386 lines
43 KiB
XML
386 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="94E64BBA042C08AF75A422B8B3D6C72F">
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<mods:title id="41848E72AA05E251EF22836BD228F544">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 11. Heteropterinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="42A722B5929CB929A52009EB9CB9552D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CE355DFED7D3EF55B34082202F5CD6F">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1A048171CC2C42E267A6D4DC287EA1EF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FD9AB2710CC79931D3857C67A8915456">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B7F630F6AC8FBEB63A9A71B3665E7848">
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<mods:date id="A2D078F13E4B95F6E3C77A61EA12F8CA">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8809A6ADA08D569A55C0B05FC0FB3213">4226</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6ADC612BB0242BD4F7B70D6B17F6F181" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6140B34B4B13044C1C97FC33FCDFFE19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5669998" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127628023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5669998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6140B34B4B13044C1C97FC33FCDFFE19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6140B34B4B13044C1C97FC33FCDFFE19" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="492" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<subSubSection id="A1F351D64B13044B1C97FC33FB1AFAE7" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1C97FC33FD81FBDB" blockId="2.[151,577,1015,1042]" box="[151,577,1015,1042]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="B21EB5314B13044B1C97FC33FD81FBDB" bold="true" box="[151,577,1015,1042]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B13044B1C97FC33FD81FBDB" ID-CoL="42G3Z" authority="Butler, 1894" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,577,1015,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="midas" subSpecies="midas">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1C97FC33FD81FBDB" bold="true" box="[151,577,1015,1042]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1C97FC33FE64FBD8" bold="true" box="[151,420,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Metisella midas midas</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B13044B1DAAFC3CFD81FBDB" author="Butler" box="[426,577,1016,1042]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" refString="Butler, A. G (1894) On two Collections of Lepidoptera sent by H. H. Johnston, Esq., C. B., from British Central Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893, 643 - 684. [plate LX.]" type="proceedings paper" year="1894">Butler, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1C97FBFAFB1AFAE7" blockId="2.[151,1436,1086,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B13044B1C97FBFAFB4CFB56" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520786" country="Malawi" location="Zomba" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zomba">
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This subspecies was described from
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B13044B1E4DFBFAFD5FFB9E" box="[589,671,1086,1111]" country="Malawi" name="Zomba" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Zomba</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B13044B1EB1FBFAFCC6FB9E" box="[689,774,1086,1111]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B13044B1F1BFBFAFC6BFB9E" author="Butler" box="[795,939,1086,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" refString="Butler, A. G (1894) On two Collections of Lepidoptera sent by H. H. Johnston, Esq., C. B., from British Central Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893, 643 - 684. [plate LX.]" type="proceedings paper" year="1894">Butler 1894</bibRefCitation>
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), and its range extends from
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B13044B1911FBFAFAA6FB9E" box="[1297,1382,1086,1111]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B13044B1C97FBA6FECFFBB2" box="[151,271,1122,1147]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B13044B1D31FBA7FE21FBB3" box="[305,481,1122,1147]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Congo and East</collectingRegion>
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Africa.
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B13044B1E3DFBA7FD12FBB2" author="Evans" box="[573,722,1123,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp. [30 plates.]" type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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described specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B13044B1802FBA6FAC0FBB2" box="[1026,1280,1122,1147]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Nigeria and Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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as subspecies
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1C97FB42FF1DFB56" box="[151,221,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">malda</emphasis>
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. This species is one of a group of four orange spotted
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B13044B1F57FB42FC7FFB56" box="[855,959,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1F57FB42FC7FFB56" box="[855,959,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Metisella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. from
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B13044B183FFB43FB4CFB56" box="[1087,1164,1159,1183]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B13044B1899FB43FB1AFAE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520787" collectionCode="MJWC" country="Kenya" elevation="1750" location="It" municipality="It" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="EC3654864B13044B1899FB43FB6AFB57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6140B34B4B13044C1C97FC33FCDFFE19:EC3654864B13044B1899FB43FB6AFB57" box="[1177,1194,1159,1182]" country="Kenya" municipality="It" name="It" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">It</location>
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can be distinguished from the other species by the presence of a basal spot in the cell of the hind wing upper side (Figure 1.1).
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<collectingMunicipality id="093298274B13044B196FFB6FFA40FB0B" box="[1391,1408,1195,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">It</collectingMunicipality>
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is associated with swampy areas and is widespread in
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B13044B1EEDFB0BFCF6FB2E" box="[749,822,1231,1255]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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in such areas.
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<collectionCode id="8FF89A984B13044B1FE5FB0BFBF6FB2E" box="[997,1078,1231,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">MJWC</collectionCode>
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found a colony in the swampy ground adjacent to the stream at the bottom of his garden in Kyuna Estate, Nairobi at an altitude of
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B13044B18F6FB36FA88FAC2" box="[1270,1352,1266,1291]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" unit="m" value="1750.0">
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<elevation id="62C4E56E4B13044B18F6FB36FA88FAC2" box="[1270,1352,1266,1291]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" unit="m" value="1750.0">1750m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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. Here a few specimens could be found at any time of year, breeding on a swamp grass,
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B13044B180EFAD3FB13FAE6" box="[1038,1235,1302,1327]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B180EFAD3FB13FAE6" box="[1038,1235,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A1F351D64B13044C1CC7FAFEFCDFFE19" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="492" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1CC7FAFEFB5CFA52" blockId="2.[151,1436,1086,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1CC7FAFEFE4BFA9A" bold="true" box="[199,395,1338,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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. The adults are active in sunshine, flying low over the swamp vegetation, settling on leaves and flowers. Sunbathing occurs occasionally with wings held three-quarters open (Figure 1.1), or as once observed with the wings held together, but with one forewing much lower than the other (Figure 1.2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1CC7FA62FC81FA2A" blockId="2.[151,1436,1086,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1CC7FA62FE9EFA76" bold="true" box="[199,350,1446,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Food plants.</emphasis>
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MJWC found caterpillars only
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<collectedFrom id="5AF541A04B13044B1ED1FA63FC7FFA76" box="[721,959,1446,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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on
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B13044B1EF7FA63FC7FFA76" box="[759,959,1446,1471]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1EF7FA63FC7FFA76" box="[759,959,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</collectedFrom>
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, a fine-leaved grass common in swampy areas around Nairobi (
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B13044B1D90FA0FFDDFFA2A" author="Larsen" box="[400,543,1483,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B13044B1E2BFA0EFCF5FA2A" author="Cock" box="[555,821,1482,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2012) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini. Zootaxa, 3438, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="2012">Cock & Congdon 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1CC7FA2AFD48F987" blockId="2.[151,1436,1086,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1CC7FA2AFED8F9CE" bold="true" box="[199,280,1518,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Ovum.</emphasis>
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The ovum (Figure 2.1) is small, white and hemispherical,
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B13044B1FA9FA2AFBC6F9CE" box="[937,1030,1518,1543]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" unit="mm" value="0.64">0.64mm</quantity>
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in diameter (n=2) and
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B13044B1907FA2BFAA3F9CE" box="[1287,1379,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44mm</quantity>
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high (n=1). Ova are laid on the food plant leaves, usually in slightly shady situations near the top of the swamp vegetation. They turn darker as they mature.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1CC7F99EFAECF882" blockId="2.[151,1436,1086,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1CC7F99EFEAAF9BA" bold="true" box="[199,362,1626,1651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
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The smallest shelters are made with the apical portion of a leaf which is rolled upwards (or occasionally downwards), with feeding basal to the shelter. Larger caterpillars form a similar shelter from a middle section of the leaf (Figure 2.2) and caterpillars feed basally or distally to the shelter. The final instar caterpillars make a minimal shelter for pupation by flexing the leaf edges downwards and holding them by a couple of strands of silk at each end. This flimsy shelter does not protect the caterpillar which drops out readily, but the narrowness of the leaves and the fact that they seldom grow closely together means that there will be few opportunities for a caterpillar of this size to make a more substantial shelter (cf. Figure 2.5 to compare caterpillar with leaf).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B13044B1CC7F892FE05F87E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1086,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B13044B1CC7F892FE91F8A6" bold="true" box="[199,337,1878,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
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There are five instars. Instar 1 is green with a brown, shiny head, measuring 0.4 x
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B13044B18FAF893FA88F8A6" box="[1274,1352,1879,1903]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
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wide x high (n=1). Instar 2 has a dark brown, shiny head, 0.55 x
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<quantity id="2E11AFB84B13044B1F28F8BEFCB6F85A" box="[808,886,1914,1939]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6mm</quantity>
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wide x high (n=3); pronotum black; body green with indistinct pale stripes.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="BD9652D54B12044A1C97FB9FFF39FB46" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265091/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1090]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B12044A1C97FB9FFF39FB46" blockId="3.[151,1436,1115,1167]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
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||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B12044A1C97FB9FFECDFBB9" bold="true" box="[151,269,1115,1137]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
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. Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B12044A1D7EFB9FFDA2FBB8" box="[382,610,1115,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="midas" subSpecies="midas">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B12044A1D7EFB9FFDA2FBB8" box="[382,610,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Metisella midas midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B12044A1E6FFB9FFDBCFBB9" bold="true" box="[623,636,1115,1136]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">1</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B12044A1E88FB9FFD34FBB8" box="[648,756,1115,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamega">Kakamega</taxonomicName>
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Forest, 22 Sep 1991;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B12044A1FD3FB9FFC20FBB9" bold="true" box="[979,992,1115,1136]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">2</emphasis>
|
||
, Nairobi, Kyuna Estate, 26 Dec 1990;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B12044A1969FB9FFAB5FBB9" bold="true" box="[1385,1397,1115,1136]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">3</emphasis>
|
||
, 20 Jan 1991.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B12044A1CC7FB78FB1DFAAC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1212,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
The instar 3 caterpillar measures
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1E42FB79FDBCFB1D" box="[578,636,1213,1236]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="7.0">7mm</quantity>
|
||
when newly moulted (89/80
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1FC6FB79FC1CFB1C" box="[966,988,1213,1237]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
); head 0.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1870FB79FB7EFB1C" box="[1136,1214,1213,1237]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=6); brown, shiny, weakly rugose; diffuse paler band parallel to epicranial suture and adfrontal suture to stemmata; upper adfrontals diffusely pale; epicranial and adfrontal sutures dark; inconspicuous short brown setae. Another individual (90/6F) had the head uniformly brown. Pronotum dark; body green with pale stripes; anal plate with brown tint; short, pale brown setae on body, longer and darker on pronotum,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1FF4FA89FBC9FAAC" box="[1012,1033,1357,1381]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7–9 and anal plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B12044A1CC7FAB4FE8BF9D1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1212,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
The head of the instar 4 caterpillar (Figure 2.4, 89/80
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1F3BFAB5FC90FA40" box="[827,848,1393,1417]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
) measures 1.05 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1829FAB5FBB7FA40" box="[1065,1143,1393,1417]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4); light green-brown, with a brown stripe along epicranial and adfrontal sutures, and from vertex, over apex, anterolaterally to stemmata; posterior margin narrowly dark. In the case of individual 90/6F the brown stripes are darker and extend onto upper lateral part of adfrontals (Figure 2.3). T1 concolorous with body; body green with pale stripes; short pale setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B12044A1CC7F9E0FDB3F8F0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1212,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar (Figure 2.4–6) is
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1EB5F9E1FD3DF9F4" box="[693,765,1573,1597]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
long; head 1.7 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1FC0F9E1FBCFF9F4" box="[960,1039,1573,1597]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2), relatively small compared to body; the head of most individuals were dull green, slightly brighter on the face; moderately rugose; stemmata dark. In the case of individual 90/6F the head was dull matt green, with dark lines along the adfrontal sutures and from apex, anterolaterally to stemmata. T1 and pronotum concolorous with body. Body dull green; pale stripes from T1–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1D53F971FEAAF904" box="[339,362,1717,1741]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9; dorsolateral line strongest, especially on T1–T3 and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1FD4F971FC2AF904" box="[980,1002,1717,1741]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1807F971FBDDF904" box="[1031,1053,1717,1741]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9; two pairs of dull greenish white subdorsal lines, united into one line on T1–T2; indistinct line just below dorsolateral line; lateral tracheal line visible through cuticle; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; all legs concolorous; short, pale setae on body; longer pale setae with a few darker ones on anal plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B12044D1CC7F880FC82FED4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1212,2029]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="491" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B12044A1CC7F880FECCF894" bold="true" box="[199,268,1860,1885]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71D21ED84B12044A1D88F880FE28F894" box="[392,488,1860,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,519,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,519,1220]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pupa of Metisella midas midas, collected 12 Mar 1989 as final instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; pupated 17 Mar; photographed 17 Mar 1989; adult female 28 Mar; 18 mm; 89 / 9 A. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265093/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is formed in the final leaf shelter attached at the cremaster and supported by a single strand girdle of silk; because the shelter is so flimsy the pupa must rely on camouflage to avoid detection. Pupa
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1972F8ADFF21F86C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="17.0">17– 18mm</quantity>
|
||
, including
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B12044A1D68F849FE76F86C" box="[360,438,1933,1957]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=2) frontal spike, 1.0mm wide at base (n=2); the cuticle is translucent, so pupal colouring reflects the contents (89/9
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B12044A1E36F875FD8CF800" box="[566,588,1969,1993]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
); head, thorax and appendages bright matt green; abdomen whitish green, slightly shiny; a narrow, dark, dorsal line from tip of spike to tip of cremaster; narrow white dorsolateral line from anterior margin T2 to tip of cremaster, diverging smoothly to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B15044D1F67FF53FCBCFF79" box="[871,892,151,176]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
4–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B15044D1F98FF53FC6DFF79" box="[920,941,151,176]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
5 and converging just before final segment where it follows the edge of the segment; faint, intermittent, very narrow dark line below dorsolateral line from eye to tornus fore wing, with a conspicuous dark dot in line on T2; very indistinct white lateral line on abdomen; spiracles pale brown, inconspicuous. Pupation takes 14 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BD9652D54B15044D1C97FB85FB26FB1B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265092/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" targetBox="[151,1436,339,1065]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B15044D1C97FB85FB26FB1B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1089,1234]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1C97FB85FECEFB9F" bold="true" box="[151,270,1089,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1DBDFB85FD65FB9E" box="[445,677,1089,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="midas" subSpecies="midas">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1DBDFB85FD65FB9E" box="[445,677,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Metisella midas midas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1F37FB86FB25FB9E" authority="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi." authorityName="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi." box="[823,1253,1089,1111]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1F37FB86FC2BFB9E" box="[823,1003,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D18ECFB85FB39FB9F" bold="true" box="[1260,1273,1089,1110]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">1</emphasis>
|
||
, Ovum, 15 Feb 1989; 89/86;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1D23FBA4FEF0FBBC" bold="true" box="[291,304,1120,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">2</emphasis>
|
||
, leaf shelter, 12 Nov 1989;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1E5AFBA4FDA6FBBC" bold="true" box="[602,614,1120,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">3</emphasis>
|
||
, instar 4 caterpillar, collected 14 Oct 1989; photographed 16 Oct 1989; 7mm; parasitized; 89/80A;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1D6BFBBBFEB7FB5D" bold="true" box="[363,375,1151,1172]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">4</emphasis>
|
||
, head of instar 4 caterpillar, collected 20 Jan 1990; moulted to final instar approx. 1 Feb; photographed 5 Feb 1990; parasitoid emerged 11 Feb; 90/6F,
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1E97FB5AFD63FB7A" bold="true" box="[663,675,1182,1203]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">5</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar 5 caterpillar, dorsolateral view; collected 12 Mar 1989; photographed 12 Mar 1989; pupated 17 Mar; 20mm; 89/9A;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1F01FB78FCCEFB18" bold="true" box="[769,782,1212,1233]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">6</emphasis>
|
||
, as #5, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B15044D1CC7FB3BFBFAFAA9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1279,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1CC7FB3BFE4BFAD1" bold="true" box="[199,395,1279,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
. At Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, the ova are attacked by an unidentified egg parasitoid. An ovum collected
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B15044D1D04FAE7FE51FAF2" box="[260,401,1315,1339]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" value="1988-10-20">20 Oct 1988</date>
|
||
yielded a solitary parasitoid (88/97B). An ovum from which a parasitoid had emerged was found
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B15044D1CDFFA83FEA6FA96" box="[223,358,1351,1375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" value="1990-01-14">14 Jan 1990</date>
|
||
(90/3C); the emergence hole was
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B15044D1EE6FA83FCF5FA96" box="[742,821,1351,1375]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter at the widest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B15044D1CC7FAAFFD15FA02" blockId="4.[151,1437,1279,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
Caterpillars are parasitized by what appears to be two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1FBBFAAFFB7BFA4D" box="[955,1211,1387,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1FBBFAAFFBDAFA4D" box="[955,1050,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
(Eulophidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: one metallic green with pale legs and antennae, the other darker, with dark antennae and banded legs (referred to here as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1915FA4BFAB4FA61" box="[1301,1396,1423,1448]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1915FA4BFAB4FA61" box="[1301,1396,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. green and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1D0BFA77FEAAFA05" box="[267,362,1459,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1D0BFA77FEAAFA05" box="[267,362,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. dark respectively) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A46B37E64B15044D1E70FA77FD08FA02" box="[624,712,1459,1484]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1531,1554]" captionTargetBox="[159,1404,1653,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Elasmus spp. reared from caterpillars of Metisella midas midas, Nairobi." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/BD9652D54B15044D1C97FA3FFBD8F9DB" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" tableUuid="BD9652D54B15044D1C97FA3FFBD8F9DB">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BD9652D54B15044D1C97FA3FFBD8F9DB" ID-Table-UUID="BD9652D54B15044D1C97FA3FFBD8F9DB" box="[151,1048,1530,1554]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/BD9652D54B15044D1C97FA3FFBD8F9DB" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" targetBox="[159,1404,1653,1841]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B15044D1C97FA3FFBD8F9DB" blockId="4.[151,1048,1530,1554]" box="[151,1048,1530,1554]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1C97FA3FFEC3F9DB" bold="true" box="[151,259,1531,1554]" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">TABLE 2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1D10FA3EFEAAF9DB" box="[272,362,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1D10FA3EFEAAF9DB" box="[272,362,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. reared from caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1EC1FA3EFBD8F9DB" authority="Nairobi." authorityName="Nairobi." box="[705,1048,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="midas" subSpecies="midas">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1EC1FA3EFC71F9DB" box="[705,945,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Metisella midas midas</emphasis>
|
||
, Nairobi.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B15044C1C9FF9E9FF35FF1C" blockId="4.[159,1404,1581,1634]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="492" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1C9FF9E9FF35F98A" box="[159,245,1581,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1C9FF9E9FF35F98A" box="[159,245,1581,1603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Ref. Date of Host remains Parasitoid Date of Date adults Number of collection collected pupation emerged adults The number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1D78F8B1FE17F847" box="[376,471,1909,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1D78F8B1FE17F847" box="[376,471,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. larvae per paralysed host caterpillar varies from one to three probably linked to the size of the host caterpillar and the number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1EB9F85DFCD8F87B" box="[697,792,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1EB9F85DFCD8F87B" box="[697,792,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. larvae which it can support to complete development. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B15044D1CCFF879FEEEF81F" box="[207,302,1981,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B15044D1CCFF879FEEEF81F" box="[207,302,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. larvae feed as small external grubs, absorbing nourishment through the host skin, before pupating as small naked shiny black (initially white) pupae in the host shelter. The adults emerge after a further 8– 10 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B15044D1C9FF9B1FADBF8F8" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<table id="9BE9F0FD4B15FBB61C9FF9B1FABCF8F8" box="[159,1404,1653,1841]" gridcols="8" gridrows="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<tr id="57D9001F4B15FBB61C9FF9B1FABCF942" box="[159,1404,1653,1675]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61C9FF9B1FF1DF942" box="[159,221,1653,1675]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Green</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61D44F9B1FE4FF942" box="[324,399,1653,1675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">89/10B</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61DCBF9B1FD8EF942" box="[459,590,1653,1675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">16 Mar 1989</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61E87F9B1FD14F942" box="[647,724,1653,1675]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">None</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61F1EF9B1FCAFF942" box="[798,879,1653,1675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Pupa</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61FB8F9B1FBFDF942" box="[952,1085,1653,1675]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">n/a</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61863F9B1FB71F942" box="[1123,1201,1653,1675]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">22 Mar</th>
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB6190EF9B1FABCF942" box="[1294,1404,1653,1675]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">1</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="57D9001F4B15FBB61C9FF95BFABCF97C" box="[159,1404,1695,1717]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61C9FF95BFF1DF97C" box="[159,221,1695,1717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Green</th>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61D44F95BFE4FF97C" box="[324,399,1695,1717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">90/6E</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61DCBF95BFD8EF97C" box="[459,590,1695,1717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">20 Jan 1990</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61E87F95BFD14F97C" box="[647,724,1695,1717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Instar 3</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61F1EF95BFCAFF97C" box="[798,879,1695,1717]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Larvae</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61FB8F95BFBFDF97C" box="[952,1085,1695,1717]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">28 Jan</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61863F95BFB71F97C" box="[1123,1201,1695,1717]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">5 Feb</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB6190EF95BFABCF97C" box="[1294,1404,1695,1717]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="57D9001F4B15FBB61C9FF90CFABCF917" box="[159,1404,1736,1758]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61C9FF90CFF1DF917" box="[159,221,1736,1758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Green</th>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61D44F90CFE4FF917" box="[324,399,1736,1758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">91/31</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61DCBF90CFD8EF917" box="[459,590,1736,1758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">5 May 1991</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61E87F90CFD14F917" box="[647,724,1736,1758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Instar 4</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61F1EF90CFCAFF917" box="[798,879,1736,1758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Larvae</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61FB8F90CFBFDF917" box="[952,1085,1736,1758]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">11 May</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61863F90CFB71F917" box="[1123,1201,1736,1758]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">21 May</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB6190EF90CFABCF917" box="[1294,1404,1736,1758]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="57D9001F4B15FBB61C9FF935FABCF8CE" box="[159,1404,1777,1799]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61C9FF935FF1DF8CE" box="[159,221,1777,1799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Dark</th>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61D44F935FE4FF8CE" box="[324,399,1777,1799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">89/32B</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61DCBF935FD8EF8CE" box="[459,590,1777,1799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">6 May 1989</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61E87F935FD14F8CE" box="[647,724,1777,1799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Instar 3</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61F1EF935FCAFF8CE" box="[798,879,1777,1799]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">3 larvae</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61FB8F935FBFDF8CE" box="[952,1085,1777,1799]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Not recorded</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61863F935FB71F8CE" box="[1123,1201,1777,1799]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">22 May</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB6190EF935FABCF8CE" box="[1294,1404,1777,1799]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="57D9001F4B15FBB61C9FF8DFFABCF8F8" box="[159,1404,1819,1841]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<th id="140869634B15FBB61C9FF8DFFF1DF8F8" box="[159,221,1819,1841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Dark</th>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61D44F8DFFE4FF8F8" box="[324,399,1819,1841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">88/97C</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61DCBF8DFFD8EF8F8" box="[459,590,1819,1841]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">20 Oct 1988</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61E87F8DFFD14F8F8" box="[647,724,1819,1841]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Instar 3</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61F1EF8DFFCAFF8F8" box="[798,879,1819,1841]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Larvae</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61FB8F8DFFBFDF8F8" box="[952,1085,1819,1841]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">Not recorded</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB61863F8DFFB71F8F8" box="[1123,1201,1819,1841]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">31 Oct</td>
|
||
<td id="140869634B15FBB6190EF8DFFABCF8F8" box="[1294,1404,1819,1841]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="491">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B14044C1CC7FF1BFCDFFE19" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">
|
||
Caterpillars parasitized by a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B14044C1E08FF25FDB2FF31" box="[520,626,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B14044C1E08FF25FDB2FF31" box="[520,626,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">Meteorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. were collected
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B14044C1F4BFF1BFC1CFF31" box="[843,988,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" value="1989-03-16">
|
||
16
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B14044C1F6EFF24FC5DFF3E" box="[878,925,224,247]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">Mar</collectingRegion>
|
||
1989
|
||
</date>
|
||
(89/10
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B14044C182DFF24FB83FF31" box="[1069,1091,224,248]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
, final instar),
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B14044C18E0FF24FAA8FF31" box="[1248,1384,224,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" value="1990-01-14">14 Jan 1990</date>
|
||
(90/ 3B, final instar) and
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B14044C1D89FEC0FDD6FED5" box="[393,534,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" value="1990-01-30">30 Jan 1990</date>
|
||
(90/6F, collected as instar 3;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B14044C1F70FEC1FC1AFED5" box="[880,986,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B14044C1F70FEC1FC1AFED5" box="[880,986,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">Meteorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. larva emerged from final instar); a cocoon with no host remains was collected
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B14044C1E7FFEECFCCAFE89" box="[639,778,296,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" value="1989-10-14">14 Oct 1989</date>
|
||
(89/80). The parasitoid larva emerges from the final instar caterpillar by boring a hole through the cuticle, usually on the underside of segment
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B14044C1865FE88FBBCFEAD" box="[1125,1148,332,356]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7. It spins a rough brown cocoon, slightly pointed at each end, measuring about
|
||
<date id="9D57249D4B14044C1F0BFEABFCF1FE4E" box="[779,817,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">6 x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B14044C1F3AFEB4FCB7FE41" box="[826,887,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
|
||
, often in the host leaf shelter. The host remains often stay in the leaf shelter and may be responsive for several days after emergence of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B14044C18C0FE51FAEAFE65" box="[1216,1322,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B14044C18C0FE51FAEAFE65" box="[1216,1322,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="492">Meteorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. larva. Emergence from the cocoon takes place after 12–13 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |