408 lines
54 KiB
XML
408 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="80576113AE0C1B811B112DA3A7B8F41C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11450473" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11450473" ID-ZooBank="C054B0D4-FD00-4AE7-BBA7-C75A12368561" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1717426151262" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tang, William, Skelley, Paul E., Taylor B, Alberto S. & Salzman, Shayla" docDate="2024" docId="5627444EE921FFF0E3B57A8AFCA240BC" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2024.1043.1-40.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2024 (43)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.4:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor 2024, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="AA1E3C36E932FFE6E375790CFF80432B" masterDocTitle="Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1717426969430" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="026C3A9142283C1A049795F9851BB9E1">Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D69A8331C68757023B34A2B75D0524BF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FE30687C98C8506DAE458FAE3A72DB21">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6A1D13D0E595B7318F3C70349AC005FE">Tang, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="722BE50E1A74ED326BB162E8DEF1A605">Florida State Collection of Arthropods Florida Department of Agriculture - DPI P. O. Box 147100 Gainesville, FL 32614 - 7100, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="0A856EBFA6AF03578E294880B32B69AA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="20495093123EEF60994BF93DB2E40D3B">Skelley, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3BAAAFDBD04CA4A7AB5B35A14DF95BFD">Florida State Collection of Arthropods Florida Department of Agriculture - DPI P. O. Box 147100 Gainesville, FL 32614 - 7100, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1B6CB315AC3FA23D51DBA7B4359E5F35">Taylor B, Alberto S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E856BEA5AFC7EEFBDFDE26B074BAA841">Departamento de Botánica Universidad de Panamá Estafeta Universitaria, Panamá, Panamá</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AA897F8D6020472C4AC51D7786C562B4">Salzman, Shayla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BAEE8C1F0D87F090AE8B402092B7AA73">Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B68028F71FF9C2B179CFB045F3F838AC">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AA36E5E4CE32715695C85A1C5B76EF1D">
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<mods:date id="FD0041A2ECEDAEF21BD705782F66CE9F">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="157DAC2AD62005888CA20ED8BD0DF729">2024-04-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8E093CAD1C13C787D8C383278193F5A1">2024</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2BD9A1DB208E48875CF797C2A1157602">43</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5BD9939292C90C58829541FF3C359C24" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.11450473</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E8B9ED654D453C4DEE8D4B15E76D9C90" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5627444EE921FFF0E3B57A8AFCA240BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5627444EE921FFF0E3B57A8AFCA240BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5627444EE921FFF0E3B57A8AFCA240BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E921FFF5E3B57A8AFBB1408F" box="[192,1073,902,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DE31F558E921FFF5E3B57A8AFBB1408F" blockId="19.[192,1073,902,965]" box="[192,1073,902,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="85794234E921FFF5E3B57A8AFBB1408F" box="[192,1073,902,932]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E3B57A8AFBB1408F" bold="true" box="[192,1073,902,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE921FFF5E3B57A8AFC114088" authority="Tang, Skelley and Taylor" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[192,913,902,932]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E3B57A8AFDD24088" bold="true" box="[192,594,902,931]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
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Tang, Skelley and Taylor
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F7C99431E921FFF5E0E97A8BFBB1408F" box="[924,1073,903,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E921FFF5E3B57AA6FED040EE" box="[192,336,938,965]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DE31F558E921FFF5E3B57AA6FED040EE" blockId="19.[192,1073,902,965]" box="[192,336,938,965]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE921FFF5E3B57AA6FED040EE" box="[192,336,938,965]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Figures 7A–J</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E921FFF5E3B57AD8FAE64792" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="DE31F558E921FFF5E3B57AD8FAE64792" blockId="19.[192,1440,980,1209]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E3B57AD8FEBC40C5" bold="true" box="[192,316,980,1006]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE921FFF5E2337AD8FD2340C5" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[326,675,980,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E2337AD8FD2340C5" box="[326,675,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can only be distinguished from other members of the genus by a combination of characters: Body length
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E10A7AFAFCA1473A" box="[639,801,1014,1041]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.755" metricValueMax="3.24" metricValueMin="2.27" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.755" valueMax="3.24" valueMin="2.27">2.27–3.24 mm</quantity>
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, on average greater than most members of the clarkorum species group, except
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<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE921FFF5E2C97D15FDD14719" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[444,593,1048,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fortunensis">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E2C97D15FDD14719" box="[444,593,1048,1074]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">P. fortunensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; head width/pronotal width = 0.72–0.77, within the range typical for the majority of Panamanian species; pronotal L/W = 0.69–0.75 (mean = 0.72) on average smaller than other Panamanian species; elytra L/W with a strong tendency to be larger in females, in males = 1.63–1.73, in females = 1.71–1.75; apical third of spermatheca swollen (
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<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE921FFF5E1AF7D71FCA747BC" box="[730,807,1149,1175]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7J</figureCitation>
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); inhabiting cones of
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<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE921FFF5E76D7D72FA9E47BC" box="[1048,1310,1149,1175]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E76D7D72FA9E47BC" box="[1048,1310,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Zamia pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a true epiphyte living on branches of trees, typically
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E1EE7D93FD6B4792" box="[667,747,1183,1209]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="7.0">7-20 m</quantity>
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above the forest floor at elevations from
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E7C47D93FABB4792" box="[1201,1339,1183,1209]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="550.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="100.0">100–1000 m</quantity>
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asl.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E921FFF3E3B57DC4FD6C4633" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DE31F558E921FFF5E3B57DC4FD374641" blockId="19.[191,1442,1224,1927]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E3B57DC4FED247C9" bold="true" box="[192,338,1224,1250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Description.</emphasis>
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Length
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E2C37DC5FDDC47C8" box="[438,604,1225,1251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.755" metricValueMax="3.24" metricValueMin="2.27" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.755" valueMax="3.24" valueMin="2.27">2.27–3.24 mm</quantity>
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, width
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E1C37DC5FCDB47C8" box="[694,859,1225,1251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="0.91" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.09" valueMax="1.27" valueMin="0.91">0.91–1.27 mm</quantity>
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(n = 20). Body in dorsal view elongate-oval (
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<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE921FFF5E6017DC5FE85462E" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7A–C</figureCitation>
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), greatest width at middle of elytra; in lateral view convex dorsally (
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<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE921FFF5E7747DE6FBD6462E" box="[1025,1110,1258,1285]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
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). General body color entirely orange-brown; dorsal surface punctate, shining and appearing glabrous, short procumbent hairs associated with punctation on pronotum and elytra, ventrally shining and appearing glabrous except mesoventrite and abdomen mostly covered with short procumbent setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE31F558E921FFF5E2757C7EFD6545D4" blockId="19.[191,1442,1224,1927]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E2757C7EFEBE46A7" bold="true" box="[256,318,1394,1420]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Head</emphasis>
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not broad, width = 0.72–0.77× pronotal width; in dorsal view conical, gradually narrowed anteriorly, surface flat to slightly convex, finely, moderately punctured, average distance between closest punctures 2–3× width of puncture; head width
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E1587CB9FD5346FB" box="[557,723,1461,1488]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" metricValueMax="7.1" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.62" valueMax="0.71" valueMin="0.53">0.53–0.71 mm</quantity>
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; dorsal interocular distance
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E7697CB9FB4246FB" box="[1052,1218,1461,1488]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.355" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.31">0.31–0.40 mm</quantity>
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, head width/dorsal interocular distance ratio 1.66–1.80, ventral interocular distance
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<quantity id="197658BDE921FFF5E0D07CDBFBCA46DA" box="[933,1098,1495,1521]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.265" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.21">0.21–0.32 mm</quantity>
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, head width/ventral interocular distance ratio 2.19–2.53. Eye with large black facets, about 3× diameter of head punctures. Antennal length slightly shorter than pronotal width, 1.5× head width; antennomere I (scape) fairly large, slightly elongate; antennomere II slightly shorter than III; IV–VIII small, width equals length; club fairly large, IX and X similar in length; XI enlarged, 1.6× longer than X, globular with rounded apex (
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<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE921FFF5E0CF7F52FB8C4553" box="[954,1036,1630,1656]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
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). Clypeus weakly concave anteriorly, moderately punctate. Mentum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE921FFF5E1527F8CFDFA45B1" box="[551,634,1664,1690]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
|
||
) finely punctate, submentum more coarsely punctured, 2–3× diameter of those on mentum, distance between nearest punctures approximately 1× own diameter, each puncture with a short seta. Gular area smooth, without punctation or setae, border with submentum marked by change in punctuation and with a shallow transverse depression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E921FFF3E2757E0BFB75404B" blockId="19.[191,1442,1224,1927]" lastBlockId="21.[191,1442,230,1304]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE921FFF5E2757E0BFED3440A" bold="true" box="[256,339,1799,1825]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
with pronotum transversely quadrate in dorsal view, length/width ratio 0.69–0.75; with distinct marginal beads laterally and basally, anteriorly with fine marginal bead medially; convex; anterior angles broadly rounded, not projecting forward; posterior angles weakly developed, with small denticle at angle; lateral carina parallel-sided or evenly shallowly arcuate for entire length; posterior margin slightly projecting medially, projection beginning approximately by pair of small, dark pores in margin located 1/4 width from posterior angles, each pore marks base of a distinct sulcus extending anteriorly onto disc 1/4 length of pronotum. Prosternum in ventral view convex, with few scattered punctures; anterior margin slightly emarginate, finely denticulate with row of long, anteriorly directed setae, longest setae approximately 1/3 length of eye; prosternal process expanded apically, truncate and convex at apex. Hypomeron laterally with few minute punctures, medially lacking distinct longitudinal striations. Scutellar shield distinctly transverse pentagonal, posterior margin weakly rounded. Elytra in dorsal view elongate-oval, convex; length/width ratio 1.63–1.73, greatest width near midlength; with distinct marginal line basally; 10 complete striae of moderate puncture size; scutellary striole extending 1/4 elytral length, with 10–15 punctures; punctures of elytral striae as large as pronotal punctures, weakly impressed; intervals of striae with fine, shallow punctures, 1.2× size of strial punctures; all punctures of elytra bearing a single short seta; seta only visible in profile, extending slightly out of puncture. Mesoventrite with strong punctation, distance between nearest punctures approximately equal to diameter of punctures, puncture depth moderate. Metaventrite glossy, with strong lateral punctation separated by 2–3× own diameter; medial surface finely punctured, separated by 5–6× own diameter; entire surface convex, metathoracic discrimen extending approximately 3/4 metaventrite length. Legs narrow, relatively similar in length and shape. Procoxa oval; mesocoxa globular; metacoxa transversely elongate-oval; trochanters obliquely truncate apically; femora robust, moderately compressed laterally; tibiae shorter than femora, gradually dilated to obliquely truncate apices; protibia with apical lateral tooth distinct, with apical fringe of short spinules of concave ventral apical margin usually lacking near lateral tooth; meso- and metatibia with apical fringe of short spinules on anterior margin, finer setae on posterior margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8AF1A5D0E926FFF2E3B57E3DFAF344AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" startId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" targetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E926FFF2E3B57E3DFAF344AD" blockId="20.[192,1440,1841,1926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E3B57E3DFE9D4462" bold="true" box="[192,285,1841,1865]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE926FFF2E2577E3DFDDA4462" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[290,602,1841,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E2577E3DFDDA4462" box="[290,602,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A–E: female allotype).
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E0397E3DFC004462" bold="true" box="[844,896,1841,1865]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">A-C)</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E7967E3DFA9B4462" bold="true" box="[1251,1307,1841,1865]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">D–E)</emphasis>
|
||
Head, dorsal and ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E2F57E43FE17444C" bold="true" box="[384,407,1871,1895]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">F)</emphasis>
|
||
Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E7D77E43FB3D444C" bold="true" box="[1186,1213,1871,1895]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">G)</emphasis>
|
||
Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E1167E62FD0044AD" bold="true" box="[611,640,1902,1926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">H)</emphasis>
|
||
Male genital capsule, ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E0967E62FC7544AD" bold="true" box="[995,1013,1902,1926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">I)</emphasis>
|
||
Extended ovipositor.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE926FFF2E7A47E62FB6344AD" bold="true" box="[1233,1251,1902,1926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">J)</emphasis>
|
||
Spermatheca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E2757A64FA8047BB" blockId="21.[191,1442,230,1304]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E2757A64FEFB40A9" bold="true" box="[256,379,872,898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventrite I with intercoxal process narrow, with triangular point anteromedially; lateral edges slightly projected, lateral and posterior margins arcuate, converging posteriorly; anterior and posterior margins of ventrites more or less straight; ventrite I longer medially than II; II–IV subequal in length; V slightly longer than IV with lateral margins converging posteriorly to a rounded apex; apical margin bearing short, sparse setae; all ventrites bearing moderate, shallow punctation across surface, distance to nearest puncture approximately 2× diameter of puncture, punctures bearing mostly reclining setae; ventrite V with setae length nearly uniformly approximately 2× diameter of puncture; I–IV each with 2 or more median pairs of longer, semi-erect sensory hairs (difficult to see in poor lighting, often abraded). Male genitalia similar to all others in the genus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE927FFF3E6547D58FA154744" box="[1313,1429,1108,1135]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
), with dorsoventrally flattened tegmen, elongate cylindrical median lobe, and long coiled flagellum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E2757D94FD6C4633" blockId="21.[191,1442,230,1304]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E2757D94FEDB4799" bold="true" box="[256,347,1176,1202]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to male, except elytral length/width (EL/EW) = 1.71–1.75, with strong tendency to be larger in females. Genitalia elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE927FFF3E11D7DB6FD3447FF" box="[616,692,1210,1236]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
); gonostylus set apically on gonocoxite, gonostylus length = 4–5× width. Spermatheca with basal third narrow, length> 9× maximum width of basal third, apical third swollen, nearly 2× maximum width of basal third (
|
||
<figureCitation id="46B5E9DDE927FFF3E1E67DF1FD5F4633" box="[659,735,1277,1304]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[192,261,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-70@20.[338,1293,229,1811]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11450509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11450509/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E927FFF3E3B57C2BFC8B4580" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E3B57C2BFD0F466A" blockId="21.[192,655,1319,1345]" box="[192,655,1319,1345]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E3B57C2BFEDB466A" bold="true" box="[192,347,1319,1345]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Type locality.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A699B5C8E927FFF3E2147C2BFE58466A" box="[353,472,1319,1345]" name="Panama" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E2977C2BFDA4466A" box="[482,548,1319,1345]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Coclé</collectingRegion>
|
||
, El Copé.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E3B57C5DFBF346A6" blockId="21.[192,1440,1361,1421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E3B57C5DFE914640" bold="true" box="[192,273,1361,1387]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A699B5C8E927FFF3E2D97C5EFD884647" box="[428,520,1362,1388]" name="Panama" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E1647C5DFD3B4640" box="[529,699,1361,1387]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Coclé province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, El Copé. Host range extends into
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E74D7C5EFB5D4647" box="[1080,1245,1361,1388]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E7927C5DFAAD4640" box="[1255,1325,1361,1387]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Colón</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E6177C5EFF7346A6" country="Panama" name="Veraguas" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Veraguas</collectingRegion>
|
||
provinces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA1F88A9E927FFF3E2067C7FFDA446A6" author="Stevenson DW" box="[371,548,1395,1421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref28013" refString="Stevenson DW. 1993. The Zamiaceae in Panama with comments on phytogeography and species relationships. Brittonia 45: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1993">Stevenson 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and this beetle likely occurs in these regions as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E3B57C90FB994537" blockId="21.[191,1441,1436,1565]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E3B57C90FE2C469D" bold="true" box="[192,428,1436,1462]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Materials examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6EE6FF05E927FFF3E2C47C91FB994537" collectingDate="2004-09-22" collectionCode="FSCA" country="Panama" location="Cocle Prov." pageId="21" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="01354BFAE927FFF3E2C47C91FD99469C" box="[433,537,1437,1463]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(by designation) male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E05B7C91FB07469C" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[814,1159,1437,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E05B7C91FB07469C" box="[814,1159,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the following labels: 1) [rectangular; white; printed in black ink] “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A699B5C8E927FFF3E1B87CB3FCC546F2" box="[717,837,1471,1497]" name="Panama" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E0267CB2FC5946F2" box="[851,985,1470,1497]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Coclé Prov.</collectingRegion>
|
||
, El Copé, ex male cone
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E78D7CB3FE5B46D1" authority=", Alberto Taylor" authorityName="Alberto Taylor" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E78D7CB3FEAB46D1" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Zamia pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
, Alberto Taylor
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<date id="AA30D398E927FFF3E2947CECFDE246D1" box="[481,610,1504,1530]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" value="2004-09-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="BA742A70E927FFF3E2947CECFDE246D1" box="[481,610,1504,1530]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" value="2004-09-22">IX-22-2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
”. 2) [rectangular; red; printed in black ink] “
|
||
<typeStatus id="01354BFAE927FFF3E7257CECFB6246D1" box="[1104,1250,1504,1530]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E79D7CEEFB7D46D5" box="[1256,1277,1506,1534]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<specimenCount id="C8883ED1E927FFF3E79D7CEEFB7D46D5" box="[1256,1277,1506,1534]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E6717CECFD7C4537" authority="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor 2024" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E6717CECFEF74537" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
Tang, Skelley and A.S. Taylor 2024
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Deposited in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E0BA7F0EFB944537" box="[975,1044,1538,1564]" country="USA" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E3B57F20FC8B4580" blockId="21.[192,1441,1579,1708]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E3B57F20FEBF456D" bold="true" box="[192,319,1580,1606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Additional</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6EE6FF05E927FFF3E23D7F20FA1B4543" collectingDate="2002-09-02" collectionCode="FSCA" collectorName="El Cope" country="Panama" elevation="800" location="Cocle Prov." pageId="21" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="91" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="allotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E23D7F20FD89456E" bold="true" box="[328,521,1579,1606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<typeStatus id="01354BFAE927FFF3E23D7F20FE3A456D" box="[328,442,1580,1606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(184).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="01354BFAE927FFF3E1677F20FDF2456D" box="[530,626,1580,1606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E1F67F20FD4A456D" box="[643,714,1580,1606]" country="USA" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
) and
|
||
<specimenCount id="C8883ED1E927FFF3E07A7F20FC20456D" box="[783,928,1580,1606]" count="91" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">91 Paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
same label data.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E71E7F20FAF9456D" bold="true" box="[1131,1401,1579,1606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A699B5C8E927FFF3E71E7F20FB63456D" box="[1131,1251,1580,1606]" name="Panama" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE927FFF3E7847F27FAF9456D" box="[1265,1401,1579,1606]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Coclé Prov.</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="737B908EE927FFF3E6FC7F20FF7E4543" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">El Copé</collectorName>
|
||
, ex male cone
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E2D07F42FCDF4543" authority=", Alberto Taylor" authorityName="Alberto Taylor" box="[421,863,1614,1640]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E2D07F42FD2C4543" box="[421,684,1614,1640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Zamia pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
, Alberto Taylor
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="55A3126BE927FFF3E01F7F42FC504543" box="[874,976,1614,1640]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="800.0">
|
||
<quantity id="197658BDE927FFF3E01F7F42FC294543" box="[874,937,1614,1640]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</quantity>
|
||
asl
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, wet premountain forest,
|
||
<date id="AA30D398E927FFF3E7847F42FAE44543" box="[1265,1380,1614,1640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" value="2002-09-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="BA742A70E927FFF3E7847F42FAE44543" box="[1265,1380,1614,1640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" value="2002-09-02">IX-2-2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(12)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; IX-22,28-2003 (23);
|
||
<date id="AA30D398E927FFF3E2D87F7CFDAD45A1" box="[429,557,1648,1674]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" value="2004-09-24">IX-24-2004</date>
|
||
(16);
|
||
<date id="AA30D398E927FFF3E10D7F63FD6145A2" box="[632,737,1647,1673]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" value="2016-10-02">X-2-2016</date>
|
||
(41).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6EE6FF05E927FFF3E05E7F7CFC874580" collectionCode="ANIC, FSCA, NHMUK, NZAC, RHTC, SEMC, STRI, MIUP, TAMU, USNM" country="Panama" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="01354BFAE927FFF3E05E7F7CFC1745A1" box="[811,919,1648,1674]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
to be deposited in:
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E7FD7F7CFB4E45A1" box="[1160,1230,1648,1674]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">ANIC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E7A87F7CFAA245A1" box="[1245,1314,1648,1674]" country="USA" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E6457F7CFA1D45A1" box="[1328,1437,1648,1674]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E3B57F9DFE8E4580" box="[192,270,1681,1707]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Other institutional type">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E26D7F9DFEE54580" box="[280,357,1681,1707]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">RHTC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E21A7F9DFE3A4580" box="[367,442,1681,1707]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34264" name="University of Kansas - Biodiversity Institute" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">SEMC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E2B17F9DFD804580" box="[452,512,1681,1707]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">STRI</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E17F7F9EFDCF4587" box="[522,591,1682,1708]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">MIUP</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E12F7F9DFD2B4580" box="[602,683,1681,1707]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">TAMU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B89F6D9DE927FFF3E1C07F9DFC874580" box="[693,775,1681,1707]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E927FFF3E3B57FB7FD904411" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF3E3B57FB7FD904411" blockId="21.[192,1440,1723,1851]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E3B57FB7FEC445FE" bold="true" box="[192,324,1723,1749]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E2807FB0FD7B45FE" box="[501,763,1723,1749]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E2807FB0FD7B45FE" box="[501,763,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Zamia pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is an epiphyte appearing to parasitize trees on which it lives, but have a commensal relationship with them. These beetles appear to parasitize the cones of the host plant, but instead act as pollinators. Thus, as with the host species, the specific epithet is a feminine adjective reflecting the beetles’ role as a false parasite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9694A6D3E927FFF0E3B57E46FCA240BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E927FFF0E3B57E46FD76426E" blockId="21.[192,1440,1866,1927]" lastBlockId="22.[192,1440,230,325]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E3B57E46FEAF444F" bold="true" box="[192,303,1866,1892]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E2437E46FD10444F" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[310,656,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E2437E46FD10444F" box="[310,656,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed here in the “recent radiation” of species using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF3E6727E47FAD0444F" box="[1287,1360,1867,1892]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E6727E47FAD0444F" box="[1287,1360,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Zamia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycads as hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA1F88A9E927FFF3E25E7E60FE7344AD" author="Tang W & Xu G & O'Brien CW & Calonje M & Franz NM & Johnston MA & Taylor A & Vovides AP & Perez-Farrera MA & Morales SH & Lazcano-Lara JC & Skelley P & Lopez-Gallego C & Lindstrom A & Rich S." box="[299,499,1900,1927]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref28198" refString="Tang W, Xu G, O'Brien CW, Calonje M, Franz NM, Johnston MA, Taylor A, Vovides AP, Perez-Farrera MA, Salas- Morales SH, Lazcano-Lara JC, Skelley P, Lopez-Gallego C, Lindstrom A, Rich S. 2018 b. Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of New World cycad beetles: what they reveal about cycad evolution in the New World. Diversity 10 (38): 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="2018">Tang et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2020). As a member of the clarkorum species group it appears most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE927FFF0E6FF7E61FEB9422B" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="21" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fortunensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE927FFF3E6FF7E61FA1A44AD" box="[1418,1434,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E3B579EAFEB9422B" box="[192,313,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">fortunensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the swollen apical third of the spermatheca. Unlike other members of the clarkorum species group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E2487805FD8D4209" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[317,525,264,290]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoparasitica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E2487805FD8D4209" box="[317,525,264,290]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">P. pseudoparasitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
co-occurs in the male cones of its host with a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E7097804FAAD4209" box="[1148,1325,264,290]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" genus="Notorhopalotria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E7097804FAAD4209" box="[1148,1325,264,290]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Notorhopalotria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
weevil,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E6F07805FE54426F" authority="Tang and O'Brien" authorityName="Tang and O'Brien" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E6F07805FE88426F" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">N. taylori</emphasis>
|
||
Tang and O’Brien
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA1F88A9E924FFF0E2947826FD6A426E" author="O'Brien C & Tang W." box="[481,746,298,325]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref27463" refString="O'Brien C, Tang W. 2015. Revision of the New World cycad weevils of the subtribe Allocorynina, with description of two new genera and three new subgenera (Coleoptera: Belidae: Oxycoryninae). Zootaxa 3970: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Brien and Tang 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E924FFF0E3B57861FE6042A2" blockId="22.[192,480,365,394]" box="[192,480,365,394]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E3B57861FE6042A2" bold="true" box="[192,480,365,394]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Confusa species group</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E924FFF0E3B57895FCD14117" blockId="22.[192,1440,409,572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E3B57895FE004298" bold="true" box="[192,384,409,435]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Adult diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Spermatheca not elongate, total length <6× the maximum width of the basal third, C-shaped, width throughout its length not varying more than about 1.5X the central thickness of the basal third; head width/pronotal width (HW/PW) = 0.66–0.86 (mean for each species = 0.76–0.78); head width/dorsal interocular distance (HW/DI) = 1.68–1.97 (mean for each species = 1.76–1.86); ventral interocular distance/head width (HW/VI) = 2.13–2.83 (mean for each species = 2.36–2.58).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE31F558E924FFF0E3B57B47FCA240BC" blockId="22.[191,1442,587,919]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E3B57B47FEAF414E" bold="true" box="[192,303,587,613]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Genetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene places the confusa species group within the recent radiations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E3CA7B61FEDB41AC" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1875" box="[191,347,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E3CA7B61FEDB41AC" box="[191,347,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Pharaxonotha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tang et al. 2018, 2020). Within the Panamanian fauna, the confusa species group is quite similar to the clarkorum species group in external morphology. The confusa species group is formed based on spermatheca morphology, by analysis of the 16SrRNA gene in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E18D7BBDFC1441E0" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1875" box="[760,916,689,715]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E18D7BBDFC1441E0" box="[760,916,689,715]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Pharaxonotha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from nearly all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E73A7BBEFB6D41E0" box="[1103,1261,689,715]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E73A7BBEFB1841E0" box="[1103,1176,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Zamia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Panamanian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA1F88A9E924FFF0E3BF7BDFFE0A41C6" author="Tang W & Xu G & O'Brien CW & Calonje M & Franz NM & Johnston MA & Taylor A & Vovides AP & Perez-Farrera MA & Morales SH & Lazcano-Lara JC & Skelley P & Lopez-Gallego C & Lindstrom A & Rich S." box="[202,394,723,749]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref28198" refString="Tang W, Xu G, O'Brien CW, Calonje M, Franz NM, Johnston MA, Taylor A, Vovides AP, Perez-Farrera MA, Salas- Morales SH, Lazcano-Lara JC, Skelley P, Lopez-Gallego C, Lindstrom A, Rich S. 2018 b. Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of New World cycad beetles: what they reveal about cycad evolution in the New World. Diversity 10 (38): 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="2018">Tang et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2020) as well as analysis of 368 nuclear genes in a subsample of these populations (Salzman et al. unpublished data). Distribution of this group is disjunct with one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E7637BFAFB024024" authorityName=", Pakaluk" authorityYear="1988" box="[1046,1154,757,783]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E7637BFAFB024024" box="[1046,1154,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">P. confusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recognized in the Pacific drainage of the western province of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1C4A3BBAE924FFF0E13E7A1BFD2B401A" box="[587,683,791,817]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Chiriqui</collectingRegion>
|
||
extending into the adjoining Costa Rican province of Puntarenas on the
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E39F7A36FDF24078" box="[234,626,825,851]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E39F7A36FE124078" box="[234,402,825,851]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fairchildiana">Z. fairchildiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E2E97A36FDF24078" box="[412,626,825,851]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudomonticola">Z. pseudomonticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
complex. Another member of this species group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E7EE7A36FAB44078" authorityName="Tang, Skelley and A. S. Taylor" authorityYear="2024" box="[1179,1332,826,851]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E7EE7A36FAB44078" box="[1179,1332,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">P. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is recognized on the Atlantic drainage from central to eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A699B5C8E924FFF0E06E7A57FCF5405E" box="[795,885,859,885]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
on five morphologically diverse hosts:
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E6537A50FE1540BC" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E6537A50FAFF405E" box="[1318,1407,860,885]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">Z. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E6FC7A50FE9C40BC" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dressleri">Z. dressleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E2537A72FE1540BC" box="[294,405,893,919]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obliqua">Z. obliqua</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E2D77A72FDD140BC" box="[418,593,893,919]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elegantissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E2D77A72FDD140BC" box="[418,593,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Z. elegantissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="198E8EDBE924FFF0E1FD7A72FC9C40BC" box="[648,796,894,919]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stevensonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFA294AE924FFF0E1FD7A72FC9C40BC" box="[648,796,894,919]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Z. stevensonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |