841 lines
111 KiB
XML
841 lines
111 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="5F4328F064013669DFDE7A1D2A38D25D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole megacephala" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872349" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5F4328F064013669DFDE7A1D2A38D25D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F4328F064013669DFDE7A1D2A38D25D" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName authority="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 79, 88g
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="edax" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="edax">edax</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica edax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edax">Formica edax</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forskal, P" journalOrPublisher="Moeller, Hauniae [= Copenhagen]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" title="Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Post mortum auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr." year="1775">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
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1775
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 84 (w.) EGYPT. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="159 - 167" title="Note sinonimiche sulle formiche." volume="23" year="1892">Emery 1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 160;
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<bibRefCitation author="Dalla Torre, KWv" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="89 - 93" title="Hymenopterologische Notizen." volume="11" year="1892">Dalla Torre 1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 90. [If synonymy correct then
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<taxonomicName lsidName="edax" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="edax">edax</taxonomicName>
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is the senior name; however, under Art. 23.9 of ICZN (1999)
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<taxonomicName lsidName="edax" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="edax">edax</taxonomicName>
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is a nomen oblitum.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Formica megacephala</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1793: 361 (s.) MAURITIUS 'Ile de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="France’">France'</normalizedToken>
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[presumed lost]. Neotype (s.) designated: MAURITIUS, Camizard Mt., Bambous,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-20.3328">20.3328 S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="57.723">57.723 E</geoCoordinate>
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, 375 m, rainforest, ex rotten log, collection code BLF12051, 27.v.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC: CASENT0104990): (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
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): 332.
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<bibRefCitation author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher="De l'impr. de Crapelet (chez T. Barrois), Paris" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" title="Histoire naturelle des fourmis, et recueil de memoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignees, les faucheurs, et autres insectes" year="1802">Latreille 1802</bibRefCitation>
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: 232 (q.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="C. Gerolds Sohn, Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" title="Die europaeischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet" url="10.5962/bhl.title.14089" year="1861">Mayr 1861</bibRefCitation>
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: 70 (s.w.q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953: 75 (l.). Combination in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 65" title="Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten." volume="7" year="1863 b">Roger 1863b</bibRefCitation>
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: 30. [
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megalocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalocephala">Pheidole megalocephala</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Schulz, WA" journalOrPublisher="Junfermannsche Buchhandlung, Paderborn" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" title="Spolia hymenopterologica." url="10.5962/bhl.title.59757" year="1906">Schulz 1906</bibRefCitation>
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: 155; unjustified emendation.] Current subspecies: nominal plus
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<taxonomicName lsidName="costauriensis" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="costauriensis">costauriensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="duplex" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="duplex">duplex</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="ilgi" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="ilgi">ilgi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="impressifrons" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="impressifrons">impressifrons</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="melancholica" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="melancholica">melancholica</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="nkomoana" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="nkomoana">nkomoana</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="rotundata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="rotundata">rotundata</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="speculifrons" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="speculifrons">speculifrons</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="talpa" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="talpa">talpa</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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Note:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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Smith, F. 1860: 112 is a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carebara diversus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diversus">Carebara diversus</taxonomicName>
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(Jerdon):
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="187 - 229" title="Formicides de l'Archipel Malais." url="10.5962/bhl.part.3745" volume="1" year="1893">Emery 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 206.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="trinodis" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="trinodis">trinodis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica trinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinodis">Myrmica trinodis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Losana, M" journalOrPublisher="Memoire della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="307 - 333" title="Saggio sopra le formiche indigene del Piemonte." volume="37" year="1834">Losana 1834</bibRefCitation>
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: 327, pl. 36, fig. 6 (w.) ITALY, Piedmont. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 65" title="Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten." volume="7" year="1863 b">Roger 1863b</bibRefCitation>
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: 30.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="pusilla" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="pusilla">pusilla</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Oecophthora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oecophthora pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Oecophthora pusilla</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Heer, O" journalOrPublisher="Zuercherische Jugend, Naturforschende Gesellschaft" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 24" title="Ueber die Haus-Ameise Madeiras." volume="54" year="1852">Heer 1852</bibRefCitation>
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: 15, pl. 1, figs. 1-4 (s.w.q.m.) PORTUGAL, Madeira I. Combination in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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: Smith, F. 1858: 173. Subspecies of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine (Bruxelles)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="223 - 250" title="Les Pheidole du groupe megacephala (Formicidae)." volume="4" year="1915 b">Emery 1915b</bibRefCitation>
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: 235. Senior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="janus" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="janus">janus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="353 - 368" title="Notizen ueber die Formiciden-Sammlung des British Museum in London." volume="36" year="1886">Mayr 1886</bibRefCitation>
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: 360; of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="laevigata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="laevigata">laevigata</taxonomicName>
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Smith:
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<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="225 - 259" title="Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Ameisenfauna der Mittelmeerlaender. I." url="10.1002/mmnd.18590030209" volume="3" year="1859">Roger 1859</bibRefCitation>
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: 259;
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine (Bruxelles)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="223 - 250" title="Les Pheidole du groupe megacephala (Formicidae)." volume="4" year="1915 b">Emery 1915b</bibRefCitation>
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: 235; of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="laevigata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="laevigata">laevigata</taxonomicName>
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Mayr:
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="939 - 996" title="Neue Formiciden." volume="20" year="1870 b">Mayr 1870b</bibRefCitation>
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: 981 (footnote). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
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: Wheeler, W.M. 1922b: 812.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicName lsidName="laevigata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="laevigata">laevigata</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmica</taxonomicName>
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(?)
