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<mods:title id="26243C07CBD839A5DE57ECBDF0AE183A">Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EC1937DBBC761FB9C85787F6BAE374D0">Filander, Zoleka N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="13D5FD4AA4241CF3CB9CD482B1576892">Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa &amp; Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4C168E8E9525520ED0EFAFAC511A717E">Kitahara, Marcelo V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="78F6E051B3BA1B740062F4FEE7664C2F">Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil &amp; Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D80FB786D3FF8230C4AC324B783FBA47">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="04C571CC81FFC3A0636C3A0E8479318D">Sink, Kerry J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2B344048D6FB47E3517380F411E82BF0">South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa &amp; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="63F99D5A0E5DFDEB96D927ACEA17B8FA">Lombard, Amanda T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4F2B723EEC50EB18B9206C0B834F0E96">Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599987" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_family="Caryophylliidae" scope_order="Scleractinia" scope_phylum="Cnidaria">
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<taxonomicName id="5D92F68C71E164F7E2C61F62EDA64379" ID-CoL="4SDK3" authority="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993" authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Rhizosmilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhizosmilia robusta" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robusta">Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F9B9890DCD6C9110CCCB950E5B6B7A54" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="BE721CB48A6D60A9B3AB65FB1C3D0BEB" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B Heterocyathus alternatus (ORI _ DIIIe 1 _ 1, locality data unknown) A calicular view B lateral view C, D Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. (SAM _ H 1431, off Durban Harbour, 99 m) C calicular view D lateral view E, F Heterocyathus sulcatus (SAMC _ A 073123, off Shaka's Rock, 100 - 105 m) E calicular view F lateral view G, H Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (SAM _ H 2836, off East London, 146 - 238 m) G calicular view H lateral view I, K Monohedotrochus capensis comb. nov. I, J (SAMC _ A 088924, off Kidds Beach, 247 - 147 m) I calicular view J lateral view K (SAM _ H 3210, off Scottburgh, 690 m) calicular view L, M Polycyathus sp. (USNM 91677, off Port Dunford, 69 m) L calicular view M full view N, O Rhizosmilia robusta (USNM 91689, off Kosi Bay Estuary, 74 m) N calicular view O lateral view P Solenosmilia variabilis (SAM _ H 3158, off Cintsa, 630 m) P full view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A-G, I-O); 100 mm (H, P)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604107" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 4N, O</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="537DDADCEFB9FDC8B46E27FEEA70A2DF" authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Rhizosmilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhizosmilia robusta" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robusta">Rhizosmilia robusta</taxonomicName>
Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 250-253, pl. 6, figs F-I. -
<bibRefCitation id="CCC3FD675520B62F7CE46DC259BA54DA" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 133-134. -
<bibRefCitation id="FAA987CFD4C2D45E5A1F13A587FB2A3B" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 167" refId="B41" refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands." volume="180" year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
: 107. -
<bibRefCitation id="AB2824C00E2A4CBF89F06848CB467749" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Atoll Research Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13 - 46" refId="B57" refString="Cairns, S, Hoeksema, B, van der Land, J, 1999. Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 13 - 46" title="Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals." volume="459" year="1999">Cairns et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 24. -
<bibRefCitation id="EE0D5E61653CEADD26C5267DDA0E06B5" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B48" refString="Cairns, S, 2009. Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7548" title="Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7548" year="2009">Cairns 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 14. -
<bibRefCitation id="980EB4C17F28EBB4AC60CAC5A44EA4DC" author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 118" refId="B155" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Miller, D, 2010a. Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 91 - 118" title="Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species." volume="8" year="2010 a">Kitahara et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
108, figs 88-89. -
<bibRefCitation id="3100C44A822ADB90ADEB9194044D6BA6" author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B157" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Stolarski, J, Blair, D, Miller, D, 2010b. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e11490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011490" title="A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO 1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e 11490. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011490" year="2010 b">Kitahara et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
: 9. -
<bibRefCitation id="4D6338ABCFA616A2329115904482218B" author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
: 554-556, figs 305D-I, 306.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28023B6EBCE8BBC4DF02BE3BB970B167" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="6DA501B04E0E8F2DC37A2782E1B612F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1FF58A41DEB812A3F1D6B13D9A3562F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Off Inhaca Island, Mozambique (RV 'Anton
<normalizedToken id="1B7E0EB9FB72A7D3E48E08415CD1E29C" originalValue="Bruun">Bruun'</normalizedToken>
stn. 373B:
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,
<geoCoordinate id="84CCE63EE2CA64302DC8A770077E90DC" degrees="33" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="33.083332">33°05'00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
); 135 m (
<bibRefCitation id="DFF1147CC83FDA84E6DF1996ED977F34" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="683E98EFD9E313583804E8511D73D271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="189B188AB93DC26A19C03C72CD0A3221" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85944D5E83677F624D0626A74524440A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The holotype is deposited at the NMNH (
<bibRefCitation id="D54A3231196D9D3F73A2DF9835C327FA" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E8ABD32FA20A39FD79F0D984AB5B1F7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="64BE53F5D3A4F342E9BEC31C58005A64" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A7FD0F51AA0C451C2744ED13B0F2EB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="610FCE53674F17C91BDE21CE9D5DAC48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
USNM 91689 (
<specimenCount id="4E2ACDA503939E1F3AA50FA233891228" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</emphasis>
: Eastern margin,
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south of Ponta Do Ouro/
<quantity id="FEA22398BF7E012E6C7BF7FAB50843BC" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
off Kosi Bay Estuary,
<geoCoordinate id="1E4CB28925D8088306496F18401279F1" degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="30.00" value="-27.225">27°13'30.00&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="56BAF43F1522B7D73B27A3EB13C11EDE" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="30.00" value="32.825">32°49'30.00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
;
<specimenCount id="12AF119F61B1B63A1FDD653B1418790C" type="generic">
<quantity id="C3D2080AA1D974858AE893DC28BA1B75" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" unit="m" value="74.0">74 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C5BFA9182AF84E9CB2F79CA42F254EE4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="7C81473CAB7B3BBA64A4306859A4465B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D2CC463F73FA4072CA0A03D90124C43D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="3142DA689B1E9626466C20420817D981" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
: Colony phaceloid. Corallites trochoid, firmly attached through a massive pedicle (PD:GCD = 0.03), that expands into a thin encrusting base. Lower pedicel reinforced by concentric rings of hollow chambers. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.18), with a jagged calicular margin. Holotype (USNM 91681) 31
<normalizedToken id="AAFC2A4B29A389D820B2349E1A2C7EBB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
26.20 mm in CD, 16.80 mm in PD, and 25 mm in H. Costae equal and bearing low and rounded granules. Intercostal striae shallow. Corallum white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29DFB752586DCF9B9E5FF6DE65E29FEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Septa arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1&gt; S2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5. S1 moderately exsert, and extend to columella with vertical to straight axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S2-5) progressively less exsert and less wide, except for those S5 adjacent to S1 which are more exsert than S4. Axial margins of S2 also straight, but those of S3-4 slightly sinuous. S5 rudimentary and irregular in profile (i.e., may be straight to slightly sinuous or sinuous to dentate). All septal faces smooth, bearing only sparsely spaced low-profile granules. Small pali present before penultimate cycle, usually indistinguishable from columellar elements. Fossa deep and bearing endothecal dissepiments. Columella trabecular, composed of an irregular group of intertwined elements.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1383EFE39484187F93BDA7C058E70FCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D2926E5400449DC1041794027156676E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59AECCCD7775C98C8A22D8C8B7EB79BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Kosi Bay Estuary (41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 75 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; Madagascar (
<bibRefCitation id="12BF3324BAA0D3DB5C10B0EBAF113299" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
); Philippines (
<bibRefCitation id="6DB802DC7B3886F3C1E1E3679000A295" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
); New Caledonia (
<bibRefCitation id="47F0866E4C54FD39081454C9F0D6EDC5" author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
); 66-996 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BBEB8D6C49888C36443C8A4AF3BF8B51" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="2EDADB1E2CA106B89A6D6D503AAB5E1B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E5591911A53FE61F386E6791E2850B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
As no new samples have been examined, the description above is adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="45F04F50A524B31C3DBEF779115C4965" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, who noted that although the holotype is a phaceloid colony with four corallites, paratypes (specimen examined and imaged herein) represent individual corallites that were broken apart from a larger colony or have not yet formed a colony. Variation in septal cycles correlates to corallum size: the fourth septal cycle is complete at a GCD between 8 and 9 mm, whereas the fifth is completed when the corallite is&gt; 19-21 mm in GCD. The largest corallite (Philippines, see
<bibRefCitation id="31C38A2E651BED4A620BD35BB03C7D15" author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
[page 134]), measures 29.8
<normalizedToken id="65B8FDD4B7339531F3854BA780294E27" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
36.7 mm in CD, 18.1 mm in PD, 41.6 mm in H, have eight pairs of S6, and one pair of S7 (total of 116 septa). Notable differences between
<taxonomicName id="214CE912FD177B8974CD9BF5D091C729" authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Rhizosmilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhizosmilia robusta" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="3806CDD309FA158B12381503B0716239" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizosmilia robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Pacific and southwestern Indian Ocean are the position of paliform lobes, which are present before the penultimate cycle (P4, if S5 is present; and P3 if S5 is absent) in the latter and occur before S4 (irrespective of the presence of S6-7) in the former. This is the only representative of the genus in South African waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>