3">
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||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFD0CF5D6FCB3F521" blockId="3.[745,1341,2261,2689]" lastBlockId="3.[133,1341,2695,3438]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFD0CF5D6FC13F5E4" bold="true" box="[746,922,2577,2610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Disjunct distribution in Central America from S
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFBE2F5FBFBE3F58F" box="[1028,1130,2620,2649]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="2D7F7D9DA439E04EFB66F5FBFB74F58F" box="[1152,1277,2620,2649]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="2D7F7D9DA439E04EFD0DF5AFFCD2F557" box="[747,859,2664,2689]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
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) through
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFC14F5AFFB05F557" box="[1010,1164,2664,2689]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFB78F5AFFB7DF557" box="[1182,1268,2664,2689]" name="Belize" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Belize</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFF60F540FE9BF57E" box="[134,274,2695,2728]" name="Honduras" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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to NE
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFE60F540FD9CF57E" box="[390,533,2695,2728]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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and from extreme S
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFCBCF540FC63F57E" box="[858,1002,2695,2728]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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through
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFB9CF540FA98F57E" box="[1146,1297,2695,2728]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFF60F575FF71F519" box="[134,248,2738,2767]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Panama</collectingCountry>
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, and widely distributed in N South America from
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFC57F575FBB3F519" box="[945,1082,2738,2767]" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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E to E & SE
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFB0DF575FAB3F519" box="[1259,1338,2738,2767]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and S to E
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFEF9F519FEE9F521" box="[287,352,2782,2807]" name="Peru" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Peru</collectingCountry>
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and N
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFE2CF519FDA0F521" box="[458,553,2782,2807]" name="Bolivia" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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; also on
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFD40F519FC96F521" box="[678,799,2782,2807]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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1.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFF63F4C1FCD5F3E4" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="description">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFF63F4C1FCD5F3E4" blockId="3.[133,1341,2695,3438]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFF63F4C1FE0CF4C9" bold="true" box="[133,389,2822,2847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.
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<quantity id="28431E9AA439E04EFDBCF4C1FD74F4C9" box="[602,765,2822,2847]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" unit="mm" value="45.5" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="42.0">42—49 mm</quantity>
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, tail 25-30 mm, ear 11-13 mm, hindfoot 4-7 mm, forearm 33-5-40 mm; weight 3-4-5-1 g. Greatest length of skull 13-6— 15-7 mm, condylo-incisive length 12:9-14-4 mm,rostral length 5-3-5-5 mm, zygomatic breadth 6-9-7-7 mm, and maxillary tooth row length 5-5-6-3 mm. Long dorsal fur of Spix’s Disk-winged Bat is dark brown and white to yellow at the base. Unicolored ventral fur is white to whitish. Ears are dark brown to almost black. Females have larger forearms than males. Caudal membrane is naked, and wings have wart-like structures. Calcar has two lappets. Thumb disk is nearly round.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFF63F3FEFAAFF2F6" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFF63F3FEFAAFF2F6" blockId="3.[133,1341,2695,3438]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFF63F3FEFF7DF38C" bold="true" box="[133,244,3129,3162]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland forests. Spix’s Disk-winged Bats are usually found inside curled leaves of
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFF4DF3A2FD9DF354" box="[171,532,3173,3202]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Heliconia (Heliconiaceae)</taxonomicName>
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, but they have been found in leaves of
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFBDDF3A2FABAF354" box="[1083,1331,3173,3202]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Musa (Musaceae)</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFF6FF34BFE5DF37F" box="[137,468,3212,3241]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Calathea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Calathea (Marantaceae)</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFDC1F34BFC6FF37F" box="[551,998,3212,3241]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Phenakospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phenakospermum (Strelitziaceae)</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFBC4F34BFB3EF37F" box="[1058,1207,3212,3241]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, they are found in mixed primary forests and secondary forests with different aged trees. One individual was found in a mixed upland forest of arborescent palm
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<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFB85F310FB4BF32E" box="[1123,1218,3287,3320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Iriartea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Iriartea</taxonomicName>
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deltoidea (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFF74F2C4FEADF2F6" box="[146,292,3331,3360]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFE9DF2C4FE6CF2F6" box="[379,485,3331,3360]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Miconia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFDCEF2C4FCA8F2F6" box="[552,801,3331,3360]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with rolling hills, in Camisea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFB38F2C4FAABF2F6" box="[1246,1314,3331,3360]" name="Peru" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFF63F2E1F848FE60" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFF63F2E1F848FE60" blockId="3.[133,1341,2695,3438]" lastBlockId="3.[1406,2619,286,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFF63F2E1FE07F291" bold="true" box="[133,398,3366,3399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Spix’s Disk-winged Bat can consume up to 0-8 g of insects/night. Feces of Spix’s Disk-winged Bat collected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFCEEF28AFC0BF2B8" box="[776,898,3405,3438]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Heliconia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28BBC8FCA439E04EFC37F28AFBC9F2B8" box="[977,1088,3405,3438]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Calathea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Calathea</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves often contained dipterous larvae of Sarcofahrtiopsis. These flies were collected at roostsites in tropical lowland rainforests at Cano Palma Biological Research Station,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EF67EFE89F5B9FEB1" box="[2456,2608,334,359]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Barro Colorado Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EF8EDFEAAF8F4FE58" box="[1803,1917,365,398]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These fly larvae were found in fresh feces in sites that bats occupied shortly before sunrise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFA66FE7BF614FD85" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFA66FE7BF614FD85" blockId="3.[1406,2619,286,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFA66FE7BF98EFE0B" bold="true" box="[1408,1543,444,477]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovulation of Spix’s Disk-winged Bats occurs in July-August in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EF67FFE7BF5B9FE0B" box="[2457,2608,444,477]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Females gave birth to one young a year after one synchronized breeding season. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EFA67FDCCF99CFDFA" box="[1409,1557,523,556]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, females and their offspring belonged to the same social group, but males were from different social groups that were separated by more than
|
||
<quantity id="28431E9AA439E04EF6A7FDF5F610FD85" box="[2369,2457,562,595]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFA99FD9EF5BCFCB1" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFA99FD9EF5BCFCB1" blockId="3.[1406,2619,286,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFA99FD9EF9E0FDAC" bold="true" box="[1407,1641,601,634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Roost sites of Spix’s Disk-winged Bats are usually upright tubular or conical leaves, with openings 3.5-27.
|
||
<quantity id="28431E9AA439E04EF86AFD46F85DFD74" box="[1932,2004,641,674]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. These sites are located c¢.
|
||
<quantity id="28431E9AA439E04EF5E7FD46F5BFFD74" box="[2561,2614,641,674]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground. Besides using furled leaves for shelter, Spix’s Disk-winged Bats can use leaves to amplify incoming sounds and outgoing social calls. Shelters are temporary, and new roosts are selected every night. Spix’s Disk-winged Bat is the only species of Thyropteraknown to use this type of shelter. Ventralfuris light, perhaps to help it blend in inside furled translucent leaves. These furled leaves grow in shaded and unshaded areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFA67FCAAF5BCFB72" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFA67FCAAF5BCFB72" blockId="3.[1406,2619,286,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFA67FCAAF7B4FC58" bold="true" box="[1409,2109,877,910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home ranges of most social groups or colonies of Spix’s Disk-winged Bats in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97ACF3EFA439E04EF804FC52F7F0FC60" box="[2018,2169,917,950]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
did not overlap; colonies that overlapped might have been related. Mean distances travel between roosting sites for most colonies were 14-55 m. Size of a roosting area was ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="28431E9AA439E04EF73DFC23F6A4FBD3" box="[2267,2349,996,1029]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.55" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="855.0">855 m</quantity>
|
||
?®There were 3-3 colonies or 19-8 ind/ha. Spix’s Disk-winged Bats are agile and maneuverable when flying 3-5 m aboveground in forests. They seemed to communicate locations of roosts to other group members. There is speculation that knowledge of a roosting territory is the adaptation that keeps other bats from roosting in limited numbers of furled leaves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFA64FB6DF617FB1D" box="[1410,2462,1194,1227]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFA64FB6DF617FB1D" blockId="3.[1406,2619,286,1311]" box="[1410,2462,1194,1227]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFA64FB6DF956FB1D" bold="true" box="[1410,1759,1194,1227]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7A1E0F4A439E04EFA64FB1DF698FACD" pageId="3" pageNumber="423" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF04B37FA439E04EFA64FB1DF698FACD" blockId="3.[1406,2619,286,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDCF6F6DA439E04EFA64FB1DF992FB25" bold="true" box="[1410,1563,1242,1267]" pageId="3" pageNumber="423">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Buchalski et al. (2014), Chaverri & Gillam (2013), Husson (1962), Medina-Fitoria et al. (2015), Pape et al. (2002), Velazco et al. (2014), Vonhof & Fenton (2004), Wilson & Findley (1977).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |