583 lines
65 KiB
XML
583 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="69A69E403C35FBAE92AC8DEB5F68881A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.198286" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fa329812-c9a0-4462-982a-d47e4932b53d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="198286" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460292102733" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Landolt, Peter J., Sierra, José Monzón, Unruh, Thomas R. & Zack, Richard S." docDate="2010" docId="5E79879BFFE9C96BC2F28A2D94BD5B8E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02629p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2629" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Vespula akrei Landolt, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="A240FFE3FFE8C96FC2658850900F5E0C" masterDocTitle="A new species of Ve s p u l a, and first record of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Guatemala, Central America" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1698251616320" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="FF3DB7020B2BCB621B85A5E59C613C64" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="11683BA43D9A2D726329F0A22B1FB3C6">
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<mods:title id="815757FD9A7E4CA9D8213FF6FD850E3F">A new species of Ve s p u l a, and first record of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Guatemala, Central America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A95E6F32D709CA66A0A03458606B7A2F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3BC1F74B6720E63FC925355F289B305B">Landolt, Peter J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C3EFC344F9A54E2B3B263148A361A4CD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="4BF735A3A8146004CF322F37EAD87CB5">
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<mods:roleTerm id="27D35E111A392FC962847DB0AD4FA88B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F76667B726058F3909317A9B755F6FCF">Sierra, José Monzón</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="28E58F5ACAD5F8A0009DF76235947259" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="179AB28B7045121A380165027C4F15B3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D75084689416E3AC6B65827329E99000">Unruh, Thomas R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CAE9BAF32DD93C3CD0B70687239B4BFD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="975B73F5CE9EB261DF65DFC676AE51BE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2BD7AF19806AF0209FE4EDEEC45A44ED">Zack, Richard S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="676C69FCA2023056CF12F3FAE7A0C67A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="F246352D10F1B8DE9A77BB54D8EC8036">
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<mods:title id="187649EA56B45CB41D4C914481E3AE73">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4DC61EE6F0623E9141EB5B9207A883A2">
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<mods:date id="4528EC94C8C2C289C065107C44799580">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="58DF5AFAD65D902ACADB6C932B6991DB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2EAD823226ABD1424F31D9D332D39C8E">2629</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="FA1DDA5EC2E17837CA7E03247680C1EE">61</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="7DD4EC50A877127C8998150BDB9D1C9A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4C6DE00F0DB2EA974698D7B55FE9B6BE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.198286</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="625E976FCC2D91993BE8FAB595C466C5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="97F87080BE145812416E1866A2E7CF96" type="Zenodo-Dep">198286</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5E79879BFFE9C96BC2F28A2D94BD5B8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6197498" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119398901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6197498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E79879BFFE9C96BC2F28A2D94BD5B8E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E79879BFFE9C96BC2F28A2D94BD5B8E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="9ECA6506FFE9C96EC2F28A2D91775CB6" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D66F368DFFE9C96EC2F28A2D92055C9B" blockId="1.[151,522,637,698]" box="[151,522,637,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="8D2781E1FFE9C96EC2F28A2D92055C9B" bold="true" box="[151,522,637,663]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
|
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<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC2F28A2D92055C9B" bold="true" box="[151,522,637,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC2F28A2D91AA5C9B" authority="Landolt" authorityName="Landolt" box="[151,421,637,663]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC2F28A2D91355C9B" bold="true" box="[151,314,637,663]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
Landolt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FF9757E4FFE9C96EC3C98A2D92055C9B" box="[428,522,637,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
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</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFE9C96EC2F28AF091775CB6" blockId="1.[151,522,637,698]" box="[151,376,672,698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="4EEB2A08FFE9C96EC2FA8AF090E35CB6" box="[159,236,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[289,1296,966,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[279,1308,943,1882]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Vespula akrei sp. nov. A. gastral coloration, dorsal view, B. frontal view of head, C. dorsal view of head, and D. lateral view of head." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198287/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, C, D)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9ECA6506FFE9C96EC2F28ABA955C5A93" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFE9C96EC2F28ABA955C5A93" blockId="1.[151,1437,746,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC2F28ABA91175D08" bold="true" box="[151,280,746,772]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC3458ABA91CF5D0F" box="[288,448,746,771]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC3458ABA91CF5D0F" box="[288,448,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC1628ABA93945D0F" box="[775,923,746,771]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC1628ABA93945D0F" box="[775,923,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. squamosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only other currently known species of
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC2F28B4090FC5D25" box="[151,243,784,809]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Vespu la</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFE9C96EC37B8B4091AA5D26" box="[286,421,784,810]" name="Guatemala" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, by the all black mesonotum, all black antennae, absence of an orange tinge to the yellow of the gaster, black forecoxae, and differing gastral pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4EEB2A08FFE9C96EC66B8B6594575D43" box="[1038,1112,821,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[289,1296,966,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[279,1308,943,1882]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Vespula akrei sp. nov. A. gastral coloration, dorsal view, B. frontal view of head, C. dorsal view of head, and D. lateral view of head." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198287/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC6F58B65954F5D42" box="[1168,1344,821,846]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC6F58B65954F5D42" box="[1168,1344,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC3E58B0A92255D7F" box="[384,554,858,883]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC3E58B0A92255D7F" box="[384,554,858,883]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is genetically close, generally by the oval to oblong yellow marks within the black band of the first gastral tergum, and by the all black forecoxae, all black sixth gastral sternum and tergum, and relatively heavy black margin of the clypeal apex. There is much variation in the coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC2D38B9A91515DEF" box="[182,350,970,995]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC2D38B9A91515DEF" box="[182,350,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including a coloration pattern on the first gastral tergum like that of
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC6E38B9A94D55DEF" box="[1158,1242,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFE9C96EC6888B9A90D95A06" author="Jacobson" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Jacobson, R. S., Matthews, R. W. & MacDonald, J. F. (1978) A systematic study of the Vespula vulgaris group with a description of a new yellowjacket species in eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 71, 299 - 312," type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Jacobson
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC7078B9A95935DEF" box="[1378,1436,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gastral terga 2 to 5 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC3908BA092915A05" box="[501,670,1008,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC3908BA092915A05" box="[501,670,1008,1033]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also possess lateral black spots that are partially enclosed within the anterior black band of each tergum (figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFE9C96EC0918C4593E45A23" author="Jacobson" box="[756,1003,1045,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Jacobson, R. S., Matthews, R. W. & MacDonald, J. F. (1978) A systematic study of the Vespula vulgaris group with a description of a new yellowjacket species in eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 71, 299 - 312," type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Jacobson
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC10D8C4593AB5A22" box="[872,932,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such lateral black spots are mostly absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC3628C6A91545A5F" box="[263,347,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC3088C6A92045A5F" box="[365,523,1082,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC3088C6A92045A5F" box="[365,523,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFE9C96EC12F8C6A93E15A5F" box="[842,1006,1082,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC12F8C6A93E15A5F" box="[842,1006,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">V. inexpectata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the yellow spots within the black band on gastral tergum 1, by the absence of lateral black spots partially enclosed within the black bands of gastral terga 2 to 5, the complete yellow genal band, and the ocular sinus completely filled with yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9ECA6506FFE9C96DC2A38CFA90B95D7B" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFE9C96EC2A38CFA90D85BE3" blockId="1.[151,1437,746,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFE9C96EC2A38CFA91515AC8" bold="true" box="[198,350,1194,1220]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker female: Head yellow and black. Vertex mostly black, with ocular sinus completely yellow and continuing downward along the inner margin of eye to clypeus. Gena yellow anteriorly from vertex to base of mandible and black along posterior margin. Carina of gena complete from vertex to base of mandible. Antenna black. Frons mostly yellow with medial black marking contiguous with black marking on clypeus, and vertical black stripe encompassing each antennal lobe. Clypeus yellow with a medial vertical black mark extending from near antennal base to 2/3 of distance to bottom or distal margin of clypeus. Lower clypeal margin heavily marked with black on the protruding apex. Oculo-malar space short, less than width of antennal scape, black. Mandible yellow. Vertex, frons, clypeus, gena, and mandible dorsally with long black hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFE9C96EC2A38DAA93485968" blockId="1.[151,1437,746,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Thorax mostly black with yellow markings. Pronotum black with yellow border along mesonotum. Mesonotum entirely black. Dorsal-most area of mesepisternum adjacent to posterior-most pronotal margin yellow. Fore wing tegula yellow posteriorly. Two elongate yellow markings on anterior of scutellum and two elongate yellow markings on anterior of metanotum.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFE9C96EC1668E3A93315888" box="[771,830,1642,1668]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wing tegula yellow. Fore coxa black to dark brown, femur yellow except black mark on dorsum of femoral base and black stripe anteriorly, tibia orange-yellow with light brown marking dorsally, tarsus orange-yellow. Mid coxa yellow, femur yellow except black marking on dorsum of femoral base, tibia yellow, tarsus orange-yellow.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFE9C96EC1848E8A941358F8" box="[993,1052,1754,1780]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
coxa black with yellow marking dorsally, femur yellow except ventral black area at base, tibia yellow-brown with longitudinal dark brown area dorsally, tarsus light orange-yellow. Thorax and femur with long black hairs. Propodeum black. Forewing length 6.4 ± 0.2 (? ± SE) mm, range 6.0 to
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFE9C96EC0EB8F1A92E75968" box="[654,744,1866,1892]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFE9C96DC2A38F2092CD5EF0" blockId="1.[151,1437,746,2004]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,887]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Gaster black and yellow, with segments 1 to 5 black proximally and yellow distally. Yellow tergal bands of segments 1 to 4 of roughly equal width. First tergum with two yellow oval spots on either side of midline of black band dorsally. Midline of dorsum of each black band of terga 1 to 5 with narrow posterior extension into the yellow band. Gastral sterna 2–5 with black spots extending posteriorly from each black band well into yellow band. For gastral sternum 2, this black spot is connected to the black band with an area of red-brown. Tergum 1 of gaster with long light brown hairs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEAC96DC2A3895892665FBB" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,887]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Queen: Coloration as in worker with the following exceptions. Pronotum posteriorly with yellow mark bordering yellow area of mesopleuron. Yellow areas of scutellum and metanotum expanded compared to workers, with metanotum yellow marks meeting at mid-line of dorsum, forming single transverse yellow band narrowed medially. Gastral tergum and sternum 6 black with yellow distally. Forewing length 8.2 ± 0.1 (mean ± SE) mm, range
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEAC96DC30389CD92055FBB" box="[358,522,413,439]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="7.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="8.1" valueMax="8.5" valueMin="7.7">7.7 to 8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEAC96DC2A3899290B95D7B" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,887]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Male: Coloration of vertex, gena and mandibles as in worker. Frons mostly yellow with black diamondshaped mark midway between antennal sockets. Clypeus yellow except for brown distal edge and black distal lateral extensions. Ocular malar space black, equal in length to width of antennal scape. Antennae black, except for small yellow spot distally on anterior of scape. Thorax black, as in worker. No yellow at posteriormost margin of the pronotum. Yellow on scutellum and metanotum reduced in comparison to worker and queen, with considerable black at mid-dorsum separating yellow markings. Gaster black and yellow, with each segment black anteriorly and yellow posteriorly. Yellow gastral bands of similar widths for segments 2– 6. Gastral tergum 7 black with two small round yellow spots. Unlike females, there are no yellow spots within black area of gastral tergum 1. First gaster tergum with numerous long light colored hairs. Broad lateral reddish colored area bordering black area of first gastral sternum, and less pronounced red coloration in the black areas of other gastral sterna, as well as the most lateral area of tergum 2. Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEAC96DC76C8B68956C5D5E" box="[1289,1379,824,850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="7.3">7.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="82AF6605FFEAC96DC2F28F23919D59A7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198287/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[289,1296,966,1856]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEAC96DC2F28F23919D59A7" blockId="2.[151,1436,1907,1963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEAC96DC2F28F2391175987" bold="true" box="[151,280,1907,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEAC96DC37B8F2491A25987" box="[286,429,1908,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEAC96DC37B8F2491A25987" box="[286,429,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEAC96DC3D68F2392075987" bold="true" box="[435,520,1907,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FF9757E4FFEAC96DC3D68F2392075987" box="[435,520,1907,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A. gastral coloration, dorsal view, B. frontal view of head, C. dorsal view of head, and D. lateral view of head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9ECA6506FFEBC96CC2A388C7957A5DBD" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A388C792D85F28" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A388C791725EBD" bold="true" box="[198,381,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC2A388C7910C5EBD" box="[198,259,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC3E388C891F85EBE" box="[390,503,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC05C88C892905EBE" box="[569,671,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
worker is labeled “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC1E388C8944C5EBE" box="[902,1091,152,178]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa,
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC6D088C8950E5EBE" box="[1205,1281,152,178]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
north of San Lorenzo,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC36C889091865ED6" box="[265,393,189,218]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="15.001905">N15 0 06.86</geoCoordinate>
|
||
'
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC3F1889092115ED6" box="[404,542,189,218]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-89.01134">W89 0 40.82</geoCoordinate>
|
||
',
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC04B889092835ED6" box="[558,652,192,218]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
. elev. Jose Monzon
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC119889094415ED6" box="[892,1102,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2008-04-14" valueMax="2008-04-20" valueMin="2008-04-14">14–20 April 2008</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC632889094FB5ED6" box="[1111,1268,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEBC96CC699889091395EF3" authority="Landolt 2010" authorityName="Landolt" authorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC699889095935ED5" box="[1276,1436,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
Landolt 2010
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[red label].” The
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC06888B592745EF3" box="[525,635,229,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is deposited in the entomological collection of the Universidad del Valle de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC298895A91705F28" box="[253,383,266,292]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC3EE895A92055F28" box="[395,522,266,292]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
City,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC035895A92DC5F28" box="[592,723,266,292]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2AB896092145D4D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC2AB8960914B5F46" box="[206,324,304,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
. Four workers, same data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC0FF8960930B5F46" box="[666,772,304,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount id="C0D6FD04FFEBC96CC175896093745F46" box="[784,891,304,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="worker">1 worker</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC1E28960944E5F46" box="[903,1089,304,330]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa, above San Lorenzo,
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC2F2890590FF5F63" box="[151,240,341,367]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
|
||
elev,
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC353890591B95F63" box="[310,438,341,367]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="1986-09">Sept. 1986</date>
|
||
, M. Sharkey;
|
||
<specimenCount id="C0D6FD04FFEBC96CC039890592C75F63" box="[604,712,341,367]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="worker">1 worker</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC0B1890593815F63" box="[724,910,341,367]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa Sierra de las Minas
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC685890595245F63" box="[1248,1323,341,367]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
N of San Lorenzo,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC368892D919D5F9B" box="[269,402,379,407]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="15.001905">N15 0 06.86</geoCoordinate>
|
||
'
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC3FB892D92235F9B" box="[414,556,379,407]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-89.01134">W89 0 40.82</geoCoordinate>
|
||
',
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC058892D92955F9B" box="[573,666,381,407]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
elev.,
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC088892D93A45F9B" box="[749,939,381,407]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2008-05-04" valueMax="2008-05-06" valueMin="2008-05-04">May 4–6, 2008</date>
|
||
, Peter J. Landolt, collector;
|
||
<specimenCount id="C0D6FD04FFEBC96CC76E892D95975F9B" box="[1291,1432,381,407]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="worker">28 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC2F289F6915B5FCC" box="[151,340,422,448]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa, Sierra de las Minas,
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC0A589F693115FCC" box="[704,798,422,448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2250.0">2250 m</quantity>
|
||
, San Lorenzo, Cerro Monos,
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC6E689F6955B5FCC" box="[1155,1364,422,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2010-05-19" valueMax="2010-05-21" valueMin="2010-05-19">19–21 May 2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC70589F695935FCC" box="[1376,1436,419,448]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="0.25">N0 15</geoCoordinate>
|
||
116'
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC2B4899E915C5FE4" box="[209,339,459,488]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-1.4947499">W0 89.685'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, J. Monzon, B. Sutton, G. Steck, and P. Skelley;
|
||
<specimenCount id="C0D6FD04FFEBC96CC1C3899E942D5FE4" box="[934,1058,462,488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="worker">4 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC64A899E94E25FE4" box="[1071,1261,462,488]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, El Progresso, Cerro Piñalon, Bosque pino,
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC39889A6926B5C1C" box="[509,612,502,528]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.219" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2219.0">2,219 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC01789A693485C1C" box="[626,839,502,528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2010-05-16" valueMax="2010-05-18" valueMin="2010-05-16">16–18 May 2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC13189A693C25C1C" box="[852,973,499,528]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="0.25121668">N0 15.073'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC1B189A694505C1C" box="[980,1119,499,528]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-1.4991333">W0 89.948'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, J. Monzon, B. Sutton, G. Steck, and P. Skelley; 3 queens,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC0708A4C92C05C3A" box="[533,719,540,566]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa Dept., ca
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC1CF8A4C93E85C3A" box="[938,999,540,566]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of San Lorenzo, ca
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC7758A4C95545C3A" box="[1296,1371,540,566]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
|
||
from CA-9 turn-off
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC3258A1491C15C52" box="[320,462,577,606]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="15.001933">N15 0 06.959</geoCoordinate>
|
||
'
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC3B28A1492615C52" box="[471,622,577,606]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-89.0113">W89 0 40.686</geoCoordinate>
|
||
',
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC0198A1493045C52" box="[636,779,580,606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2008-05-04">4 May 2008</date>
|
||
, 2130 m, R. S. Zack, P. J. Landolt, & J. Monzon, coll.;
|
||
<specimenCount id="C0D6FD04FFEBC96CC7E88A1490EE5C8F" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="queen">1 queen</specimenCount>
|
||
, same data as preceding except
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC0078A3992F85C8F" box="[610,759,617,643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2008-05-05">5 May 2008</date>
|
||
; 2 queens,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC11B8A3994355C8F" box="[894,1082,617,643]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa, Sierra de las Minas,
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC2F28AC290FC5CA0" box="[151,243,658,684]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2250.0">2250 m</quantity>
|
||
, San Lorenzo, Cerro Monos,
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC02A8AC293145CA0" box="[591,795,658,684]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="2010-05-19" valueMax="2010-05-21" valueMin="2010-05-19">19–21 May 2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC1428AC2936E5CA0" box="[807,865,654,684]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="0.25">N0 15</geoCoordinate>
|
||
116'
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3E4504AFFEBC96CC1C48AC294105CA0" box="[929,1055,654,684]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" precision="1" value="-1.4947499">W0 89.685'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, J. Monzon, B. Sutton, G. Steck, and P. Skelley,
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC3298AE791B15CDD" box="[332,446,695,721]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are deposited in the James Entomological Collection, Washington State University, the Universidad del Valle de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC0678A8C92845CFA" box="[514,651,732,758]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Smithsonian Institution, the American Museum of Natural History, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, the Royal Alberta Museum, and the collections of Peter J. Landolt and José Monzón Sierra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A38B1C957A5DBD" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A38B1C92245D6A" bold="true" box="[198,555,844,870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Other specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
One worker.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC0B88B1C93985D6A" box="[733,919,844,870]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa, Jones, Rio Colorado,
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC7448B1C957A5D6A" box="[1313,1397,844,870]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
, F. Garcia
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC28A8B2291735D80" box="[239,380,882,908]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="1996-03-23">23/III/1996</date>
|
||
. One male.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC0688B2292C55D80" box="[525,714,882,908]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Zacapa, Sierra de las Minas
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFEBC96CC64B8B2294BC5D80" box="[1070,1203,882,908]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" value="1987-05-16">16-V-1987</date>
|
||
. L. M. Giron. Both specimens are in the entomological collection of the Universidad del Valle de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC64C8BC794A45DBD" box="[1065,1195,919,945]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC6D28BC795395DBD" box="[1207,1334,919,945]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
City.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9ECA6506FFEBC96CC2A38BEC928C5890" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A38BEC91D85B40" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A38BEC925B5DDA" bold="true" box="[198,596,956,982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Distribution and habitat notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Nearctic:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC0B28BEC93555DDA" box="[727,858,956,982]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The species currently is known only from the Sierra de las Minas mountain range, Zacapa and El Progresso Departments within the Reserva de Biósfera de las Minas. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC32F8C5791725A2D" box="[330,381,1031,1057]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||
habitat is at an elevation near
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC0BB8C5793395A2D" box="[734,822,1031,1057]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
in a cloud forest with primarily broad leaf trees with some pines and a dense woody understory. The habitat at Cerro Piñalon is similar but with more extensive pine trees. The label localities for the two specimens collected previous to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC64F8C0294525A60" box="[1066,1117,1106,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series are the towns of San Lorenzo and Jones. San Lorenzo is at an elevation of
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC17F8C27937B5A9D" box="[794,884,1143,1169]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
but its surrounding habitat is open pine forest and grassland with little other vegetation. Jones is much lower in elevation, circa
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFEBC96CC6048CCC94BF5ABA" box="[1121,1200,1180,1206]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
, and is in a dry rain shadow of the mountain range, with the dominant vegetation comprised of short seasonally deciduous trees and shrubs. It is doubtful that the specimens were collected in these towns and the locality labels for these two specimens probably indicate the towns that are nearest to the collection sites, rather than the specific collection sites themselves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A38D0791A65BED" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Most of the workers of
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC3BB8D07923C5B7C" box="[478,563,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
were captured in a malaise-type interception trap suspended across small dirt roads. One worker was netted while it hovered in thick underbrush in a forested area along a road. Three queens collected in 2008 were on flowers of a single unidentified shrub, while queens collected in 2010 were in the interception trap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A38DBC9343580A" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" box="[198,844,1516,1542]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEBC96CC2A38DBC91915809" box="[198,414,1516,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A38DBC91915809" box="[198,414,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Vespula squamosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also present at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="096B882FFFEBC96CC0D18DBC92E8580A" box="[692,743,1516,1542]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A88E42928C5890" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A88E42912F5827" box="[205,288,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
currently is known only from a small area in Zacapa and adjacent El Progresso Departments, with the distribution at high elevations within the Sierra de las Minas mountain range, and within the Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de las Minas. The species may also occur at other moist, high elevation sites in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AEC7761DFFEBC96CC6958E0C9560587A" box="[1264,1391,1628,1654]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
but access to these areas generally is difficult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9ECA6506FFEBC96BC2A38EF794BD5B8E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A38EF793CC58EA" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A38EF7915C58CD" bold="true" box="[198,339,1703,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species epithet,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEBC96CC02B8EF7928658CC" box="[590,649,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC02B8EF7928658CC" box="[590,649,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">akrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is in honor of our (PJL & RSZ) late mentor and friend, Roger D. Akre, who added so much to our understanding of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC1048E9C93B658E9" box="[865,953,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Ves p ul a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFEBC96CC2A38EA1916C59CA" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC2A38EA192125907" bold="true" box="[198,541,1777,1803]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEBC96CC3178EA192195907" box="[370,534,1777,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC3178EA192195907" bold="true" box="[370,534,1777,1803]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Vespula akrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species is aligned with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEBC96CC1C18EA2942D5907" box="[932,1058,1778,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC1C18EA2942D5907" box="[932,1058,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">V. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFEBC96CC6B98EA295815900" author="Bequaert" box="[1244,1422,1778,1804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refString="Bequaert, J. (1930) On the generic and subgeneric divisions of Vespinae. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 2, 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="1930">Bequaert 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), based on the following key criteria indicated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFEBC96CC0B68F4793D6593D" authority="Bluthgen" authorityName="Bluthgen" box="[723,985,1815,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paravespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC0B68F479368593C" box="[723,871,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Paravespula</emphasis>
|
||
Blüthgen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFEBC96CC6638F4794BC593D" author="Archer" box="[1030,1203,1815,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refString="Archer, M. E. (1989 a) A key to world species of Vespinae (Hymenoptera): Part 1., keys, checklist, and distribution. Research Monograph of the College of Ripon and York, St. John. 2, 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="a">Archer (1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFEBC96CC6DA8F4794DF593D" author="Archer" box="[1215,1232,1815,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refString="Archer, M. E. (1989 b) A key to world species of Vespinae (Hymenoptera): Part 2. Figures. Research Monograph of the College of Ripon and York, St. John. 2, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFEBC96CC6B98F4794E4593D" author="Archer" box="[1244,1259,1815,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refString="Archer, M. E. (1989 c) The world distribution of the Euro-Asian species of Paravespula (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Entomologist Monthly Magazine, 134, 279 - 284." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="c">c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The occipital carina is complete along the posterior margin of the head from the vertex to the base of the mandible. The first gastral tergum possesses numerous long pale hairs. There are no longitudinal stripes on the mesoscutum and the antennae are completely black. We have no information on the colony cycle, colony size, or foraging habits of
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFEBC96CC3618FFC915759C9" box="[260,344,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFECC96BC2A388C891785C0E" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
DNA sequences also assist in the placement of
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC17A88C893755EBD" box="[799,890,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
within
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC18788C8944A5EBD" box="[994,1093,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC18788C8944E5EBD" box="[994,1089,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vespula</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A total of nine specimens, including one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC32F88ED91C35EDA" box="[330,460,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acadica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC32F88ED91C35EDA" box="[330,460,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. acadica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC07188ED92605EDA" box="[532,623,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
, one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC0DC88ED93575EDA" box="[697,856,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alascensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0DC88ED93575EDA" box="[697,856,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. alascensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC1FB88ED944B5EDA" box="[926,1092,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1FB88ED944B5EDA" box="[926,1092,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC6E988ED95305EDA" box="[1164,1343,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC6E988ED95305EDA" box="[1164,1343,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC7E388ED911D5EF7" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC7E388ED911D5EF7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. squamosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC3E888B2922F5EF7" box="[397,544,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Dolichovespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC3E888B2922F5EF7" box="[397,544,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">D. arenaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were used for sequencing of portions of two mtDNA genes. Following methods presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC3CE895892A35F2E" box="[427,684,264,290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Horton, D. R., Unruh, T. R., Lewis, T. M. & Thomsen-Archer, K. (2008) Morphology, genetics, and male mating success compared between Anthocoris musculus and Anthocoris antevolens (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 110, 960 - 977." type="journal article">
|
||
Horton
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC069895892435F2D" box="[524,588,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, DNA was extracted from three legs of each specimen with DNAeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). Target regions of the genes were amplified using universal primers for CO1 (C-J-1718, C-–2151) and cytB (CB-J-10933, CB-–11367) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC6CA890295805F60" author="Simon" box="[1199,1423,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. & Flook, P. (1994) Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 651 - 701." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Simon
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC76D890295495F67" box="[1288,1350,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Products were cleaned with exoSAP (USB Corp., Cleveland, OH) and sequenced using the same primers. Sequences were trimmed and aligned using CLUSTALW in Bioedit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC66089CD94845FBB" author="Hall" box="[1029,1163,413,439]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Hall, T. A. (1999) BioEdit: A user friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95 / 98 NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95 - 98." type="journal article" year="1999">Hall 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). DNA sequences are provided in Genbank as accessions
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C983AB6EFFECC96BC026899292C25FD0" box="[579,717,450,476]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/HM031092" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
HM
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFECC96BC016899292C25FD0" box="[627,717,450,476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="92-03-10">031092</date>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
-
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C983AB6EFFECC96BC0B1899293515FD0" box="[724,862,450,476]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/HM031100" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
HM
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFECC96BC161899293515FD0" box="[772,862,450,476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="00-03-11">031100</date>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
for 472 bp of CO1 and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C983AB6EFFECC96BC6E4899295045FD0" box="[1153,1291,450,476]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/HM031083" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
HM
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFECC96BC6D4899295045FD0" box="[1201,1291,450,476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="83-03-10">031083</date>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
-
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C983AB6EFFECC96BC776899295935FD0" box="[1299,1436,450,476]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/HM031091" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
HM
|
||
<date id="A26E104DFFECC96BC726899295935FD0" box="[1347,1436,450,476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="91-03-10">031091</date>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
for 433 bp of cytB.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D66F368DFFECC96BC2A38A5D94BD5B8E" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Phylogenetic hypotheses for the combined 905 bp of mtDNA sequence (CO1 and cvtB genes) were developed using a neighbor joining distance method with MEGA-4 (p distance; gamma distributed substitutions, k-0.07, 10,000 bootstrap replicates [Tamura
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1EF8A0893C35C7D" box="[906,972,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007]) and maximum parsimony as implemented in TNT (one technology sectarian search, find best tree 20 times, 34,540 trees examined, symmetric resampling p=33 and 10,000 replicates; [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC1748AF294185CB0" author="Goboloff" box="[785,1047,674,700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Goboloff, P. A., Farris, J. S. & Nixon, K. C. (2008) TNT, a free program of phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics, 24, 774 - 786." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Goboloff
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1E98AF293C55CB7" box="[908,970,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]). Data were also analyzed with PAUP4 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC29B8A9891BC5CEE" author="Swofford" box="[254,435,712,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Swofford, D. L. (2003) PAUP *. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA." type="book chapter" year="2003">Swofford 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and MrBayes 3.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC0FB8A98942E5CEE" author="Ronquist" box="[670,1057,712,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572 - 1574." type="journal article" year="2003">Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) testing gene-specific partitions and all base pair combinations. In all cases,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC0F98ABD93295D0A" box="[668,806,749,774]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Dolichovespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0F98ABD93295D0A" box="[668,806,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">D. arenaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was used to root the tree depicted and as an outgroup in parsimony analyses. The single phylogram presented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="4EEB2A08FFECC96BC1238B4293835D20" box="[838,908,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,261,960,984]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,468,929]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,455,939]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Neighbor joining tree for eight Vespula specimens and Dolichovespula arenaria as an outgroup. Abbreviations for the United States, state where the specimen was collected is shown after the species name; Guat = Guatemala. The top five are all members of the V. vulgaris species group and show the close relationship of V. a k re i to V. maculifrons. The bottom three are all members of the V. rufa species group. Trees were derived from 905 bp of mtDNA (472 bp from CO 1 and 433 bp of cytB). Numbers in bold above a branch are percent support by bootstrap / percent support by symmetric resampling for various clades, and numbers in italics below a branch are the number of substitutions / number of synaporphies along that branch. The tree was rooted on a specimen of Dolichovespula arenaria from Alaska. Tree topologies were qualitatively identical using four distinct phylogenetic algorithms (see text for methods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198289/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, with the shape of the tree (branch distances) defined by the NJ analysis shows the cladogram seen with all four methods of analysis. Statistics along branches of the tree were derived from NJ/TNT analyses. The number above the branch is the number of bp differences/number of synapomorphies. The number below the branch is the bootstrap support calculation/the symmetric sampling support calculation). The results show 100% support for the distinct clade for
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC7718BF895675DCD" box="[1300,1384,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
, for the
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC2A78B9D91185DEA" box="[194,279,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC33F8B9D920D5DEA" box="[346,514,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC33F8B9D920D5DEA" box="[346,514,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, and for the
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0B98B9D933E5DEA" box="[732,817,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC1118B9D94135DEA" box="[884,1052,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1118B9D94135DEA" box="[884,1052,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC6398B9D94FD5DEA" box="[1116,1266,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alascensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC6398B9D94FD5DEA" box="[1116,1266,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. alascensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, placing
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC2F28BA290E15A07" box="[151,238,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC3208BA291CA5A07" box="[325,453,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC3208BA291CA5A07" box="[325,453,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC0E58BA2937F5A07" box="[640,880,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0E58BA2937F5A07" box="[640,880,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Vespula maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC1C98BA2944A5A07" box="[940,1093,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alascensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1C98BA2944A5A07" box="[940,1093,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. alascensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC7258BA290F75A3D" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC7258BA290F75A3D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Vespula vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC3B88C4892535A3D" box="[477,604,1048,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC3B88C4892535A3D" box="[477,604,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC1728C4893C45A3E" author="Bequaert" box="[791,971,1048,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Bequaert, J. (1930) On the generic and subgeneric divisions of Vespinae. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 2, 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="1930">Bequaert 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC1BD8C48949C5A3E" author="Carpenter" box="[984,1171,1048,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1987) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Systematic Entomology, 12, 413 - 431." type="journal article" year="1987">Carpenter 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC6C58C4890D75A5B" author="Carpenter" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Carpenter, J. M. & Perrera, E. P. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships among yellowjackets and evolution of social parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespini). American Museum Novitates, 3507, 19 pp." type="book" year="2006">Carpenter and Perera 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC3978C6D927F5A5A" box="[498,624,1085,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acadica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC3978C6D927F5A5A" box="[498,624,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. acadica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC0CE8C6D93435A5A" box="[683,844,1085,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0CE8C6D93435A5A" box="[683,844,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC6458C6D94635A5A" box="[1056,1132,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC74B8C6D90D95A70" author="Bequaert" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Bequaert, J. (1930) On the generic and subgeneric divisions of Vespinae. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 2, 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="1930">Bequaert 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC2868C3291925A70" author="Carpenter" box="[227,413,1122,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1987) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Systematic Entomology, 12, 413 - 431." type="journal article" year="1987">Carpenter 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is also well supported. Addition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC1318C3393E85A70" box="[852,999,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1318C3393E85A70" box="[852,999,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. squamosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to this clade reduces support, and is not consistent with the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC0268CD892DB5AAD" box="[579,724,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0268CD892DB5AAD" box="[579,724,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. squamosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1418CD893625AAD" box="[804,877,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2414B7CFFECC96BC1AF8CD8949C5AAE" author="Carpenter" box="[970,1171,1160,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1987) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Systematic Entomology, 12, 413 - 431." type="journal article" year="1987">Carpenter (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC6888CD895715AAD" box="[1261,1406,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC6888CD895715AAD" box="[1261,1406,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. squamosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a separate sister group with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC38E8CFD92C85ACA" box="[491,711,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulphurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC38E8CFD92C85ACA" box="[491,711,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Vespula sulphurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(de Saussure). The differences seen between
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC68A8CFD95485ACA" box="[1263,1351,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC7E38CFD912D5AE0" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC7E38CFD912D5AE0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were 26 bp substitutions (
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFECC96BC0368C82929F5AE0" box="[595,656,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.842" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="23.0">23 in</quantity>
|
||
CO1 and
|
||
<quantity id="11289B68FFECC96BC1608C82933E5AE0" box="[773,817,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
cytB), 15-16 of which were synapomorphies, and no amino acid substitutions (data not shown). The CO1 473 bp sequence for
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC6718CA894635B1D" box="[1044,1132,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. a k re i</emphasis>
|
||
shows 23 bp differences (4.9%) from the most closely related species that we sequenced (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC1F88D4D94485B3A" box="[925,1095,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1F88D4D94485B3A" box="[925,1095,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and similar distances from sequences of five other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC3D68D1392525B50" box="[435,605,1347,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC3D68D1392525B50" box="[435,605,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. maculifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in genbank. This represents a significant gap, and is greater than that observed for CO1 differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC0078D3892D35B8D" box="[610,732,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acadica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC0078D3892D35B8D" box="[610,732,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. acadica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11D04D0EFFECC96BC1718D3893BF5B8D" box="[788,944,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4A4EA9FFFECC96BC1718D3893BF5B8D" box="[788,944,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">V. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.75%) for example.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |