651 lines
77 KiB
XML
651 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="14CC45ED3F66DFE06B3E8618E5DB4AB5" ID-CLB-Dataset="30175" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23368" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b4fb276-e9eb-48ba-b1fa-9ed62f58ce09" ID-PMC="PMC5943446" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-754-63" ID-PubMed="29755257" ID-ZooBank="71608A761D724692AA7FBFB0E352DC60" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-754-63" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 754" ModsDocTitle="Evaluating the genus Cespitularia MilneEdwards & Haime, 1850 with descriptions of new genera of the family Xeniidae (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea)" checkinTime="1525283132767" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benayahu, Yehuda, Ofwegen, Leen P. van & McFadden, Catherine S." docDate="2018" docId="5E6FD19A0298891C8523200F3DA09AF3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 754: 63-101" docOrigin="ZooKeys 754" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23368" docTitle="Conglomeratusclera coerulea May 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="FFFDEC6A4A50FFCD6D452A57305AFF8E" masterDocTitle="Evaluating the genus Cespitularia MilneEdwards & Haime, 1850 with descriptions of new genera of the family Xeniidae (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea)" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1701374863146" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B909A5507D11CE09A8441E25C90570C4">Evaluating the genus Cespitularia MilneEdwards & Haime, 1850 with descriptions of new genera of the family Xeniidae (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C21015711DC96764631D2536C0228216">Benayahu, Yehuda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70247CDC7BB5B12DD174A4924C9DC023">Ofwegen, Leen P. van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C3DE864CA6AA9819F108BCC336B131A8">McFadden, Catherine S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="CB452D71EC953F67BDCD1B9613B3FA72">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="78E16D171A73CF0CD5A9BBF6E87A63C9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23368</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5E6FD19A0298891C8523200F3DA09AF3" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143753921" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E6FD19A0298891C8523200F3DA09AF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E6FD19A0298891C8523200F3DA09AF3" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<subSubSection id="FE7CE861392142BA74D4B9F2BC0EAAC8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9DA60CF5ACFBD162620CA9F31ED93EFE" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="B3DD6C3F6B82C189FA7252EEB459D1F6" ID-CoL="XLKQ" authority="May, 1898" authorityName="May" authorityYear="1898" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea (May, 1898)</taxonomicName>
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Figures 1
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<normalizedToken id="E6F31BD865ADECC08C142F38EEB57DA5" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 2, 3, 4, 5
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<normalizedToken id="C74D873E7BC1BD7F50FD975D21AF9259" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="9F1D740D825424B20D6A918C2B781FED" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="BED094D66153688AFE45A50D7936A9F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="E83EC8B3F1E80B9E23FAF5AA0F100851" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Cespitularia coerulea</taxonomicName>
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May, 1898: 21;
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<bibRefCitation id="4716CF5D7E3066ED0898E8E05D61090C" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">May 1899</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 90, plate I, fig. 10;
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<bibRefCitation id="CC9A40E1992C91FD8188375FE5301528" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologisches Jahrbuech, Abteilung fuer systematic, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="635 - 662" title="Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien: I. Die Familie der Xeniiden." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19040" volume="15" year="1902">
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<normalizedToken id="D1DB7E2147E599D7E4DBDF02B017DF77" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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||
1902
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 659;
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<bibRefCitation id="966B68D15910350224C38A7681549B98" author="Thomson, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="393 - 443" title="The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, MA, B. Sc., FZS, in the Years 1901 and 1902. Alcyonaria." volume="76" year="1906">Thomson and Henderson 1906</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 414-415;
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<bibRefCitation id="FA834838644FE2C9DDD88EC0855408A1" author="Thomson, JA" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="165 - 211" title="Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner. Part II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia, and Stelechotokea." volume="13" year="1910">Thomson and Mackinnon 1910</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 173, plate 12, fig. 5;
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<bibRefCitation id="2F9389D92FCEFD67047CE43F3AFA322F" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Hickson 1931</bibRefCitation>
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: 162 (listed only);
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<bibRefCitation id="E8D8835A06575015C4F00EB4A607697A" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Thomson and Dean 1931</bibRefCitation>
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: 32-33;
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<bibRefCitation id="C45B0FFC15C207D3B55E5E00D00D71F5" author="Roxas, HA" journalOrPublisher="The Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="49 - 108" title="Philippine Alcyonaria. The families Cornulariidae and Xeniidae." volume="50" year="1933">Roxas 1933</bibRefCitation>
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: 106, plate 4, fig. 6;
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<bibRefCitation id="10A8D1EC56D167E5BD2CFBA3118E5A97" author="Malyutin, AN" journalOrPublisher="Atoll Research Bulletin" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 4" title="Octocorallia from the Seychelles Islands with some ecological observations." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.367.1" volume="367" year="1992">Malyutin 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 2 (listed only);
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<bibRefCitation id="AEFBA72864C1D727B3418A430D3E7676" author="Benayahu, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="27" pageNumber="90" pagination="548 - 560" title="Soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from southern Taiwan: II. Species diversity and distributional patterns." volume="43" year="2004">Benayahu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 551 (listed only).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="16E05EF5998C2331583E04545289F1B4" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="C043FCED03E5164C91A8C6C9DC3EBFC3" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia taeniata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="taeniata">Cespitularia taeniata</taxonomicName>
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May, 1899: 89-90;
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<bibRefCitation id="D6A980EADEFA401442BC6EBA595A6FA3" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologisches Jahrbuech, Abteilung fuer systematic, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="635 - 662" title="Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien: I. Die Familie der Xeniiden." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19040" volume="15" year="1902">
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||
<normalizedToken id="315DC089836AF06421732447446E9310" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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||
1902
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 659,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CAF45919F51A97D217CC859F06A8BF2A" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Hickson 1931</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 162;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="587881721F24459E3666259448115685" author="Utinomi, H" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="7 - 17" title="Some Xeniid Alcyonarians from Japan and Adjacent Localities." url="https://doi.org/10.5134/174440" volume="1" year="1950">Utinomi 1950</bibRefCitation>
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: 14-15, fig 3b, c; 1954: 102 (listed only);
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<bibRefCitation id="0C6495DDCAD4B1C2279225DD42CEF0DF" author="Thomson, JA" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="165 - 211" title="Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner. Part II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia, and Stelechotokea." volume="13" year="1910">Thomson and Mackinnon 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 172,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="B3807C1A08146E3CF631216CF80FDDB8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Thomson and Dean 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 33.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="ABE0E76B40987753A5C0362F194D4DC6" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="4A0C5ED2462D0C053725857ED5D1DE2B" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="169C92EACCB3BB49A059E29B566C9F04" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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Syntypes: ZANZIBAR: ZMH C 2518, Kokotoni, two colonies and two fragments, Tumbatu (southern reef), 24 July 1885, coll. Stuhlmann; ZMB Cni 3671, two colonies, 1885, coll. Sander; types of
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<taxonomicName id="E944104AA4D483215C1B5C3EDC691242" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia taeniata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="taeniata">Cespitularia taeniata</taxonomicName>
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; MOZAMBIQUE: ZMH C 2519, three colonies and three fragments, coll. Philippi, 1884.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FAA9789505E7AFECECF956CFA1D83ED4" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="49A8B1649CFF1D7122F6FA92059AA2B2" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Other material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AEE670F656C5812DBF66DCFC1507B3B2" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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JAPAN: ZMTAU Co 29285, Yonaguni Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, coll. Y. Benayahu, 13 November 1992, ten specimens; ZMTAU Co 29290, Nurugan, Yonaguni Is., Ryukyu Archipelago,
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<geoCoordinate id="6D5A5DF878F783E727D27A5CBABEC381" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="4.0833335">04°05'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="4E58416CE31D32DB092C2D65967D77F4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="122.95">122°57'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 23 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 11 November 1992, ZMTAU Co 31699, details as before, six specimens; ZMTAU CO 35129, West Point, Yonaguni Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, 11-22 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 4 July 2010, two specimens; ZMTAU CO 35130, details as before; ZMTAU Co 35131, details as before, four specimens ZMTAU Co 35132, Co 35134, Co 35138, Co 35139, details as before; ZMTAU Co 35142, West Point, Yonaguni Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, 16-22 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 5 July 2010, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 35153, details as before; KENYA: ZMTAU Co 31326, Nyali, off Mombasa, 10-16 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu & S. Perkol, 1 February 2001; ZMTAU Co 31635, Turning Bouya, Shelly Reef, off Likoni,
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<geoCoordinate id="A02D72272D0699F6835DD53046669215" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.0833335">04°05'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="BA7B15E1DB567BB486C2DE56E09665AC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="39.685">39°41.1'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 15-28 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 27 February 2002, two specimens; MADAGASCAR: ZMTAU Co 35982, Riva Be,
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<geoCoordinate id="7D4842497E7E67D003A846B077542911" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.985434">12°59.126'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="E3D3CA1C960773C29F436B10E610CEFA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.574215">48°34.453'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 8-10 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 27 November 2012, three specimens; ZMTAU Co 35990, Riva Be,
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<geoCoordinate id="44E9B6C504805510D0930019118D2899" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.9849">12°59.094'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="85A3BBA2A925FA804A482321D0480D0F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.577034">48°34.622'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 10-11 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 27 November 2012, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 35991, details as before, four specimens; ZMTAU Co 36013,
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<normalizedToken id="72AD6F0A3949205770D184B694CFE293" originalValue="Ankaréa">Ankarea</normalizedToken>
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,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="C3A32FCDF442010BD68AB02DF0098330" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.834233">12°50.054'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3BBA5B838B3EA1B409C749FA0DB12AA3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.57605">48°34.563'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 6-9 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 29 November 2012; ZMTAU Co 36055, Co 36063, 4
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<normalizedToken id="2C3E3EE96919E0142700AAE1D9CAB559" originalValue="Fréres">Freres</normalizedToken>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="720C261A515FF52D7169C1283438614C" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.99425">12°59.655'S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="E09E718F6A45AA4B2381C76577DEE213" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.487465">48°29.248'E</geoCoordinate>
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||
, 4-15 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 1 December 2012; ZMTAU Co 36101, Ronald Point, Nosy Be,
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<geoCoordinate id="B164B0A40B178C57D46D1BBF0292D9F6" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.392167">13°23.530'S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="48B584962F5E762DD7689CFF468DB078" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.002384">48°00.143'E</geoCoordinate>
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||
, 19-27 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 3 December 2012, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 36129, Ronald Point, Nosy Be,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="A5416F6186A18F33AF19EF184C1D005E" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.483867">13°29.032'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="DA6EE79F2FA7EF1D130BA0B34FAD7DC3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.978683">47°58.721'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 2-14 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 3 December 2012, two specimens; USNM 54000 Nosy Be; USNM 54003 Nosy Be; MOZAMBIQUE: ZMTAU Co 31296, Ilha Sete Paus,
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<geoCoordinate id="2A375AF7167505908F22FDC324F6C67B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-14.9762">14°58.572'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="836FEC2109FF628F2200FC35146E59D4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="40.789818">40°47.389'E</geoCoordinate>
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||
, 6 m depth, coll. M. Schleyer, 16 November 2000, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 31337, Ilha Caldeira,
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<geoCoordinate id="6985F97DDE8EBCC07F5BEFB327E134A0" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-16.639444">16°38'22"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="8AB8B93F31D55286DB4DF1791B47CE99" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="39.719444">39°43'10"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 4-16 m depth, coll. M. Schleyer, 2 June 2000, four specimens; TAIWAN: ZMTAU, Co 32988, Lomen
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<pageBreakToken id="312C0FBD4E7B66666EFBB9E955F02913" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" start="start">yan</pageBreakToken>
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||
, Green Is.,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="89BC7831A5BE02EB6398293D66CA7619" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.682222">22°40'56"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="BFD54802A6EEBB67CBD4643017004724" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="121.50166">121°30'06"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 3-25 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 12 July 2005; ZMTAU Co 33006, details as before, seven specimens, Co 33008, details as before; ZMTAU Co 33030, Dabaisha, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FC6A2A3413F2176F91A0A70E68583AC5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.640278">22°38'25"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="870404915A304EDEDDBBA8425ABE0BC4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="121.48444">121°29'04"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10-25 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 14 July 2005; ZMTAU Co 33036, Co 33043, 33045, Nanliao, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E8C6EC43DD7DD03527145F24B271EDAC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.66111">22°39'40"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="425B946EBF6E23ABFCD515441B0C5324" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="121.466385">121°27'59"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10-25 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 14 July 2005; ZMTAU Co 35693, Co 35699, Co 35708, Co 35709, Co 35712, Co 35714, Co 35716, Co 35717, (only molecular sample), Shihlang, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3355ED725B62F4109C57A6CC61C7409F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.657084">22°39.425'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="97FC41AE0C305A873812DEF6FBE5E860" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.47332">121°28.399'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 8-12 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 3 September 2012, ZMTAU Co 35692, details as before, three specimens; ZMTAU Co 35706, Co 35707, details as before, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 35725, Dabaisha, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A29A5CE4109FCA14147B1D984E608CCE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.638067">22°38.284'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15358B30A37D37F9DFDFB2BE6BBDE623" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.49095">121°29.457'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 14-25 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 4 September 2012; ZMTAU Co 35729, details as before, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 35731, details as before, three specimens; ZMTAU Co 35736, Co 35737, Dabaisha, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A0BD7C899C785DF0EA299D5D3D208864" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.638067">22°38.284'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AEB159E02EA5332F219C9A1C4B8C06BD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.49095">121°29.457'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11-15 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 4 September 2012; ZMTAU Co 35742, details as before, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 35747, Co 35748, Co 35750, Co 35753, Iron Artificial Reef, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1A3498D199BEF948F98BAF2A9E58D11F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.6425">22°38'33"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9D9C5AE7E30D79DA9FFAA22C63DA0941" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="121.47528">121°28'31"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 20-26 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 5 September 2012; ZMTAU
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="A3A4C543AE8F5392F0772F3561E7E293" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" start="start">Co</pageBreakToken>
|
||
35752, details as before, three specimens, ZMTAU Co 35756, Co 35758, Co 35760, Co 35763, Co 35765, Co 35774, Shihlang, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F96E656FEB195212273805415947CBEB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.657084">22°39.425'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="19D3FEEA74F66908886EC81726C4AB9C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.47332">121°28.399'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 7-10 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 5 September 2012; ZMTAU Co 35759, details as before, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 36232, Co 36235, Shihlang, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BF7E3F0BF456EDEBA41D7A1524AC597D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.654974">22°39'17.91"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="710A9E4637497AFEA596AA973F0BB9AF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.47401">121°28'26.41"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 6-11 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 26 August 2013; ZMTAU Co 36247, details as before, four specimens; ZMTAU Co 36255, Gueiwan, Green Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9C5D20040AE3A746E651441EC4BDFEA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.644722">22°38'41"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FAF84244E8602A12EEA780676C1BB16D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="121.47389">121°28'26"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10-18 m depth, coll. Y. Benayahu, 27 August 2013, two specimens; MAYOTTE: ZMTAU Co 37403, Glorioso Is.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="549AA617160FDAAE8F668F83C37C2947" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-11.581333">11°34.880'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6A7F9358ABD1488213D3D3C52B177BF0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.281033">47°16.862'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10-11.5 m depth, coll. M. Schleyer, 20 November 2016, two specimens; ZMTAU Co 37430, Saziley,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AF50F3D7568A94F9689EAB6E4AF973B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.985633">12°59.138'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FBD86C5AB1384D5387B482E9ACE0BB95" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="45.18245">45°10.947'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 3-4 m depth, coll. M. Schleyer, 26 June 2011; ZMTAU Co 37431, Station East Bouzi,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="731A034207F4F01ED1367ACB3DFB2BA0" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.812317">12°48.739'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FFBD92BD07FF162985B9857D99242F17" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="45.242382">45°14.543'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 5-10 m depth, coll. M. Schleyer, 24 June 2011; MAURITIUS: BMNH 1912.2.24.65; BMNH 1912.2.24.66; Cargados Carajos, 20-25 m depth; BMNH 1933.3.13.175, Cargados Carajos, 20-25 m depth, coll. J.A. Thomson; BMNH 1933.3.13.176, Cargados Carajos, 20-30 m depth, Percy Sladen Trust Expedition, coll. J.A. Thomson; BMNH 1933.5.3.301, Port East Africa, Sir J.A. Thomson Expedition, 11 November 1907; MALAYSIA:
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="347BAFA59C80C2E5E6ABCF239FF23C39" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" start="start">BMNH</pageBreakToken>
|
||
1985.4.17.20, NE Borneo, Sabah, Semporna, Pulau-Pulau Mantanani. AUSTRALIA: USNM 60795, Great Barrier Reef, Myrmidon Reef, Northern Reef,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E842548D79815450BFBB02C50AA3E617" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.0">17°00'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="438F13CD202B9E1D958BF7181E62A9A8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="146.0">146°00'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
Queensland, 1982; INDONESIA: RMNH Coel 42158, SW
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="940E76D24E16387078FC6B46A0293FEE" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" start="start">Sulawesi</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, Spermonde Archipelago, west of Lumu-Lumu Is.; RMNH Coel 42159, N Sulawesi, Bunaken park, ESE Siladen Is.; RMNH Coel 42161, Snellius II Exp. Station 4.139, NE Taka Bone Rate (Tiger Is.), S. of Tarupa Kecil, edge of reef flat,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5145D1DCBFBBF7DF473950B1F9A6F6A9" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-6.5">06°30'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D688C6E77824299F0B7CE6BDCEF8200A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="121.13333">121°08'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SCUBA, snorkeling on sea grass bed, 30 m depth, 25-26 September, 13 and 17 October 1984; RMNH Coel 42162, N. Sulawesi, Selat Lembeh, Pulau Lembeh, N of Pulau Burung,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8444CAFBCE774FE4208CDFA16144455A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="1.4833333">01°29'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ABDC74B4F77D674905ED6B4DCB2C4AAA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="125.25">125°15'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; sandy bay merging to the north in stony boulders beach, stony and soft corals, SCUBA, 22 October 1994, 2-25 m depth, coll. L.P. van Ofwegen; RMNH Coel 42163 N. Sulawesi, Selat Lembeh, Pulau Lembeh, Air Bajo, near Kereko, Nusu Dua; SUL 13,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C7547A7C38FE2FF00435FEA6FF8DCEC6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="1.4833333">01°29'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="99EA236176C505BC67BC7D06B8375CBD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="125.25">125°15'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; sandy bay between rocks, N-exposed, gently sloping bottom with large boulders, snorkeling 5 m depth, 21 October 1994, coll. J.C. Den Hartog; RMNH Coel 42165, Buginesia Prog. UNHAS-NNM, SW Sulawesi. Spermonde Archipelago N of Kudingareg Keke (=14 km WNW of Makassar),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE27D47740538A6B1347FCCAC7E355BF" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.1">5°06'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="366107DBF4493E7A4FA813FC044D5053" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="119.28333">119°17'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SCUBA, 5-25 m depth, 1994 Sul. KK SW, 14 October 1994, coll. B.W. Hoeksema; RMNH Coel 42166, Buginesia Prog. UNHAS-NNM, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago N of Langkai Is. (=37 km WNW of Makassar),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="94B53A3ECE8165E8FD4CDA0A3D8EE9DE" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.0333333">5°02'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0F6E9C09F5E3D5C08CC30B93F7A74779" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="119.083336">119°05'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, coral reef, SCUBA, 24 June 1994, coll. B.W. Hoeksema; RMNH Coel 42167, Buginesia Prog. UNHAS-NNM, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago N of Langkai Is. (=37 km WNW of Makassar),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F6E89319DEE387826335FD4EDB3DC325" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.0333333">5°02'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C1E35A0497C10F5D8FD44AF8128F824B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="119.083336">119°05'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, coral reef, SCUBA, 24 June 1994, coll. B.W. Hoeksema; RMNH Coel 42170, Buginesia Prog. UNHAS-NNM, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, N of Kudingareng Keke (=14 km WNW of Makassar),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E5474A01D36E5237F73C6F670797F295" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.0">5°0'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6C639C54C832189259C7B29E38696A16" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="119.28333">119°17'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SCUBA, 1994 Sul. KK SW, 5 September 1994, coll. B.W. Hoeksema; PHILIPPINES: RMNH Coel 42160, Cebu strait Expedition, Station CEB. 13.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DBD3C58D4653DBF8AD3073EB4CDB0C1" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="34CA8C5C5D8F1CF5F80514D0C5162389" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="99F42176422719FDD9939D03B86D7267" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" start="start">Notes</pageBreakToken>
|
||
to previous description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EED57644BD5ECB7A35B64837F2C8AFCE" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8CD0F2F9739FDCE442A5ADC176B6A3D1" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD60629DCF08C60702B60539599A96E1" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">May (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to a colony from Kokotoni, Zanzibar. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13BC611C887A18A131C0A521552516E1" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">May (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeated the description, referring to colonies collected from that location in 1889 by Stuhlmann and from Zanzibar in 1885 by Sander, deposited in Hamburg and Berlin museums, respectively. During a visit by the senior author to ZMH two colonies were found labeled as the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD926CBC79A564D960C14BF852AEBF42" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both collected in Kokotoni, Zanzibar, 24 July 1895 (leg. Stuhlman). Similarly, in a subsequent visit to ZMB two colonies were found, labeled as syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E217754C3B3CAA7327A32610ECF5CFE" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected in Zanzibar, 1895 (leg. Sander). Both ZMH and ZMB colonies are considered to be the original syntypes of that species and are re-described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9AB7739383B02DD2808E4CD8D10B1FFF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D03DC6BA660A8EE55B06A26AE6BED61" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA7D822CA03F34722E88A0D8CEE7D3B2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
ZMH C 2518 consists of two colonies; the first is 8.5 cm high by 4.2 cm wide and the second 5 cm high by 4 cm wide (Figure 1A). The polypary of these colonies is branched and their tips are bent. They bear non-retractile polyps, with some occurring towards the upper part of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0B5389FC7BF9AD8A98DC90A6B5554535" originalValue="colony’s">colony's</normalizedToken>
|
||
base. The polyp body is up to 8 mm long and the tentacles are up to 3 mm long; the latter bear one row of pinnules and 16-18 pinnules along each edge. The pinnules are short, pointed and evenly placed along
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="29B72665D9C78F78290C1D73DCA23423" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
tentacle, with a narrow space of less than a pinnule width between adjacent ones. The preserved colonies are pale gray- almost white. Sclerites could not be found in the upper part of the branches or in the polyps. However, the lower part of the branches, including the base of the colonies, feature conglomerates, comprised of spherules and small dumbbell-like sclerites, mostly cemented (Figure 2). The spherules are about 0.002-0.006 mm in diameter (Figures 2A,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="75EA175282EB454B1D75B46757887349" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
), with a rather rough surface-texture. The abundance of the dumbbells (Figures 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CC2EE57D2410604F43C95AB4ACED93AA" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
, F) may exceed that of the spheroids. The former vary in size, with a length of 0.003-0.006 mm. The conglomerate nature of the sclerites exhibits a large morphological variation as demonstrated in Figure 2. The syntype ZMB Cni 3671 (Figure 1B) resembles syntype ZMH 2518, except for the size of the colonies. Most of the polyps of the former are expanded, well-preserved, and thus recognizable on the branches of the colony. The sclerites are similar, conglomerated spheres and spherules along with some double-heads (Figure 3), but are less
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5F30CCF1CD372E7B39DCE31DABCBD270" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" start="start">common</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in the tissues compared to ZMH C 2518. Under the light microscope wet preparations of the tentacles removed from ZMB Cni 3671 revealed some conglomerates along with spheres of various sizes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BC0744A0CB2CD0F7800C2FEFBBEC16BB" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<paragraph id="A023727B55EDEED366E9E25FF274CDCA" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Figure 1. A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74CF2C9128699AA1FAAA4CBF436EA48F" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), syntypes ZMH C 2518 B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F4BDC077C5C660CA4E2D406D1BB3EB3" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), type ZMB Cni 3671 C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDC7FE2B3D437D860F56B9609A3497BA" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia taeniata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="taeniata">Cespitularia taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
May, 1898, syntypes ZMH C 2519 D
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65F14BF0F2E0816C78735C0A0CC2111E" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Ammothea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ammothea bauiana" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bauiana">Ammothea bauiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
May, 1898, type ZMH C 2375.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AD3BA2D51DCFF2DAAA9ADA5EAB1335E3" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<paragraph id="25CFF7F2BBD8C31C50D95BABC003660F" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CD806958EA83E9DA908B77EC1C085BF" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), syntypes ZMH C 2518. A aggregate of spherules B conglomerate of dumbbells C conglomerate of spherules of various diameters D conglomerate of dumbbells
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3E4A5D457839F86E3F38B20A5E255D04" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
dense conglomerate of spherules with some dumbbells. Scale bar at A also applies to B, C and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="635FF31161511D6ED1993BD95519E9A6" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="99D76963E8083C45C653B45A17DF6B84" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<paragraph id="AF264098154B4D52D15F2B9C03444009" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="279A6C19655F20587DF0B9C8F3E4F033" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), type ZMB Cni 3671. A conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules B conglomerate sclerite composed of spheres and dumbbells C conglomerate sclerite composed of spheres and spherules. Scale at A also applies to B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DCE667D11D7CCB17A284D0E56E9ECDA4" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBC332822EF636FB646D50DCACBCF4A1" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia taeniata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="taeniata">Cespitularia taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZMH C 2519) comprises two flaccid colonies and two additional fragments (Figure 1C). The colonies are 3-4.5 cm high by 2-2.5 cm wide. Their polyparies consist of short branches bearing non-retractile polyps; some polyps were also found on the upper part of the stalk. The tentacles feature one row of 16-18 pointed pinnules, evenly placed along the edges with a free space between adjacent ones. Sclerites were found in the base of the colonies and the branches (Figure 4) but none in the polyps. They are conglomerates comprised mainly of spherules (Figure 4A) and some predominantly of spheres (Figure 4B), the latter measuring up to 0.018 mm in diameter. In addition, some cylinder-like small sclerites featuring round tips are also found, measuring 0.002-0.003 mm (Figure 4C). It should be noted that the aggregates tend to disintegrate during the sclerite preparation and therefore their actual dimensions cannot be determined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3419B3F809E52EFEAE1DE55B7DFC56" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<paragraph id="229F4AACA4885D86443987ADE3F28AC8" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEAA846F209D718AF7205FB806789DF4" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia taeniata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="taeniata">Cespitularia taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), type ZMH C 2519, synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CE91E7D80525669F6DC653DD378D7BF" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898). A conglomerate sclerites composed of spherules and spheres B conglomerate sclerites composed of mainly spheres C cylinder-like small sclerites. Scale at A also applies to B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="92620FCCE2A5364C732EB4D2AE069E8D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
A colony labeled as ZMH C 2375 (Figure 1D) features tentacles with 12-14 pinnules and sclerites similar to ZMH C 2519. ZMH C 2375 is listed in the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="07D85C29A2878CBCD8027C3944734AD7" originalValue="museum’s">museum's</normalizedToken>
|
||
catalog as the "Typus von
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4928E654DB935AECA3B3A7E4C0DF41C" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Ammothea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ammothea bauiana" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bauiana">Ammothea bauiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
May, 1898" along with a note that Gohar had corrected the identification in 1938 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81AF1135EB44FC87B9ED152AEC4DF1D5" lsidName="C. taeniata" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" rank="species" species="taeniata">C. taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both colonies, ZMH C 2519 and ZMH C 2375, are light gray-beige.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A402C7F5FF063264E453DA00A543980F" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera taeniata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="taeniata">Conglomeratusclera taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB6A0E1D6BCEA22E52C0F6B3F0C8E3E7" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Thomson and Dean (1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 33) as being "near to but distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC8A96278DF704680AF22C1866006915" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Cespitularia coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
". The current findings indicate that there are only some small morphological differ
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="0AC9DB79497DC109ACE66E6491FD0286" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" start="start">ences</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in the colony and polyp dimensions between the two species, and therefore, the above statement appears reasonable.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="06F365746D862A70B4045F03EB997398" author="Utinomi, H" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="7 - 17" title="Some Xeniid Alcyonarians from Japan and Adjacent Localities." url="https://doi.org/10.5134/174440" volume="1" year="1950">Utinomi (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="590FB36697FA861B5B0B9B2705BFDDFB" lsidName="C. taeniata" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="taeniata">C. taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen identified by him as having 10-12 pinnules, slightly lower in range compared to the 12-14 pinnules of C 2375. The current examination of the types of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB8BDD586AC23CF19D01411658EC9C2D" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C74731687A05CC5342BAFD8DC464CE20" lsidName="C. taeniata" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="taeniata">C. taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that despite the erroneous statement that they have no sclerites, they feature quite similar sclerites. It is therefore suggested that the similarity between the two species indicates that the above-reported morphological differences in the number of pinnules of the two types represent intra-specific variation. The sequencing results obtained in the current study along with the morphological findings further substantiate this conclusion, as colonies with a single row of 8-22 pinnules share similar DNA sequences (see ahead). Therefore, it is concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69AF8C21BA5C35C9C79825ECFCE28F5C" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6C3CFAAE5A87CCBF49BC8B759657A5B" lsidName="C. taeniata" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="taeniata">C. taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu stricto should be synonymized, and both are now designated under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC15CEE11AF0CF5F5C0C140CB89FE457" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C198AEED7D1345AB3FB6914DE6C2158" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="24B2E0AEBCB376789AB3BACF05E78F5A" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53FE13B5F54DDFFA55CE722A0B507AA" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">
|
||
The original descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8CA124DB281FE63E6944B6C9068EF6E" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Cespitularia coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="94A190407B6682A4EF449B79F897681C" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">May (1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A3B0CD46629E6F01D6550E994BF0513" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicated an absence of sclerites in the colony. In contrast, the current findings dem
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="7CC4CF96560F8226A017309816447DF1" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" start="start">onstrate</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the presence in the syntypes of a novel type of sclerite, depicted here for the first time. These sclerites are composed of agglomerated calcite-constructed minute substructures of various morphologies, mostly spherules, spheres, and double heads appearing in different arrangements. They were probably overlooked in previous stud
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="A0E85BCAAD45D22DDBB3CAB5151A1701" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" start="start">ies</pageBreakToken>
|
||
due to their minute size and also occasional low abundance. Moreover, the unusual irregular sclerite morphology with almost no definite structure (Figures 2-4), may have caused the misinterpretation concerning their potential as octocoral sclerites to be used as diagnostic characters for taxonomic purposes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C1CFE7C52131AC88F4F925420684EF8" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Since the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93047000EA624D489AC221182156216F" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
a number of studies have assigned specimens to that species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6379758B7030A8ED6E95BA18170E35F5" author="Thomson, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="393 - 443" title="The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, MA, B. Sc., FZS, in the Years 1901 and 1902. Alcyonaria." volume="76" year="1906">Thomson and Henderson (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified a multi-branched colony from Zanzibar, with one row of pinnules and no sclerites. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="04FC1FFCC9E76625EA562988FA2444A7" author="Thomson, JA" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="29" pageNumber="92" pagination="165 - 211" title="Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner. Part II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia, and Stelechotokea." volume="13" year="1910">Thomson and Mackinnon (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a similar colony from Cargados Carajos (Mauritius), noting that when alive the colony was "vivid grass green, but after preservation it faded to cream", a feature that has been widely observed in the current study (see below).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ED240AFB9E9E45A78147345541B43049" pageId="12" pageNumber="75">Thomson and Dean (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0195286241F1C79DD938CAC7A673FDDE" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kawas
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="982FE3428CD9AD3F2822E26FE1E12024" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" start="start">sang</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, Indonesia, obtained in the course of the Siboga Expedition, featuring a single row of pinnules and no sclerites, with no mention of the number of pinnules in the polyps. Next,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FE5FB6554AC1403702F3AFD5B08C6363" author="Roxas, HA" journalOrPublisher="The Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="49 - 108" title="Philippine Alcyonaria. The families Cornulariidae and Xeniidae." volume="50" year="1933">Roxas (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified the same species from Sabang, near Puerto Galera, Mindoro, Philippines, with one row of 14-18 pinnules and no sclerites. Interestingly, that study of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0496B91A07EC0EBBC9EC295184AB32AD" originalValue="Roxas’s">Roxas's</normalizedToken>
|
||
study was the first to indicate number of the pinnules in that species. In general, the above octocoral samples are in agreement with the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ECF7BCA2F8BC17BCE0E10D0A3969D92A" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">May (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but all the above authors nonetheless failed to detect any sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="444F26331E0660C95F18398DA4CFF84D" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" type="color">
|
||
<paragraph id="EC6E37725C986D0772531827F1A05768" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">Color.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="10C343C427916D157D33D6AE55E67CEE" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">When alive, the color of colonies ranges from vibrantly bluish-purple, light green, light yellow-beige, light cream to almost white (see Figure 5A, B). The alcohol-preserved colonies lose their vibrant colors and mostly become pale cream, gray, or beige.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0A5FBDAF1B47859CEF8A49D643A61087" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D97E9A0CC1C9C4093A42A2486E76ACC" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Figure 5. Live colonies on the reefs of Green Is. Taiwan.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="195224B5A97B27C7D42C4D3A3BBBFE8B" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7020003B20F8795DEE719EE231EDC051" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898). C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="226462C5BAF63419D3A2037F182BEECD" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Caementabunda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caementabunda simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Caementabunda simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Thomson & Dean, 1931) with expanded polyps D
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AF97EC6A19E245B21F65A1EAA674AF6" lsidName="C. simplex" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" rank="species" species="simplex">C. simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Thomson & Dean, 1931) with partially retracted polyps. Photo credit Chang-Feng Dai, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5CB5BCCD7D4D66B92CD369F4B94B73AB" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" type="morphological variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="6C8665D49E5108E8335F25A8C42F7715" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">Morphological variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6CA0C1524B9A96E425A0E8B784966F05" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">In the current study, examination of the colonies from Green Is., Yonaguni Is. and Madagascar was based on both morphological characters (colony shape, pinnule count, and sclerite features), along with DNA sequencing; the latter enabled us to construct a phylogenetic tree (Figure 6). In general, the colony shape of all the colonies listed in Material Examined was in agreement with the syntypes shown above, except for colony size. All colonies exhibited one row of pinnules along the margins of the polyp tentacles, with a variable number of pinnules, ranging from 8 to 22 per row. In some colonies the tentacles were partially or completely withdrawn or the pinnules fully contracted, probably due to the preservation process. In several cases the polyps were fully expanded and in others partially or fully contracted.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D8BA7857A7A80F314B39AA39C441981" pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="34CCA7BF074C0339EECF1CB7F1ABE1F0" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
following findings denote the number of pinnules found in some of the sequenced colonies (Figure 6), demonstrating the variability in pinnule count. The respective colonies from Green Island are ZMTAU Co 35717: 8, Co 35747: 8, Co 35774: 8, Co 35742: 8-9, Co 35750: 8-9, Co 35753: 8-9, Co 35714: 10-11, Co 35712: 11-12, Co 33045: 11-16, Co 35692: 11-16, Co 35707: 11-16, Co 35699: 12-15, Co 35709: 15, Co 35758: 15, Co 35693: 15-16, Co 35729: 15-18, Co 35693: 16, Co 35725: 16-17, Co 35748: 16-18, Co 35763: 18-20, Co 35756: 20, Co 35760: 20, Co 35736: 21-22 and Co 35737: 21-22; colonies with fully contracted pinnules Co 35706, Co 35708, Co 35710, Co 35731, Co 35752, Co 35765, and Co 35766. Colonies from Yonaguni Is are ZMTAU Co 35131: 9-12 pinnules, Co 35132: 12-14 and Co 35134: 11-13. Colonies from Madagascar: ZMTAU Co 36013: 10-13 pinnules and Co 36129: 12-13.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="565E59D450CA501755D8CF1A1FFC8FBF" pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<paragraph id="919522189A1A425073D7C70050712359" pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Figure 6. Maximum likelihood tree of family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="667C34F648923412327822DE31C31E6D" family="Xeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Xeniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a partitioned analysis of concatenated mtMutS, COI and 28S rDNA gene regions. Numbers above nodes: ML bootstrap percentages; numbers below nodes: Bayesian posterior probabilities. All genera and major clades of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5466970E71972FB55FD122C6E5AEA136" family="Xeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="family">Xeniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6EC9F26B3DD962B8191EC429AA8AC3EE" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Caementabunda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caementabunda" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Caementabunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AA8E0BEA85ED69AA904E559BFE3D0AC" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Conglomeratusclera</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collapsed to facilitate readability. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E855B5588F9C078EFFC9319790F92E5" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Caementabunda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caementabunda" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Caementabunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A8E9856951AB7E767B9931DCD38CF86" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Conglomeratusclera</taxonomicName>
|
||
are identified by ZMTAU catalog number and location of collection (G = Green Is., Taiwan; M = Madagascar; Y = Yonaguni Is., Japan).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9DC40CF88D9262CF2397B37FB467D20A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
The sclerites of the colonies noted above featured the full array of morphologies, mostly corresponding to that of the syntypes (Figures 2-3). To demonstrate the vast variation in shape and size of the sclerites, SEM images of sclerites of several sequenced colonies are presented for the Taiwan material: ZMTAU Co 35692 (Figure 7), Co 35737 (Figure 8), Co 35765 (Figure 9), Co 35709 (Figure 10), Co 35707 (Figure 11), Co 35710 (Figure 12), and Co 35712 (Figure 13), Yonaguni: ZMTAU Co 35131 (Figure 14)
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="D55F50BA9C497E93EA209A97C314A76A" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Madagascar Co 36129 (Figure 15), and Co 36013 (Figure 16). Figures 7-16 demonstrate the morphological variability of the sclerites, with all being conglomerates comprised mainly of spheres and spherules and occasionally dumbbells. The SEM images revealed that their outer surface is sometimes bristly (Figures 7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E2A152834DFB74CD9163047B7AC81998" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 8B, 13
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7C02CD1B6D6C7F833BDBD9E4A72BF596" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 14, 15A, 17) but commonly rather smooth (Figures 8A, 10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="69C36A688522BEC416F03D3A0C6A014D" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8274EEF34EC19E66750745F382079E79" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 15B, 16). It is interesting to note that the spheres are sometimes embedded in a calcareous lamella-like structure (Figure 7A). Dumbbells were revealed in some colonies (Figures 8B, 12B, 14, 15C, 17) as well as twisted dumbbells (Figures 9, 11C, 12B). Similarly, as noted above for the syntypes, the above SEM images indicate that the aggregates tend to disintegrate during sclerite preparation and therefore their actual dimensions cannot be determined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C82814BC196016454E025F3BD18C8E99" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="0BC3B10DF7163A9C8E5CF11A2088BAA1" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Figure 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9E0BDACCD7BEC64A2DFF7A9E988D921" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35692. A spheres embedded in a calcareous lamella-like structure B conglomerate sclerite composed of spherules
|
||
<normalizedToken id="77F642DE24154F8D0F7813146BBD8CC6" originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
spherules with bristly surface. Scale at A also applies to B, scale at C also applies to D.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0236C2137D6B07FE92941FF4EE2C7FD1" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="6AB474211203F8475C6EBFA32C85A441" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Figure 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41BD3F159B2C6FF9C91D2566AFA8EEDB" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35737. A conglomerate sclerite composed of spherules and of spheres, dumbbells B bristly surface of dumbbells and double spheres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E7DEFE9BD52FC530FBCA187869D2A714" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="C21B326FA184C6B3A7D8655F3488BB93" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Figure 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="219015EADD4D4FB50A2A207408132164" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35765. Conglomerate sclerite composed of striated ovals and cylinder-like small sclerites (left top corner).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8E182CEFFD98025C23F9DB55140E5000" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B0E2578B3107D75AF13949233B3C04C" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C25F364ED095985D16FCF21A8FE6171" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35709. A individual sphere, conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules B individual spheres, conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E5DA7BF6E3DB28623690438814188CFC" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="BB0805C3FF249A1347166930D22DB7A8" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Figure 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D04E1ECBD7C6C87687F0BD8193EBD815" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35707. A Spheres and double spheres. B conglomerate of spheres and spherules C twisted dumbbells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C82FF1CA4DB8263B6E1609141F1B3BC3" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0CED698BCF3FAC13DCA5A1FA287761" pageId="15" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Figure 12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A0460B1F4F0B33E304A5359427C591B" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35710. A conglomerate sclerites composed of spherules and twisted dumbbells B double heads and twisted dumbbells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="526C16DE5F17323050BB485E4249F3EE" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="CDD54FDD098AEB0E4C73F7389DC27F97" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
molecular results indicate that despite the differences in pinnule count and sclerite morphology, all the colonies should be assigned to the same species (Figure 6). Consequently, the pinnule count is of no diagnostic value for species delineation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D9FB859731D34349B5466BBE112C950" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Conglomeratusclera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1E1DF2E922FC0F2DDD750F3153DE30B" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus accommodates colonies with one row of pinnules on the margins of the polyp tentacles, but featuring a remarkable range of pinnule numbers (see above). In addition, the variable sclerite morphologies found in the different colonies (Figures 7-16) both encompass and exceed the range observed among the syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E262455CD7E23C136479455A84871C7" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figures 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="55AE16EEAF1AFA47B407215C68B11B15" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The current results provide further support for the recent findings of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CAFA0880F589CD7D93F2F27E4D9484ED" author="McFadden, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="174 - 184" title="Species boundaries in the absence of morphological, ecological or geographical differentiation in the Red Sea octocoral genus Ovabunda (Alcyonacea: Xeniidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.025" volume="112" year="2017">McFadden et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who argue that the pinnule count used in the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE04FCDCFBAD36836E517E8308E90A17" family="Xeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" rank="family">Xeniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, explicitly in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20B72EBB967F89A0F24FD55EE70E5860" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Ovabunda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovabunda" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Ovabunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see references in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3C1BACB63A15C515DC6E87C24CD19046" author="Halasz, A" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 41" title="A revision of the octocoral genus Ovabunda Alderslade, 2001 (Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Xeniidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.373.6511" volume="373" year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B22DB129622918C0A1988F0E0418FEC7" originalValue="Halàsz">Halasz</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is not indicative of species boundaries. It should be noted that in contrast to the relatively uniform morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F26B3FE32D7F77C1FFFF6D8890B60F29" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Ovabunda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovabunda" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Ovabunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
sclerites recorded across the four genetic clades presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81AEEEEFC60FF25180512A9033883F5D" author="McFadden, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution" pageId="28" pageNumber="91" pagination="174 - 184" title="Species boundaries in the absence of morphological, ecological or geographical differentiation in the Red Sea octocoral genus Ovabunda (Alcyonacea: Xeniidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.025" volume="112" year="2017">McFadden et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFD9E008CFF99AF6927D23F3F6976715" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit an unprecedented and bewildering array of sclerite morphologies (Figures 2A, B, 7-16).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="05D6DC4A82A534E2AEA65EB338C77A85" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<paragraph id="66E3BE7CE2C12A3BF3B6B5E3CC9FD9CA" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Figure 13.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2F64D60CF4D321164D0CFF2E394EF3E" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35712.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5D01D777EBAF963EC22A4E9C76D92EEE" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
bristly surface of spherules and spheres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AA5112830F40E6D4A1EE5E8C5A5F9F69" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<paragraph id="8E86414226C6F88BC154841CC9673297" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Figure 14.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EC1B93A09321281DDAD02E766181F75" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 35131. Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules, individual elongate double head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B8A7676B11123B593DD17B5DFE008493" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<paragraph id="BE0672157EDF7B5511E0E3C86C49A994" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Figure 15.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC49E00B2FA978D816D4922D4434A96A" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 36129. A conglomerate of bristly dumbbells B conglomerate of spheres C conglomerate of dumbbells. Scale at A also applies to B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4A756BCBE1E5A1BF99FF257018AB046C" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<paragraph id="77E1FD356B1A35A4F31B2EE49337F1CF" pageId="16" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Figure 16.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83D67A2FE0784BF1EE304F98EA971C8C" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), ZMTAU Co 36013. Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres, spherules and dumbbells, individual sphere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E44B9BC5B7E1920ADFA918E9103C316" pageId="17" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5079A204DBCBE3F1768DCE3FDAB0B0E3" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" start="start">Material</pageBreakToken>
|
||
that was examined, but not sequenced, comprised both freshly collected colonies and museum specimens. Their colony and polyp morphologies, including the pinnule counts, are in agreement with the findings presented above. Noteworthy are some colonies for which SEM or light microscopy could not detect any sclerites. There are several suggested reasons for this: (1) actual lack of sclerites; (2) their low incidence which led to a failure to detect them by SEM; or (3) preservation procedures, such as acidic conditions that may have caused sclerite dissolution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6FC3A5400C764F588F1EE4F49E5F3BBF" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="17" pageNumber="80">
|
||
The museum material examined included colonies from the BMNH, all collected from the western Indian Ocean (see above). Some of the colonies were originally identified by L.M.I. Macfadyen as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FED021B574A0FCD9D6A40A832B7F5B0" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Cespitularia coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1912.2.24.66 and 1933.3.13.175; Figure 17),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="030924DF3BED301FFED51F8FC49EF83E" lsidName="C. mollis" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="mollis">C. mollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1933.313.177),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DD2382BA3B4A2B049F183ECF8D6D3A4" lsidName="C. taeniata" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="taeniata">C. taeniata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1912.2.24.65, 1933.5.3.301 and 1933.3.13.176) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D65EC40E7DA08B2437E58A9FDE35FF11" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Cespitularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cespitularia wisharti" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wisharti">Cespitularia wisharti</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hickson,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="9BC8974D6671056C5B1BEDEE74E35684" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" start="start">1931</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(BMNH 1934.3.28.10). These BMNH colonies feature one row of 8-13 pinnules along each side of their tentacles and the morphology of their sclerites corresponds to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB4D13E51F04487E9BDC36C5CE7755F1" genus="Conglomeratuscslera" lsidName="Conglomeratuscslera coerulea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratuscslera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[e.g., BMNH 1912.2.24.65 (Figure 18), 1912.2.24.66 (Figure 19), 1912.2.24.67 (Figure 20)]. The morphological examination therefore indicates that the BMNH material should be assigned to the above species. The sclerites of the colony from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, USNM 60795 (Figure 21), as well as those of USNM 54000 and 54003 (sclerites not shown), collected in Madagascar, similarly confirmed them to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E347F08912493CAD97CD409AEF4503A2" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The RMNH material too revealed colonies that have now been assigned by us to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2B864E6576E7278E2ECC5113E475F79" lsidName="C. coerulea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="coerulea">C. coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, featuring one row of 8-16 pinnules along each side of their tentacles as well as sclerites: RMNH Coel 42160 (Figure 22), Coel 42161 (Figures 23-24) and RMNH Coel 42162 (Figure 25). These images reveal spheres, either in a conglomerated form or individuals (Figures 22-25), and in other colonies mostly twisted dumbbells, either aggregated or individual (Figure 22). Interestingly, some crystalline bundles were noted among the spheres (Figure 24).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4F3C649149D6A825873759949C4C0FC9" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="93B2958191D3ED5F05AF556C41E08629" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="15BE47C38A13F49943277122322E6EC6" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">Kenya; Zanzibar; Tanzania; Glorioso Islands; Mauritius; Seychelles; Mayotte; Taiwan; Philippines; Japan (Tanabe, Wakayama, Shikoku); Ryukyu Archipelago; Indonesia.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5DAFB7763A4D9340A71DBDD069339013" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="74E908495FA5D91C9DC014B44D36EBFF" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 17.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09CD3226E1F55164EFE9667C3FD4A44C" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), BMNH 1933.3.13.175. Spheres and double heads with bristly surfaces. Some double heads joined to form a more cross-like sclerite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="782D45E9716C35D44186531A50F16340" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="FDF67E17AA06E41DCA2CDC08A485F227" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 18.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB1E50F352F04D8BEE5C01F36D5E5321" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), BMNH 1912.2.24.65. Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules. Bristly surface is noted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="2C1E696B8431880B35399416E3F200D3" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="E149FCDD257BAC5AD8C14AFD5DAAD630" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 19.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6CA556D76E3D43BA4250B7C1B740804" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), BMNH 1912.2.24.66. A conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules B plate-like conglomerate of spherules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="20B21377EF1AB7020CE289079C6B771F" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="AD74934B7877F516F61FB1A282DEC3DE" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 20.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A67340DA686DFFB478B265D974E3D8A7" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), BMNH 1912.2.24.67. Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres, spherules and dumbbells. Bristly surfaces of some sclerites is noted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6E171701DCA05338E1F214B33512ADAB" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="00C293166575A25F9B5E14A1A188B4BB" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 21.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="055E7163AEBF3200F355714AA7412528" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), BMNH USNM 60795. Conglomerate sclerites of spheres and spherules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E920E572960AE55E7C286D1709FC7ED3" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="56E2C9965A145FBDEC1E72114DD8741C" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 22.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9927875903EF0E8100CF6D8BC24EE777" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), RMNH Coel 42160. A spheres B sphere, twisted dumbbell and conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and twisted dumbbells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D3071FDF0599E69AC3B43AC7E143AF5B" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="67AC01A10C836F5E342BC1FDAB33E619" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 23.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C88C48B166B2A1046584EC7F7926EAB8" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), RMNH Coel 42161. Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules. Bristly surface of spheres is noted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4E40C56BBB02753C06EF4805AC813CFA" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="B7F9D795D8403AB045B9DBA1CA784A7A" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 24.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7143CBB0685B8B3B5D30BE8CD648E38E" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), RMNH Coel 42161. Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules. Some crystalline bundles are presented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="396207E323415EE9D4A0E892142BBCD9" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="3D8D2890CB2E7D6CB933A85BEF187498" pageId="18" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 25.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DED71CFE83551B3A93D01B5336FA265" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Conglomeratusclera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conglomeratusclera coerulea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulea">Conglomeratusclera coerulea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(May, 1898), RMNH Coel 42162.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2B8DE53DCB1E02F801F020CC224679FE" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
Conglomerate sclerites composed of spheres and spherules, some double heads joined to form a more cross-like sclerite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |