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<document id="E6B3EFA0BFF967EB963555B4ACAD7187" ID-DOI="10.1653/024.101.0320" ID-ISSN="1938-5102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13260321" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1723057949978" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Triapitsyn, Serguei V., Aguirre, María B., Logarzo, Guillermo A., Hight, Stephen D., Ciomperlik, Matthew A., Rugman-Jones, Paul F. &amp; Verle Rodrigues, Jose C." docDate="2018" docId="66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803" docLanguage="en" docName="FlaEntomol.101.3.411-434.pdf" docOrigin="Florida Entomologist 101 (3)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.101.0320" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5.4:FlaEntomol.2015-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5" docStyleName="FlaEntomol.2015-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Anagyrus tanystis De Santis 1964" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="430" masterDocId="9A7C5E0DFF9AB813FFB49406FF95FFDD" masterDocTitle="Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World" masterLastPageNumber="434" masterPageNumber="411" pageNumber="429" updateTime="1723072154407" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="43D263252CC9F905841BB68FBBBC4704">Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="516A7DB0267B1D6EA98C5A2B1BF198A1">Aguirre, María B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AD7EE6E6F26E038778C27D379A270D15">FuEDEI, Simón Bolívar 1559, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; E-mails: glogarzo @ fuedei. org (G. A. L.); redbell _ @ hotmail. com (M. B. A.)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="A6574F451DF577C07A3FEDA8BDD05016">USDA-ARS, 6383 Mahan Dr., Tallahassee, Florida, 32308, USA; E-mail: Stephen. Hight @ ARS. USDA. GOV (S. D. H.)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="5554FFEAF04D10CFC26AABA9C6E5A3B2">USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Mission Laboratory, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd., Edinburg, Texas, 78541 - 9398, USA; E-mail: Matt. A. Ciomperlik @ aphis. usda. gov (M. A. C.)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="959CC01446B7EDFD05DD82BC1F0516B3">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA; E-mails: serguei. triapitsyn @ ucr. edu (S. V. T.); paul. rugman-jones @ ucr. edu (P. F. R. J.)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="59B42B48211DAE4907A0D3110AC61D9A">Center for Excellence in Quarantine &amp; Invasive Species, Agricultural Experimental Station-Río Piedras, Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences Department, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, 1193 Calle Guayacán, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA; E-mail: jose _ carlos @ mac. com (J. C. V. R.)</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCEC9512FB56FEF7" ID-CoL="66K3G" authority="De Santis, 1964" authorityName="De Santis" authorityYear="1964" box="[856,1219,276,298]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanystis">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCEC9512FB82FEF7" box="[856,1047,276,298]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus tanystis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A7DEA92FF89B800FBA89512FB56FEF7" author="De Santis L." box="[1052,1219,276,298]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" pagination="9 - 422" refId="ref16531" refString="De Santis L. 1964 (1963). Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica de la Gober- nacion de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4: 9 - 422." type="book chapter" year="1964">De Santis, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCEC9539FC41FE8E" blockId="19.[856,980,319,339]" box="[856,980,319,339]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
(
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)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6F6C4E8FF89B800FCEC956FFA24FE1E" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCEC956FFB25FE47" blockId="19.[856,1536,361,410]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
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<treatmentCitation id="6F4DB172FF89B800FCEC956FFB7AFEA0" author="De Santis L." box="[856,1263,361,381]" page="63" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" year="1964">
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCEC956FFB7AFEA0" ID-CoL="66K3G" authority="De Santis 1964: 61 - 63" authorityName="De Santis" authorityPageNumber="61 - 63" authorityYear="1964" box="[856,1263,361,381]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanystis">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCEC956FFB90FEA0" box="[856,1029,361,381]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus tanystis</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="5E849D3EFF89B800FBB9956FFB7AFEA0" box="[1037,1263,361,381]" country="Argentina" location="Autonomous City" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires">
<bibRefCitation id="8A7DEA92FF89B800FBB9956FFB7AFEA0" author="De Santis L." box="[1037,1263,361,381]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" pagination="9 - 422" refId="ref16531" refString="De Santis L. 1964 (1963). Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica de la Gober- nacion de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4: 9 - 422." type="book chapter" year="1964">De Santis 1964: 6163</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="315729C1FF89B800FB4D956FFAB2FEA0" box="[1273,1319,361,381]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<location id="EB33C1B8FF89B800FA36956FFC34FE47" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803:EB33C1B8FF89B800FA36956FFC34FE47" country="Argentina" name="Autonomous City" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" stateProvince="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires">Autonomous City</location>
of
<collectingRegion id="2C285981FF89B800FC749580FBD7FE47" box="[960,1090,390,410]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FBFE9580FB39FE47" box="[1098,1196,390,410]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCEC95A9FA24FE1E" blockId="19.[856,1457,431,451]" box="[856,1457,431,451]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CEFCB04DFF89B800FCEC95A9FA24FE1E" box="[856,1457,431,451]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCEC95A9FBF2FE1E" ID-CoL="66K3G" authority="De Santis" authorityName="De Santis" box="[856,1127,431,451]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanystis">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCEC95A9FB96FE1E" box="[856,1027,431,451]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus tanystis</emphasis>
De Santis
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="6F4DB172FF89B800FBDA95A9FAE3FE1E" author="Triapitsyn SV &amp; Logarzo GA &amp; Aguirre MB &amp; Aquino DA" box="[1134,1398,431,451]" page="221" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="8A7DEA92FF89B800FBDA95A9FAE3FE1E" author="Triapitsyn SV &amp; Logarzo GA &amp; Aguirre MB &amp; Aquino DA" box="[1134,1398,431,451]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" pagination="201 - 230" refId="ref18495" refString="Triapitsyn SV, Logarzo GA, Aguirre MB, Aquino DA. 2014 b. Two new species of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Argentina, parasitoids of Hypogeococcus spp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with taxonomic notes on some congeneric taxa. Zootaxa 3861: 201 - 230." type="journal article" year="2014">Triapitsyn et al. 2014b: 221</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(key).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="A6F6C4E8FF89B800FCC895DFFBB4FC6A" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCC895DFFBF8FE30" box="[892,1133,473,493]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Type Material Examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="5E849D3EFF89B800FBC895DFFB60FD98" collectionCode="MACN" collectorName="A. Zotta" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="315729C1FF89B800FBC895DFFB40FE30" box="[1148,1237,473,493]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female [
<collectionCode id="88FD0FA6FF89B800FA9A95DFFAE7FE30" box="[1326,1394,473,493]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="Museum">MACN</collectionCode>
] on slide (
<figureCitation id="76D78BE6FF89B800FA6995DFFCE7FDD7" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="21.[156,193,1723,1741]" captionTargetBox="[144,1536,193,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-160@21.[144,1536,192,1698]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs. 3741. Anagyrus tanystis female (holotype): 37, slide; 38, head (frontal view); 39, antennae; 40, mesosoma and metasoma; 41, fore wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13260349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13260349/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
) labeled: 1. “CAPITAL FEDERAL Col:
<collectorName id="4319F2B5FF89B800FB6795F0FAB5FDD7" box="[1235,1312,502,522]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">A. Zotta</collectorName>
I-II/1913”; 2. [partially printed in red] “
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FC459615FC22FD98" authority="Det. De Santis HOLOTIPO MUSEO DE LA PLATA" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanystis">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FC459615FB09FDFA" box="[1009,1180,531,551]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus tanystis</emphasis>
Det. De Santis
<typeStatus id="315729C1FF89B800FA989615FA07FDFA" box="[1324,1426,531,551]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="holotype">HOLOTIPO</typeStatus>
MUSEO DE LA PLATA
</taxonomicName>
”; 3. [
<collectionCode id="88FD0FA6FF89B800FC559637FBB6FD98" box="[993,1059,561,581]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="Museum">MACN</collectionCode>
type number] “A 89”.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCC89648FC7BFDBF" box="[892,1006,590,610]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Distribution</emphasis>
. Autonomous City of
<collectingRegion id="2C285981FF89B800FB749648FAD7FDBF" box="[1216,1346,590,610]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FAFE9648FA3CFDBF" box="[1354,1449,590,610]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A7DEA92FF89B800FA009648FC3FFDA2" author="De Santis L." pageId="19" pageNumber="429" pagination="9 - 422" refId="ref16531" refString="De Santis L. 1964 (1963). Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica de la Gober- nacion de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4: 9 - 422." type="book chapter" year="1964">De Santis 1964</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCC8968FFBB6FD40" blockId="19.[856,1537,473,874]" box="[892,1059,649,669]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCC8968FFC27FD40" box="[892,946,649,669]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Hosts</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCC896A0FBA2FCB7" blockId="19.[856,1537,473,874]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCC896A0FC71FD67" box="[892,996,678,698]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Comments</emphasis>
. The
<typeStatus id="315729C1FF89B800FBAD96A0FBE5FD67" box="[1049,1136,678,698]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
female of
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FB6296A0FAAFFD67" box="[1238,1338,678,698]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanystis">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FB6296A0FAAFFD67" box="[1238,1338,678,698]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">A. tanystis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dissected under 1 large square coverslip (
<figureCitation id="76D78BE6FF89B800FB8196C5FBEEFD0A" box="[1077,1147,707,727]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="21.[156,193,1723,1741]" captionTargetBox="[144,1536,193,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-160@21.[144,1536,192,1698]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs. 3741. Anagyrus tanystis female (holotype): 37, slide; 38, head (frontal view); 39, antennae; 40, mesosoma and metasoma; 41, fore wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13260349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13260349/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
); it lacks almost the entire flagellum of 1 of the antennae except for about a half of F1. Illustrated here, to facilitate its recognition, are its features (
<figureCitation id="76D78BE6FF89B800FB0696F8FAB0FCCF" box="[1202,1317,766,786]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="21.[156,193,1723,1741]" captionTargetBox="[144,1536,193,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-160@21.[144,1536,192,1698]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs. 3741. Anagyrus tanystis female (holotype): 37, slide; 38, head (frontal view); 39, antennae; 40, mesosoma and metasoma; 41, fore wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13260349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13260349/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Figs. 3841</figureCitation>
). This species is known only from a single specimen, which was not examined by
<bibRefCitation id="8A7DEA92FF89B800FA3C971DFC57FC90" author="Triapitsyn SV &amp; Logarzo GA &amp; Aguirre MB &amp; Aquino DA" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" pagination="201 - 230" refId="ref18495" refString="Triapitsyn SV, Logarzo GA, Aguirre MB, Aquino DA. 2014 b. Two new species of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Argentina, parasitoids of Hypogeococcus spp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with taxonomic notes on some congeneric taxa. Zootaxa 3861: 201 - 230." type="journal article" year="2014">Triapitsyn et al. (2014b)</bibRefCitation>
during preparation of the key to the described species of
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCEC9750FC21FCB7" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1896" box="[856,948,854,874]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCEC9750FC21FCB7" box="[856,948,854,874]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FC659750FBA6FCB7" box="[977,1075,854,874]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCEC97A7FBB4FC6A" blockId="19.[856,1057,929,951]" box="[856,1057,929,951]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<heading id="B51B200FFF89B800FCEC97A7FBB4FC6A" box="[856,1057,929,951]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" reason="9">GENETIC ANALYSIS</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6F6C4E8FF89B806FCC897CAFCAFF803" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="431" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="description">
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCC897CAFAEEFB73" blockId="19.[856,1537,972,1990]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<materialsCitation id="5E849D3EFF89B800FCC897CAFAE2FB73" collectionCode="NUMT" country="Argentina" location="Direct-sequencing" municipality="The" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" specimenCode="ITS2, PR17-254, MG748829-832" specimenCount="30" stateProvince="Para">
DNA sequences of all 3 loci (28S,
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FB7D97CAFB67FC3D" box="[1225,1266,972,992]" collectionCode="ITS" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">ITS2</specimenCode>
and COI) were successfully obtained for 29 of
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF89B800FBBA97ECFB03FC23" box="[1038,1174,1002,1022]" count="30" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="generic">30 specimens</specimenCount>
.
<collectingMunicipality id="0E370D19FF89B800FB2A97ECFB57FC23" box="[1182,1218,1002,1022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">The</collectingMunicipality>
only “shortfall” was the COI of a single specimen (
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FC4F9001FBC9FBC6" box="[1019,1116,1031,1051]" collectionCode="PR" country="Czech Republic" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15576" name="National Museum in Prague" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="Herbarium">PR17-254</specimenCode>
) from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FB2D9001FB6EFBC6" box="[1177,1275,1031,1051]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
,which failed to amplify de- spite multiple attempts.
<location id="EB33C1B8FF89B800FBF39022FB62FBE5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803:EB33C1B8FF89B800FBF39022FB62FBE5" box="[1095,1271,1060,1080]" country="Argentina" municipality="The" name="Direct-sequencing" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" stateProvince="Para">Direct-sequencing</location>
of the COI locus also failed for a second specimen from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FBCD9044FB4DFB8B" box="[1145,1240,1090,1110]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2C285981FF89B800FB519044FA96FB8B" box="[1253,1283,1090,1110]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">PR</collectingRegion>
17-256) and 3 from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FA7F9044F995FB8B" box="[1483,1536,1090,1110]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2C285981FF89B800FCE99059FCEFFBAE" box="[861,890,1119,1139]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">PR</collectingRegion>
17-247 through 249) due to co-amplification of a
<collectionCode id="88FD0FA6FF89B800FAE89059FA0EFBAE" box="[1372,1435,1119,1139]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">NUMT</collectionCode>
(GenBank accessions
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FC73907AFBF0FB4D" box="[967,1125,1148,1168]" collectionCode="MG" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">MG748829-832</specimenCode>
). However, a valid COI sequence was obtained for each of these specimens by amplicon cloning
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCC890B1FB34FA83" blockId="19.[856,1537,972,1990]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
ML analyses of the concatenated 28S (MG731466-495) and COI (MG731496-524) sequences recovered 3 distinct clades (
<figureCitation id="76D78BE6FF89B800FAC190D2FA2FFB35" box="[1397,1466,1236,1256]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[108,136,997,1015]" captionTargetBox="[100,1483,198,936]" captionTargetId="figure-10@22.[96,1488,192,940]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 42. Phylogenetic placement of Tetracneminae specimens inferred from ML analysis of concatenated sequences of 28S and COI. The analysis was conducted in RAxML and branch support, expressed as a percentage, was assessed with 1,000 rapid bootstrap replicates. Clade 1 = Leptomastidea hypogeococci; clade 2 = Anagyrus cachamai; clade 3 = Anagyrus quilmes. Encyrtus spp. (the outgroup) belong to the subfamily Encyrtinae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13260351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13260351/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
).These 3 clades corresponded to the species
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FB6A90F4FA6FFADB" authorityName="Triapitsyn &amp; Aguirre &amp; Logarzo &amp; Hight &amp; Ciomperlik &amp; Rugman-Jones &amp; Verle Rodrigues" authorityYear="2018" box="[1246,1530,1266,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Leptomastidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypogeococci">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FB6A90F4FA6FFADB" box="[1246,1530,1266,1286]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Leptomastidea hypogeococci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCEC9109FB8EFAFE" authorityName="Triapitsyn, Logarzo &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2014" box="[856,1051,1295,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachamai">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCEC9109FB8EFAFE" box="[856,1051,1295,1315]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus cachamai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FBED9109FA9CFAFE" authorityName="Triapitsyn, Logarzo &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2014" box="[1113,1289,1295,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quilmes">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FBED9109FA9CFAFE" box="[1113,1289,1295,1315]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus quilmes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although discarded for the purpose of phylogenetic inference, sequences of ITS2 (MG731525- 554) identified the same 3 clades.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B800FCC89161FC08F97D" blockId="19.[856,1537,972,1990]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCC89161FB0DFAA6" authorityName="Triapitsyn &amp; Aguirre &amp; Logarzo &amp; Hight &amp; Ciomperlik &amp; Rugman-Jones &amp; Verle Rodrigues" authorityYear="2018" box="[892,1176,1383,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Leptomastidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypogeococci">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCC89161FB0DFAA6" box="[892,1176,1383,1403]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Leptomastidea hypogeococci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="5E849D3EFF89B800FB029161FC0CF97D" collectionCode="ITS" country="Puerto Rico" county="The Puerto Rican" location="Argentinian" municipality="Brazilian" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" specimenCode="ITS2" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Para">
DNA sequences of the rRNA loci 28S and
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FC1E9182FC47FA45" box="[938,978,1412,1432]" collectionCode="ITS" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">ITS2</specimenCode>
were identical across specimens from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FAF19182FA2DFA45" box="[1349,1464,1412,1432]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FA0B9182FC14FA6B" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FC0291A4FC7BFA6B" box="[950,1006,1442,1462]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, with the slight exception that the 28S sequence of
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF89B800FA4091A4FC2AFA0E" count="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<collectingRegion id="2C285981FF89B800FC7F91B9FC7DFA0E" box="[971,1000,1471,1491]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">PR</collectingRegion>
17-253 and
<collectingRegion id="2C285981FF89B800FBE991B9FBEFFA0E" box="[1117,1146,1471,1491]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">PR</collectingRegion>
17-257 from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FB4C91B9FAF8FA0E" box="[1272,1389,1471,1491]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, and PR17-254 from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FC3891DAFC78FA2D" box="[908,1005,1500,1520]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) harbored a heterozygous peak at position 140 (G or A, rather than just a G).
<collectingCounty id="0732EFEFFF89B800FB9891FCFB46F9D3" box="[1068,1235,1530,1550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">The Puerto Rican</collectingCounty>
specimens shared an identical COI haplotype, but on average this differed from the COI of
<collectingMunicipality id="0E370D19FF89B800FA199211FA6AF9F6" box="[1453,1535,1559,1579]" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Brazilian</collectingMunicipality>
and
<location id="EB33C1B8FF89B800FC369232FC66F995" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803:EB33C1B8FF89B800FC369232FC66F995" box="[898,1011,1588,1608]" country="Puerto Rico" county="The Puerto Rican" municipality="Brazilian" name="Argentinian" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" stateProvince="Para">Argentinian</location>
specimens (obtained from cloned amplicons) by 3.7% (average pairwise p-distance = 0.037).
<location id="EB33C1B8FF89B800FB7F9254FAB6F9BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803:EB33C1B8FF89B800FB7F9254FAB6F9BB" box="[1227,1315,1618,1638]" country="Puerto Rico" county="The Puerto Rican" municipality="Brazilian" name="Variation" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" stateProvince="Para">Variation</location>
in COI among
<location id="EB33C1B8FF89B800FA199254FA6AF9BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803:EB33C1B8FF89B800FA199254FA6AF9BB" box="[1453,1535,1618,1638]" country="Puerto Rico" county="The Puerto Rican" municipality="Brazilian" name="Brazilian" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" stateProvince="Para">Brazilian</location>
and
<location id="EB33C1B8FF89B800FC319269FC63F95E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66452675FF89B806FCEC9512FCAFF803:EB33C1B8FF89B800FC319269FC63F95E" box="[901,1014,1647,1667]" country="Puerto Rico" county="The Puerto Rican" municipality="Brazilian" name="Argentinian" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" stateProvince="Para">Argentinian</location>
specimens was 10-fold lower (average p-distance = 0.003)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF89B807FCC892ACFD19F924" blockId="19.[856,1537,972,1990]" lastBlockId="20.[96,778,1736,2020]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF89B800FCC892ACFBABF963" authorityName="Triapitsyn, Logarzo &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2014" box="[892,1086,1706,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachamai">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF89B800FCC892ACFBABF963" box="[892,1086,1706,1726]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Anagyrus cachamai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="5E849D3EFF89B807FBEF92ACFD1DF924" collectionCode="ITS, MG" country="Argentina" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="430" location="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" specimenCode="ITS2, MG731548-548, MG731534-536, MG731518-519, MG731504-506" specimenCount="15">
DNA sequences of 28S were more or less identical across specimens from
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FB2992C1FB69F906" box="[1181,1276,1735,1755]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FA8592C1FA19F906" box="[1329,1420,1735,1755]" name="Paraguay" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, with just a separate single base insertion at positon 447 and
<quantity id="29143A86FF89B800FAE692E2FA04F925" box="[1362,1425,1764,1784]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14554" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" unit="in" value="451.0">451 in</quantity>
specimens PR17-246 (
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FC749304FB88F8CB" box="[960,1053,1794,1814]" name="Paraguay" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
) and PR17-252 (
<collectingCountry id="96FBD7F3FF89B800FB0E9304FAB5F8CB" box="[1210,1312,1794,1814]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">Argentina</collectingCountry>
), respectively.
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FA189304FA40F8CB" box="[1452,1493,1794,1814]" collectionCode="ITS" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">ITS2</specimenCode>
was more variable, with 26 single nucleotide substitutions, insertions or deletions across
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF89B800FBB5933AFBEBF88D" box="[1025,1150,1852,1872]" count="5" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
and 695 aligned bases. In addition,
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF89B800FA40933AFC2AF8B3" count="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
(PR14-212 and PR14-213;
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FB66935CFAF8F8B3" box="[1234,1389,1882,1902]" collectionCode="MG" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">MG731548-548</specimenCode>
) differed from the other 3 (
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FC799371FBFFF856" box="[973,1130,1911,1931]" collectionCode="MG" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">MG731534-536</specimenCode>
) with a 29bp deletion (positions 148-176). These
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF89B800FC239392FB85F875" box="[919,1040,1940,1960]" count="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
also shared a COI haplotype (
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FA849392FA58F875" box="[1328,1485,1940,1960]" collectionCode="MG" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">MG731518-519</specimenCode>
) that differed from that of the other
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF89B800FB3E93B4FA91F81B" box="[1162,1284,1970,1990]" count="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="429" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="BE4A3F18FF89B800FABB93B4FA39F81B" box="[1295,1452,1970,1990]" collectionCode="MG" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="429">MG731504-506</specimenCode>
) by over 5% (average pairwise p-distance = 0.054). Variation among the latter
<specimenCount id="F8EA5CEAFF8EB807FD4892CEFF52F924" count="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
was 4-fold lower (average p-distance = 0.013)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BA93C7EBFF8EB807FFD8924DFDF5F9A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13260347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13260347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13260347/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" startId="20.[108,145,1611,1629]" targetBox="[96,1488,192,1581]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="EE539763FF8EB807FFD8924DFA45F980" blockId="20.[96,1488,1611,1653]" box="[108,1488,1611,1629]" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FFD8924DFF43F980" bold="true" box="[108,214,1611,1629]" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">Figs. 3436.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF8EB807FF68924DFE1DF980" box="[220,392,1611,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Prochiloneurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FF68924DFEC8F980" box="[220,349,1611,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">Prochiloneurus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
males (3435,
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF8EB807FDBA924DFD48F980" authority=", Loreto" authorityName="Loreto" box="[526,733,1611,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Prochiloneurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentinensis">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FDBA924DFD03F980" box="[526,662,1611,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">P. argentinensis</emphasis>
, Loreto
</taxonomicName>
, Misiones, Argentina [photographs courtesy of D. A. Aquino]; 36,
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF8EB807FAAA924DFA45F980" authority=", Mona" authorityName="Mona" box="[1310,1488,1611,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Prochiloneurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="narendrani">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FAAA924DFA07F980" box="[1310,1426,1611,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">P. narendrani</emphasis>
, Mona
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF8EB807FFD49265FDF5F9A8" blockId="20.[96,1488,1611,1653]" box="[96,608,1635,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">Island, Puerto Rico): 34, habitus; 35, antennae; 36, habitus.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF8EB807FF309304FE98F839" blockId="20.[96,778,1736,2020]" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">
<taxonomicName id="29ECECE0FF8EB807FF309304FEA5F8CB" authorityName="Triapitsyn, Logarzo &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2014" box="[132,304,1794,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anagyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quilmes">
<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FF309304FEA5F8CB" box="[132,304,1794,1814]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">Anagyrus quilmes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DNA sequences of 28S and ITS2 were identical across all specimens from
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,
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,
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, and
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. Eight COI haplotypes were detected, and there was a strong phylogeographic signal in the distribution of these haplotypes (
<figureCitation id="76D78BE6FF8EB807FDD0935CFD3CF8B3" box="[612,681,1882,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[108,136,1979,1997]" captionTargetBox="[99,1480,1193,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-76@22.[96,1488,1185,1922]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 43. Genetic variation in mitochondrial COI among specimens of 3 Tetracneminae (Encyrtidae) species inferred using the UPGMA method in MEGA6. The tree is drawn to scale, and branch lengths represent uncorrected p-distance. Branch support was assessed with 1,000 bootstrap replicates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13260353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13260353/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
). Pairwise divergence between 7 of these haplotypes was typically low (average pairwise p-distance = 0.005), but the remaining haplotype, harbored by PR14-214, differed from all others by over 5% (average pairwise p-distance = 0.054).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF8EB807FC9C92CEFC2EF8DC" blockId="20.[808,1488,1736,1793]" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">
<heading id="B51B200FFF8EB807FC9C92CEFC2EF8DC" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="430" reason="9">
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE
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CACTUS MEALYBUG IN
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE539763FF8EB806FCF8931BFCAFF803" blockId="20.[808,1488,1821,2017]" lastBlockId="21.[144,826,1788,2014]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="431" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">
The biological control program for
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cactus mealybug in
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was advanced with 2 shipments of 2 parasitoid species from South America to the quarantine facility at the University of
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Center for Excellence in Quarantine &amp; Invasive Species. The species transported to the quarantine facility were
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<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FBF19394FB22F87B" box="[1093,1207,1938,1958]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">A. cachamai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis id="DC984B71FF8EB807FB509394FAF6F87B" box="[1252,1379,1938,1958]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="430">A. lapachosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both parasitoid species accepted the
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cactus mealybug,and host range tests were initiated. Quarantine host range tests are expected to be completed by spring 2018, and a request for field release should be submitted before summer 2018. In addition, studies on natural enemy population dynamics and parasitoid biological parameters are planned for the 2 quarantined parasitoid colonies from South America, and a newly described parasitoid species already established and attacking the
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cactus mealybug in
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. This project is poised to successfully de- velop the only method that challenges the
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cactus mealybug pest before we experience the devastation of cactus biodiversity in
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>