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<taxonomicName lsidName="laevigata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="laevigata">laevigata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="113 - 135" title="Essay on the genera and species of British Formicidae. [concl.]." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.1855.tb02666.x" volume="3" year="1855">Smith 1855</bibRefCitation>
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: 130, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8 (w.) GREAT BRITAIN, Battersea. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Pheidole pusilla</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="225 - 259" title="Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Ameisenfauna der Mittelmeerlaender. I." url="10.1002/mmnd.18590030209" volume="3" year="1859">Roger 1859</bibRefCitation>
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: 259; of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
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: Smith 1858: 282; of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
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: Roger 1863: 30; of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Pheidole pusilla</taxonomicName>
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: Emery 1915: 235.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="agilis" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="agilis">agilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica agilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">Myrmica agilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Smith, F. 1857: 71 (w.) MALAYSIA, Malacca. Combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="441 - 476" title="On the identity of Smith's types of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Alfred Russell Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of two new species." url="10.1080/00222933208673595" volume="10" year="1932">Donisthorpe 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 449. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">Eguchi 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 56.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="janus" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="janus">janus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole janus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janus">Pheidole janus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Smith, F. 1858: 175, pl. 9, figs. 13-17 (s.w.) SRI LANKA. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="pusilla" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="pusilla">pusilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="353 - 368" title="Notizen ueber die Formiciden-Sammlung des British Museum in London." volume="36" year="1886">Mayr 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 360.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="testacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="testacea">testacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta testacea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">Atta testacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Smith, F. 1858: 168 (s.w.) BRAZIL. Combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="353 - 368" title="Notizen ueber die Formiciden-Sammlung des British Museum in London." volume="36" year="1886">Mayr 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 360. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="523 - 530" title="Preliminary contributions toward a revision of the ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part I." volume="54" year="1981">Brown 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 530.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="perniciosa" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="perniciosa">perniciosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Oecophthora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oecophthora perniciosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">Oecophthora perniciosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gerstaecker, A" journalOrPublisher="Monatsberichte der Koeniglichen Preussischen Akademie Wissenschaften zu Berlin" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="261 - 264" title="[Untitled. Introduced by: " Hr. Peters berichtete ueber sein Reisewerk, von dem die Insecten bis zum 64., die Botanik bis zum 34. Bogen gedruckt sind und theilte den Schluss der Diagnosen der von Hrn. Dr. Gerstaecker bearbeiteten Hymenopteren mit. "]." volume="1858" year="1859">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
|
||
1859
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 263 (w.) MOZAMBIQUE. [Also described as new by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gerstaecker, A" editor="Peters, WCH" journalOrPublisher="G. Reimer, Berlin" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="439 - 526" title="Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl seiner Majestaet des Koenigs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgefuehrt" url="10.5962/bhl.title.67715" year="1862">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
|
||
1862
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 516.] Combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 65" title="Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten." volume="7" year="1863 b">Roger 1863b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 31. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine (Bruxelles)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="223 - 250" title="Les Pheidole du groupe megacephala (Formicidae)." volume="4" year="1915 b">Emery 1915b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 235.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="suspiciosa" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="suspiciosa">suspiciosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica suspiciosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suspiciosa">Myrmica suspiciosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Smith, F. 1859: 148 (w.) INDONESIA, Aru I. (A.R. Wallace). Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="441 - 476" title="On the identity of Smith's types of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Alfred Russell Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of two new species." url="10.1080/00222933208673595" volume="10" year="1932">Donisthorpe 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 455.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="laevigata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="laevigata">laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole laevigata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Pheidole laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="649 - 776" title="Myrmecologische Studien." volume="12" year="1862">Mayr 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 747 (s.) BRAZIL. Unresolved junior secondary homonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole laevigata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Pheidole laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Smith, F. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Pheidole pusilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Mayr 1870: 981 (footnote).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="scabrior" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="scabrior">scabrior</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala var. scabrior" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="megacephala" variety="scabrior">Pheidole megacephala var. scabrior</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Hachette et Cie, Paris" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" title="Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres" year="1891">Forel 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 178 (s.w.) MADAGASCAR. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 333.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="picata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="picata">picata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala var. picata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="megacephala" variety="picata">Pheidole megacephala var. picata</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Hachette et Cie, Paris" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" title="Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres" year="1891">Forel 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 178 (s.w.) MADAGASCAR. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="417 - 428" title="Nouvelles fourmis d'Australie, recoltees a The Ridge, Mackay, Queensland, par M. Gilbert Turner." volume="39" year="1895">Forel 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49; of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="punctulata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="punctulata">punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="185 - 208" title="Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang ueber die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn Perrot auf Ste. Marie (Madagaskar) gesammelten Ameisen." volume="21" year="1897">Forel 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 186; Forel 1905: 163;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="349 - 400" title="Formicides nouveaux ou peu connus du Congo francais." volume="78" year="1910">Santschi 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 370. Raised to species:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine (Bruxelles)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="223 - 250" title="Les Pheidole du groupe megacephala (Formicidae)." volume="4" year="1915 b">Emery 1915b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 245; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 1019. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 333.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="gietleni" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="gietleni">gietleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" race="gietleni" rank="race" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata r. gietleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="155 - 185" title="Miscellanea myrmecologiques II (1905)." volume="49" year="1905 b">Forel 1905b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 164 (s.w.) MADAGASCAR. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="picata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="picata">picata</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine (Bruxelles)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="223 - 250" title="Les Pheidole du groupe megacephala (Formicidae)." volume="4" year="1915 b">Emery 1915b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 245. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 333.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="bernhardae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="bernhardae">bernhardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole picata var. bernhardae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="picata" variety="bernhardae">Pheidole picata var. bernhardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine (Bruxelles)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="223 - 250" title="Les Pheidole du groupe megacephala (Formicidae)." volume="4" year="1915 b">Emery 1915b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 245 (s.w.) MADAGASCAR. [First available use of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata var. bernhardae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" race="spinosa" rank="variety" species="punctulata" variety="bernhardae">Pheidole punctulata r. spinosa var. bernhardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel, 1905: 164; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 333.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis among introduced">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Diagnosis among introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Light brown to dark brown. MajorHW 1.10-1.54, HL 1.04-1.59, SL 0.59-0.76, CI 97-106, SI 47-58 (n=19,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Head heart-shaped (Fig. 6); posterior 1/3 of dorsal surface smooth, glossy and entirely lacking rugoreticulate sculpture. Hypostoma lacking distinct median and submedian teeth. Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Postpetiole with a posterodorsal (Fig. 1a) and anteroventral (Fig. 1b) bulge. MinorHW 0.50-0.61, HL 0.57-0.68, SL 0.61-0.72, CI 86-92, SI 114-122 (n=20,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Head predominantly glossy (Fig. 36), lacking punctation and or rugae above eye level. Antennal scapes surpass posterior head margin by approximately same length as eye (Fig. 40). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Postpetiole with a posterodorsal (Fig. 1a) and anteroventral (Fig. 1b) bulge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium sized species of variable color that is most easily recognized outside of its native range by the heart-shaped head and bulging postpetiole. It belongs to a diverse and taxonomically confusing clade of morphologically similar taxa centered in the Afrotropical and Malagasy regions. Both major and minor workers are distinguished from all other introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the swollen shape of the postpetiole (Fig. 1).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole noda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noda">Pheidole noda</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a swollen postpetiole, but whereas the postpetiole of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by a posterodorsal and anteroventral bulge, that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole noda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noda">Pheidole noda</taxonomicName>
|
||
is formed as a high dorsally bulging dome that is tallest at its midpoint.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
has often been confused for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nylander in Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region. The introduced populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characters. For both major and minor workers the postpetiole of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a posterodorsal (Fig. 1a) and anteroventral (Fig. 1b) bulge, while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Pallidula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pallidula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). The propodeal spines of both subcastes are distinct in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are strongly reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, the major worker of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a heart shaped head that broadens significantly posterior to eye-level (Fig. 6) while the head of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Pallidula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pallidula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more rectangular (more approximate to Fig. 7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">Accurate</pageBreakToken>
|
||
identification within the Afrotropics is more problematic. While for Madagascar previously described subspecies have been synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the taxonomy of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in Africa remains rather chaotic with a number of unrevised subspecies, most of which remain insufficiently characterized. In a taxonomic overview of the group, Emery (1915) studied type and non-type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
-related species, yet for several subspecies he was not able to define clear species limits from the multitude of different, yet highly similar, phenotypes. We suspect that some of those names are probably due to intraspecific variation within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr. Other, morphologically unique taxa like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="megacephala" subspecies="nkomoana">Pheidole megacephala nkomoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel are clearly valid biological species. However, without a comprehensive taxonomic treatment supported by a robust phylogeny, the following species characterizations may be subject to future taxonomic changes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, minor workers are difficult to separate morphologically and thus have only limited use for species identification, but the majors tend to be more distinct in their morphologies and can be separated by differences in head and body shape and sculpture, and in size and pilosity, although the limits are often unclear and characters are sometimes distributed along a continuum rather than being separated into distinct, clear-cut states.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Major workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="megacephala" subspecies="melancholica">Pheidole megacephala melancholica</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi are characterized by presence of weak punctures on the majority of the head, including the sides in lateral view, promesonotum with punctures and irregular transverse rugulae, and moderately abundant short and stout standing hairs on head and body, whereas major workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
entirely lack punctures on the posterior 1/3 of the head, have a mostly smooth and glossy promesonotum, and often possess longer, more flexuous standing hairs, which often branch at the tips.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="megacephala" subspecies="nkomoana">Pheidole megacephala nkomoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
majors are characterized by a weakly defined antennal scrobe and relatively long frontal carinae that reach about
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
|
||
towards the posterior head margin, two well-defined submedian hypostomal teeth, a weak prominence on the promesonotal dome, and very long, flexuous standing hairs on the dorsal promesonotum. Also the spines tend to be shorter than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in length almost equal to the diameter of the propodeal spiracle. Both subspecies have been described from and collected in western African forests. Another closely related species to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is very widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and usually found in dry forests and grassland habitats. Morphologically close to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its major workers can be distinguished by their often enlarged and strongly heart-shaped heads, the presence of a softly or superficially punctuated sculpture on parts of the head dorsum, promesonotum, postpetiole and gaster, and relatively uniform, short and stout, erect hairs covering the body. Minor workers tend to be slightly larger and more robust than in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, often with a few oblique carinae present between the eyes and the mandibles and reaching the posterior eye level, the hairs similar as in major workers and usually more abundant than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Morphologically very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="megacephala" subspecies="ilgi">Pheidole megacephala ilgi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala impressifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wasmann, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala rotundata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">they</pageBreakToken>
|
||
are usually found in drier forest and grassland habitats and their workers seem to be highly polymorphic, which means that in addition to normal major workers, colonies are capable of producing so-called supermajors. These supermajors possess a very strongly heart-shaped head, which can be disproportionately big compared to the size of the mandibles and the rest of their bodies. As Emery (1915) stated for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="megacephala" subspecies="rotundata">Pheidole megacephala rotundata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on first glace they look quite distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but at closer examination of series with different major worker sizes it seems impossible to define species limits. From our own observations it seems likely that these subspecies are a result of sampling bias and phenotypic variation within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">Pheidole punctulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather than historic speciation events (Fischer et al., in preparation). Incomplete sampling can also be a problem when only smaller major and minor workers are collected, which are often very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with very similar head sculpture and general morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In the Malagasy region,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be confused with three other species:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="punctulata" subspecies="spinosa">Pheidole punctulata spinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel, which, on average, has longer spines, a slightly higher propodeum and a more extensively smooth and glossy posterior portion of the head in the larger major workers.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megatron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megatron">Pheidole megatron</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was described from the Comoros and is possibly present in the Northwest of Madagascar as well, is characterized by major workers with a less heart-shaped, and slightly more rectangular head shape, and sometimes sculpture and rugulae present on the posterior head portion (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole decepticon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decepticon">Pheidole decepticon</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from Mayotte and distributed over several of the smaller Southwest Indian ocean islands, is characterized by possessing a denser, more prominent and longer pilosity as well as slightly smaller, less rounded ventral bulges on the postpetiole in both minor and major workers (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is however possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole decepticon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decepticon">Pheidole decepticon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a geographic variation of and conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="punctulata" subspecies="spinosa">Pheidole punctulata spinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed among the top five invasive ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lowe, S" journalOrPublisher="Aliens" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 12" title="100 of the world's worst invasive species." volume="12" year="2000">Lowe et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although this species prefers humid and disturbed habitats where it is usually found in very high abundances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burwell, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Conservation" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="777 - 789" title="Invasive African big-headed ants, Pheidolemegacephala, on coral cays of the southern Great Barrier Reef: distribution and impacts on other ants." url="10.1007/s10841-012-9463-6" volume="16" year="2012">Burwell et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia (Berlin)" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="595 - 604" title="Impact of an introduced ant on native rain forest invertebrates: Pheidolemegacephala in monsoonal Australia." url="10.1007/pl00008824" volume="120" year="1999">Hoffmann et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it can generally be found in a large variety of landscapes, from coastal habitats to human settlements and plantations in lower elevations, degraded dry forest, to mid-elevation rainforest or even montane forest - in Papua New Guinea up to 2150 meters altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distribution range and activity of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be somewhat limited by susceptibility to desiccation and higher temperatures. Thus, colonies are often found in more humid microhabitats, and workers tend to forage inside the leaf-litter and at night, or even build covered trails (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greenslade, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="195 - 212" title="Comparative ecology of four tropical ant species." url="10.1007/BF02226626" volume="19" year="1972">Greenslade 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, personal observations). However, some studies reported that on smaller islands or after successful introduction in a new area,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
expanded its range and invaded into the forest interiors where it attacked and displaced other introduced and natively occurring ant species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burwell, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Conservation" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="777 - 789" title="Invasive African big-headed ants, Pheidolemegacephala, on coral cays of the southern Great Barrier Reef: distribution and impacts on other ants." url="10.1007/s10841-012-9463-6" volume="16" year="2012">Burwell et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Conservation Biology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="250 - 255" title="The Big-headed Ant Pheidolemegacephala: A new threat to monsoonal northwestern Australia." volume="4" year="1998">Hoffmann 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a citrus orchard in Tanzania for example,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
was able to partly displace highly territorial and competitive
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oecophylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oecophylla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oecophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
weaver ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seguni, ZSK" journalOrPublisher="Crop Protection" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="713 - 717" title="The effect of ground vegetation management on competition between the ants Oecophyllalonginoda and Pheidolemegacephala and implications for conservation biological control." url="10.1016/j.cropro.2011.01.006" volume="30" year="2011">Seguni et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an especially common and abundant nuisance and pest on islands, which are generally more strongly impacted by invasions of alien species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">Part</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the success of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a pantropic pest species is its generalist behavior. Like many other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
species its diet is broadly omnivorous with a large proportion of its food probably acquired by scavenging on the ground.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a good predator with an efficient nest mate recruitment that enables the species to dominate baits and to retrieve prey too large for single workers to carry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dejean, A" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Biologies" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="631 - 635" title="The raiding success of Pheidolemegacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges." url="10.1016/j.crvi.2008.05.004" volume="331" year="2008">Dejean et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dejean, A" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Biologies" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="701 - 709" title="The predatory behavior of Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.1016/j.crvi.2007.06.005" volume="330" year="2007">Dejean et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Devastating effects on the abundance and diversity of native invertebrates, in northern Australia for example, are well documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Conservation Biology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="250 - 255" title="The Big-headed Ant Pheidolemegacephala: A new threat to monsoonal northwestern Australia." volume="4" year="1998">Hoffmann 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia (Berlin)" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="595 - 604" title="Impact of an introduced ant on native rain forest invertebrates: Pheidolemegacephala in monsoonal Australia." url="10.1007/pl00008824" volume="120" year="1999">Hoffmann et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Biological Invasions" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1171 - 1181" title="An invasion revisited: the African big-headed ant (Pheidolemegacephala) in northern Australia." url="10.1007/s10530-007-9194-x" volume="10" year="2008">Hoffmann and Parr 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been documented to negatively impact agricultural systems. Workers tend plant and crop-damaging scale insects for honeydew (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Campbell, CAM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="313 - 318" title="Homoptera associated with the ants Crematogasterclariventris, Pheidolemegacephala and Tetramoriumaculeatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa in Ghana." url="10.1017/S0007485300032429" volume="84" year="1994">Campbell 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gaigher, R" journalOrPublisher="Biological Invasions" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1717 - 1721" title="Impact of a mutualism between an invasive ant and honeydew-producing insects on a functionally important tree on a tropical island." url="10.1007/s10530-010-9934-1" volume="13" year="2011">Gaigher et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gonzalez Hernandez, H" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="145 - 152" title="Impact of Pheidolemegacephala (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the biological control of Dysmicoccusbrevipes (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)." url="10.1006/bcon.1999.0714" volume="15" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="González">Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hernández">Hernandez</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greenslade, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="195 - 212" title="Comparative ecology of four tropical ant species." url="10.1007/BF02226626" volume="19" year="1972">Greenslade 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Petty, G" journalOrPublisher="Acta horticulturae" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="387 - 395" title="Ant (Pheidolemegacephala F.) - mealybug (Dysmicoccusbrevipes Ckll.) relationships in pineapples in South Africa." url="10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.334.41" volume="334" year="1993">Petty and Tustin 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Entomology" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="483 - 488" title="Interference of Pheidolemegacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with biological control of Coccusviridis (Homoptera: Coccidae) in coffee." url="10.1093/ee/22.2.483" volume="22" year="1993">Reimer et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), protect plants with extrafloral nectaries from phytophagous insects and possibly collect seeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Conservation Biology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="250 - 255" title="The Big-headed Ant Pheidolemegacephala: A new threat to monsoonal northwestern Australia." volume="4" year="1998">Hoffmann 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A recent study experimentally evaluating the performance in interference competition found that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranked lowest among seven of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="world’s">world's</normalizedToken>
|
||
worst most destructive invasive ant species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bertelsmeier, C" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" title="Biological Invasions" url="10.1007/s10530-015-0892-5" year="2015">Bertelsmeier et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The authors, citing
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dejean, A" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Biologies" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="631 - 635" title="The raiding success of Pheidolemegacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges." url="10.1016/j.crvi.2008.05.004" volume="331" year="2008">Dejean et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not dominate invaded ant communities through direct physical interactions (interference competition) but by raiding their colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Nesting sites are variable and can occur in any crack and crevice that is large enough for them to enter, including soil, inside rotting logs, under rocks, in houses or in tree bark. As in several other invasive ant species, colonies are polygynous, and dependently founded via budding, with nests in large areas often forming supercolonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Conservation Biology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="250 - 255" title="The Big-headed Ant Pheidolemegacephala: A new threat to monsoonal northwestern Australia." volume="4" year="1998">Hoffmann 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that aggressively fight other ants or outcompete them by depleting their prey and other resources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dejean, A" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Biologies" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="631 - 635" title="The raiding success of Pheidolemegacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges." url="10.1016/j.crvi.2008.05.004" volume="331" year="2008">Dejean et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fournier, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="186 - 199" title="Genetics, behaviour and chemical recognition of the invading ant Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04018.x" volume="18" year="2009">Fournier et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, BD" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia (Berlin)" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="595 - 604" title="Impact of an introduced ant on native rain forest invertebrates: Pheidolemegacephala in monsoonal Australia." url="10.1007/pl00008824" volume="120" year="1999">Hoffmann et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vanderwoude, C" journalOrPublisher="Austral Ecology" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="253 - 259" title="Response of an open-forest ant community to invasion by the introduced ant, Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01021.x" volume="25" year="2000">Vanderwoude et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a cosmopolitan species that has established across the globe as a household and agricultural pest throughout the tropics.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="51 - 62" title="Worldwide spread of the African big-headed ant, Pheidolemegacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="17" year="2012">Wetterer (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a detailed review of the worldwide spread of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and cites
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wheeler’s">Wheeler's</normalizedToken>
|
||
statement (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1005 - 1055" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region." volume="45" year="1922 a">Wheeler 1922a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that it is most likely of Afrotropical or Malagasy origin, the only two regions with a diversity of related species ("subspecies and varieties"). Theoretically it is possible that a common ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Malagasy endemics
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="punctulata" subspecies="spinosa">Pheidole punctulata spinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megatron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megatron">Pheidole megatron</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole decepticon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decepticon">Pheidole decepticon</taxonomicName>
|
||
arrived on the islands in prehistoric times, diversified there, and that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
was later transported to all other regions including Africa only after the arrival of humans. But the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Madagascar strongly resembles the distributions of other invasive species on the island - e.g. those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monomorium floricola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floricola">Monomorium floricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monomorium pharaonis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pharaonis">Monomorium pharaonis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tapinoma melanocephalum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">Tapinoma melanocephalum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Technomyrmex albipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">Technomyrmex albipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomyrmex destructor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">Trichomyrmex destructor</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctulata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="punctulata" subspecies="spinosa">Pheidole punctulata spinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
has established a broad distribution range across the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="island’s">island's</normalizedToken>
|
||
variable habitats and elevations,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like the other invasives, is found mostly along the coast, in low elevation and disturbed habitats or near human settlements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Similar to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wheeler’s">Wheeler's</normalizedToken>
|
||
observation, our argument for the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“out-of-Africa”">"out-of-Africa"</normalizedToken>
|
||
hypothesis is an overall much higher complexity in different morphotypes and species-level diversity in African
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
group taxa and the presence of both, very closely, but also
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">more</pageBreakToken>
|
||
distantly related taxa (e.g
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole aurivillii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurivillii">Pheidole aurivillii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr). For these reasons and for the purposes of this study, we consider all records from Africa to represent the native range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, a further resolution will require a comprehensive phylogeographic study of the species and its allied taxa, especially from the poorly studied and sampled African region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
recorded from the southwestern extent of the Arabian Peninsula are treated as native as this region is commonly considered as belonging to the Afrotropics. However, recent studies on generic distributions of global ant diversity that find little support for including any portion of the Arabian Peninsula in the Afrotropics (unpublished data). Until robust phylogeographic data is available for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this decision must be considered tentative and open to future revision.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
We do agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="51 - 62" title="Worldwide spread of the African big-headed ant, Pheidolemegacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="17" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wetterer’s">Wetterer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conclusions that records of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mediterranean Europe northward are either temporary indoor records or misidentifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Outside of Africa, the Malagasy region and the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(western Palearctic),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily recognized as it does not co-occur with species of similar morphology. We therefore consider all records reviewed from outside the aforementioned regions as confirmed unless otherwise stated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="dubious records">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Dubious records.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
The following records are considered dubious mostly because there is reason to believe they represent misidentifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, it is possible that some of the following literature records were based on accurate identifications, but that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
was since extirpated from the referenced localities. This latter possibility is plausible especially for the Mediterranean region where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Linepithema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linepithema humile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humile">Linepithema humile</taxonomicName>
|
||
has established a stronghold. For example, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heer, O" journalOrPublisher="Zuercherische Jugend, Naturforschende Gesellschaft" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 24" title="Ueber die Haus-Ameise Madeiras." volume="54" year="1852">Heer 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Oecophthora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oecophthora pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Oecophthora pusilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as ubiquitous on the island of Madeira, "In the town of Funchal there is probably not a single house that does not harbor millions of the tiny creatures
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="…”">..."</normalizedToken>
|
||
Less than a century later Wheeler (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="93 - 120" title="The ants of the Canary Islands." url="10.2307/25130107" volume="62" year="1927 b">Wheeler 1927b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported, "Now it is an interesting fact that the Argentine ant, soon after its arrival in Madeira, completely replaced the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a house ant." Similar instances of well-established populations of introduced ant species becoming locally extirpated have been documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Science" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" title="Ants of the Florida keys: species accounts, biogeography, and conservation (hymenoptera: formicidae)." url="10.1093/jisesa/ieu157" volume="14" year="2014">Moreau et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecologische Nachrichten" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="219 - 224" title="The vanished plague ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of 19 th century Bermuda." volume="8" year="2006">Wetterer 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Algeria: The material referred to by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andre, E" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie A. Lahure, Paris" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" title="Les fourmis" year="1883">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1883)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by that author from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
only by the difference in size of the propodeal spine, and was otherwise observed to be identical. Considering the other characters separating these two species discussed earlier, we tentatively consider this record to be a misidentification of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Croatia: The material listed from this country (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Petrov, IZ" journalOrPublisher="Arhiv Bioloskih Nauka" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="79 - 91" title="Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia." volume="44" year="1992">Petrov and Collingwood 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Petrov, IZ" journalOrPublisher="Arhiv Bioloskih Nauka" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="31 - 32" title="Contribution to the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Greece." volume="48" year="1996">Petrov and Legakis 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is considered to refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bracko, G" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="131 - 156" title="Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." volume="14" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bračko">Bracko</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Egypt: Egypt is the type locality of the nomen oblitum
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica edax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edax">Formica edax</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="159 - 167" title="Note sinonimiche sulle formiche." volume="23" year="1892">Emery (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="edax" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="edax">edax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is undoubtedly a small
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and possibly refers to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dalla Torre, KWv" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="89 - 93" title="Hymenopterologische Notizen." volume="11" year="1892">Dalla Torre (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was also uncertain as to which species (or even genus) the name
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="edax" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="edax">edax</taxonomicName>
|
||
referred to. Given the uncertainty of these two authors, the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Egypt and the unconfirmed single literature record of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bakr, RFA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference of the Entomological Society of Egypt" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="205 - 233" title="Myrmecophile insects associated with some ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Egypt." volume="2" year="2007">Bakr et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it is difficult to know when
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first reported from Egypt. France:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bignell, GC" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists' Monthly Magazine" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" title="Corsican Ants, etc." volume="37" year="1901">Bignell (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the ant species listed in his study of Corsica were
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">identified</pageBreakToken>
|
||
by Saunders, who is known to have confused
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not listed in the publication, we consider the record to either be a misidentification of that species or from an extirpated population. Greece: The only primary references to an outdoor occurrence we could confirm are
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood, CA" journalOrPublisher="Biologia Gallo-Hellenica" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="191 - 197" title="A comparative study of the ant fauna of five Greek islands." volume="20" year="1993">Collingwood (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Borowiec, L" journalOrPublisher="Zenodo" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="335 - 401" title="Ants of Greece - additions and corrections (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="24" year="2012">Borowiec and Salata (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The former authors reported
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found only once during their study of five Greek islands on the threshold of a small hotel in Pigadhia on Karpathos. The second study reported finding the species on a road in Crete. The record from Macedonia in (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Karaman, MG" journalOrPublisher="North-Western Journal of Zoology" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="26 - 34" title="Zoogeography, diversity and altitudinal distribution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Mediterranean and the oro-Mediterranean parts of Montenegro." volume="7" year="2011">Karaman 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is from material identified by Petrov. We tentatively follow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bracko, G" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="131 - 156" title="Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." volume="14" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bračko">Bracko</normalizedToken>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as treating this as a misidentification of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Italy: Piedmont is the type locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica trinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinodis">Myrmica trinodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Losana which was synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Roger in 1863. Losana also lists a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Messor megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Messor megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
Latrielle in the same publication. Latrielle never described any species by the name
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however. Losana might have instead been referring to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Messor megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Messor megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
Leech (=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Messor barbarous" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarous">Messor barbarous</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr). Regardless, the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica trinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinodis">Myrmica trinodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
states that the species was collected from outdoor gardens. There is some reason to suspect this name might refer instead to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the only verifiable occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="megacephala" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="megacephala">megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Italy since are for specimens collected from plant nurseries, greenhouses and cargo hangars used for holding imported plants, fruits and vegetables (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jucker, C" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="99 - 107" title="Exotic ant records from Italy (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." volume="40" year="2008">Jucker et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Limonta, L" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="287 - 289" title="Record of Pheidolemegacephala (F.), Pheidolenodus Smith and Tetramoriumbicarinatum Nylander (HymenopteraFormicidae), tropical species, in nursery imported plants." volume="35" year="2003">Limonta and Colombo 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Morocco:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saunders, E" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists' Monthly Magazine" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" title="On a Collection of Ants from Gibraltar and Tangier." volume="25" year="1888">Saunders (1888)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
appears to be the only primary reference for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in Morocco, but it is likely that the author was referring to misidentified material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="51 - 62" title="Worldwide spread of the African big-headed ant, Pheidolemegacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="17" year="2012">Wetterer 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This view is further evidenced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cagniant, H" journalOrPublisher="Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="89 - 93" title="Liste des especes de fourmis du Maroc." volume="8" year="1993">Cagniant and Espadaler (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who were unable to find the species in their survey. Spain: We consider the following records from the Balearic Islands and Gibraltar to refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pallidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidula">Pheidole pallidula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saunders, E" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists' Monthly Magazine" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" title="On a Collection of Ants from Gibraltar and Tangier." volume="25" year="1888">Saunders 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saunders, E" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="591 - 666" title="XXII. HymenopteraAculeata from Majorca (1901) and Spain (1901 - 2)." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.1904.tb02756.x" volume="52" year="1904">Saunders 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walker, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists' Monthly Magazine" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="374 - 378" title="Notes on ants' - nest beetles at Gibraltar and Tangier; with especial reference to the Histeridae." volume="25" year="1889">Walker 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). USA: The specimens reported in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Arizona were from a quarantine collection intercepted from Florida, and there is no reason to believe the species has ever established in Arizona.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="51 - 62" title="Worldwide spread of the African big-headed ant, Pheidolemegacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="17" year="2012">Wetterer (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited a specimen record of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Catalina Island (California). If the identification proves accurate, it is the only known record from that island and the population has since been extirpated (perhaps by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Linepithema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linepithema humile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humile">Linepithema humile</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, a population (CASENT0248690) has been discovered recently in southern California (Orange Co.). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed in the Missouri Ants web page (2015), we cannot verify the entry with any specimen or literature record.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Risk statement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known as a major agricultural and ecological pest species (Williams 1994) and its widespread pantropic distribution and often very close association with humans make it a high-risk invasive species with a serious potential for ecological, agricultural and economic damage. In
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, DF" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="601 - 609" title="The diversity and origin of exotic ants arriving in New Zealand via human-mediated dispersal." url="10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00270.x" volume="12" year="2006">Ward et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
it has been the most intercepted exotic ant species (890 out of 4355 interception records between 1955 and 2005) arriving with trade products in New Zealand. Many aspects of its biology indicate that it is highly adaptable and thus able to survive outside of its preferred habitat, by finding suitable microhabitats for nesting and by killing or outcompeting native species. Although mutualistic relationships with scale insects and other crop pests are dominant in agricultural systems with introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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, positive side-effects on plant fitness have been observed as well (Bach 1991).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |