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<mods:title id="4770A00A2DE6CE03A4872DC73C5AB27E">A taxonomic synopsis of Virola (Myristicaceae) in Mesoamerica, including six new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5273F3764725906FE2C67ED9DD20A43C">Santamaria-Aguilar, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="55D4AA719DD15A3EBD311FDFAEFE9F58" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159834619" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:55D4AA719DD15A3EBD311FDFAEFE9F58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/55D4AA719DD15A3EBD311FDFAEFE9F58" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Myristicaceae">
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<paragraph id="DD5FA80A32C0754D89FCFD636F3196CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
6. 
<taxonomicName id="ECAAC2AB11E523A6C52D2D4BCEDE8B88" ID-CoL="5BK4V" LSID="55D4AA71-9DD1-5A3E-BD31-1FDFAEFE9F58" authority="(Hemsl.) Warb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">Virola guatemalensis (Hemsl.) Warb.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="EA77D30FAC27B6F8E84F9C526B8A663E" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Virola calophylla A branch with leaves, showing both sides B branch with inflorescences. Virola elongata C leafy branch with inflorescences, inset fruit D inflorescences. Virola guatemalensis E, F leaf blades showing adaxial (E) and abaxial (F) surface. G young twigs and petioles. Photos by Robin Foster (A, B), from https: // plantidtools. fieldmuseum. org / en / nlp; Steven Paton (C, D), Rolando Perez (C inset), from https: // stricollections. org / portal / index. php and Angela Rojas (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349092" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure10">
Fig. 10 
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CC7B76F45589261B6747DCE3B4C8E3E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1AD87CC7E5F812C8F131A757AB8A26F3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">Virola guatemalensis</taxonomicName>
(Hemsl.) Warb. Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 220. 1897.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="413086A1ED492ADD573042507B3AD0EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="44DF38D3241433F76779175E0DF948B8" authorityName="Hemsl" authorityYear="1882" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Myristica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myristica guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">Myristica guatemalensis</taxonomicName>
Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3. 66-67. 1882. Type. Guatemala. [no specific data in location], [no date], [seeds], [
<emphasis id="57BCA7C673664F093B650E793E2403C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. U.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="BC8D72397661DECCC2B13E1E8B4395B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Skinner s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: K!*).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1659509BEEC2F8D35F8074C83C643A20" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distinctive characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96DAE149187EFCD0709C1659A32C821A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="92ACC18478CB98F352EB09E478832CDA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="B1597AD786D863AA83D0CC64266AE2B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by many characters of its leaf, including overall size [12.3-17.5 (-24.1) 
<normalizedToken id="AF45511742A9C42D48736ED3FA02FAF1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(2.4-) 3.8-5.5 (-8.9) cm], inconspicuous pubescence of tiny stellate and sessile trichomes on abaxial surfaces (
<figureCitation id="A32B7246049072F2C6C8D74D59E55340" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Trichomes in Mesoamerican Virola A Virola allenii (R. Aguilar 2224, MO) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 8703, MO) C V. chrysocarpa (O. Valverde 970, MO) D V. elongata (G. McPherson 13674, MO) E V. fosteri (G. McPherson 20913, MO) F V. guatemalensis (R. Cedillo 3349, MO) G V. koschnyi (R. E. Gereau et al. 3455, MO) H V. laevigata (R. Aguilar 2004, MO) I V. megacarpa (J. A. Duke 15261, MO) J V. montana (E. Bello 855, MO) K V. multiflora (R. Rueda et al. 8196, MO; inset, J. C. Sandino 3302, MO) L V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (R. J. Schmalzel 320, MO) M V. otobifolia (G. de Nevers &amp; H. Herrera 7056, MO) N V. sebifera (F. Almeda et al. 5553, MO) O V. nobilis from Osa Peninsula (R. Aguilar 11186, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349085" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure3">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
), 13-21 lateral veins on each side of the leaf that are barely distinctive abaxially (
<figureCitation id="A7F53743710492A88388F46F8A531F0A" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pattern of the lateral veins in Mesoamerican Virola A Virola allenii (K. Thomsen 1284, NO) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 8703, MO) C V. chrysocarpa (B. Hammel et al. 16864, MO) D V. elongata (M. Correa &amp; R. L. Dressler 1078, MO) E V. fosteri (G. de Nevers 7226, MO) F V. guatemalensis (G. Ibarra 957, MO) G V. koschnyi (J. Miller &amp; J. C. Sandino 1110, MO) H V. laevigata (N. Zamora &amp; T. D. Pennington 1583, MO) I V. megacarpa (G. de Nevers 5184, MO) J V. montana (E. Lepiz &amp; J. F. Morales 284, MO) K V. multiflora (J. Manzanares 3561, MO) L V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (R. J. Schmalzel 320, MO) M V. otobifolia (G. de Nevers et al. 7530, MO) N V. sebifera (T. B. Croat 5959, MO) O V. nobilis from Osa Peninsula (R. Aguilar 11186, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349090" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure8">Figs 8F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1AA9D3B343275C585227ED9DF995A6FD" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Virola calophylla A branch with leaves, showing both sides B branch with inflorescences. Virola elongata C leafy branch with inflorescences, inset fruit D inflorescences. Virola guatemalensis E, F leaf blades showing adaxial (E) and abaxial (F) surface. G young twigs and petioles. Photos by Robin Foster (A, B), from https: // plantidtools. fieldmuseum. org / en / nlp; Steven Paton (C, D), Rolando Perez (C inset), from https: // stricollections. org / portal / index. php and Angela Rojas (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349092" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure10">10F</figureCitation>
) and slightly revolute margins. Additionally, the staminate flowers have a filament column that is longer (1-1.2 mm long) than the anthers (0.5-0.8 mm long) and fruits that are 2.7-3.4 
<normalizedToken id="581F8AE1F464FF117215D1E3CC7E4DF9" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.7-2.3 cm, ellipsoid (
<figureCitation id="B973CB2A00082323FBD6A4FD6568EBB7" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Fruits of Mesoameican Virola, organised in groups of morphologically similar species A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. otobifolia (A. Gentry &amp; S. Mori 14199, MO) D V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) E V. chrysocarpa (B. Hammel et al. 16864, MO) F V. koschnyi (R. Robles 1587, MO) G V. guatemalensis (S. Sinaca 1542, MO) H V. montana (J. Utley &amp; K. Utley 5054, MO) I V. fosteri (S. Mori &amp; J. Kallunki 4891, MO) J V. multiflora (R. Rueda et a. l 9960, MO) K V. sebifera (T. B. Croat 5959, MO) L V. elongata (J. D. Dwyer &amp; M. Correa 8420, MO) M V. laevigata (R. Aguilar 1585, MO) N V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (T. B. Croat 8090, MO) O V. nobilis from the Osa Peninsula (G. Herrera 4222, MO) P V. megacarpa (G. de Nevers 5184, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure4">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
), commonly glabrous or glabrous distally and with pubescence at the base with the line of dehiscence slightly carinate or smooth and a thin pericarp [0.4-1 (-2.5) mm thick].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4C773C43DBA77A992D33B7150105CA3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B5669B7C40C686BE8C84AE7FA849FFDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36D108D9E2D23D7F3830F107F1E52A00" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="64A0A926B83E60ABAB77AD1816D363FD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="185B9EA654A71E55AB261D757B8CB2E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca and Veracruz), Guatemala (
<normalizedToken id="898C7CF430F074D9E8EE9CC61D3E7B88" originalValue="Sololá">Solola</normalizedToken>
) and Honduras (Yoro) (
<figureCitation id="014DF71EFC79A0C74F7FA1D15EBC3355" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Geographic distribution of Virola allenii (A), V. amistadensis (B), V. chrysocarpa (C), V. elongata (D), V. fosteri (E) and V. guatemalensis (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349091" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure9">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
). It has been recorded between 150-1250 m elevation. 
<bibRefCitation id="35ABC5EF6BB05EEE00F43A97AEA6507A" author="Standley, PC" editor="Standley, PC" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana: Botany 24 (4)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="294 - 299" refId="B99" refString="Standley, PC, Steyermark, JA, 1946. Myristicaceae. In: Standley, PC, Steyermark, JA, Eds., Flora of Guatemala - Part IV. Fieldiana: Botany 24(4): 294 - 299" title="Myristicaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Guatemala - Part IV." year="1946">Standley and Steyermark (1946)</bibRefCitation>
mention that it also occurs in Alto Verapaz, 
<normalizedToken id="B7E391D8C8105A3E1F6BFF152259F996" originalValue="Suchitepéquez">Suchitepequez</normalizedToken>
, San Marcos and Huehuetenango in Guatemala, while 
<bibRefCitation id="DA5021CC5747B8BC19FDE32DF41F9E26" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2352" author="Standley, PC" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 418" refId="B96" refString="Standley, PC, 1931. Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 10: 1 - 418, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2352" title="Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2352" volume="10" year="1931">Standley (1931)</bibRefCitation>
indicates that it occurs in Lancentilla (Honduras), where it is noted to be one of the most common tree species. While 
<bibRefCitation id="109B0C51708EA7B1D57DD2184A5626EE" author="Gentry, AH" editor="Stevens, WD" journalOrPublisher="Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (1)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1542 - 1545" refId="B32" refString="Gentry, AH, 2001. Myristicaceae. In: Stevens, WD, Ulloa Ulloa, C, Pool, A, Montiel, OM, Eds., Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(1): 1542 - 1545" title="Myristicaceae." volumeTitle="Flora de Nicaragua." year="2001">Gentry (2001)</bibRefCitation>
postulated that 
<taxonomicName id="0A325E619CE23B6B12AC3EAAC22EB752" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="65F5E27C4BE165D649231F6A975C1135" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an expected species for Nicaragua, no Nicaraguan collections of this species are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="376EEFB333EB0F4398C41EB0CBDFD0E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph id="3D7577B3B7E5539B07229AB6AABB3F95" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3013F8EE6FE1041022AED159709A48A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Mexico: cacao, cacao volador (Chiapas), cacaotillo, cedrillo (Veracruz), 
<normalizedToken id="93A4DE3A5F3EFF8CAAA1B693E1D58928" originalValue="k’ik’">k'ik'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="81C65BD64786D9898BB3A12909DB1BE6" originalValue="che’">che'</normalizedToken>
[Lacandon name]. Guatemala: chucul, palo de sebo, cacao volador, cacao 
<normalizedToken id="64BDE401C869F979F0579DBB81459CE9" originalValue="cimarrón">cimarron</normalizedToken>
. Honduras: sangre.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7B23A63C5AC06B92CAA1E4197C2F2A87" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph id="BE7342972DADDD60A351BE1A1C9695B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54E42C51CB9652FB2E85C84FFE715D79" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Flowering of 
<taxonomicName id="236E65B8681E771436CE25A38B458A0A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="A3A672C843DEDB5197753A6698832D51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded in April and May and fruit production in January, March, August, October and December.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1A4F7622A0147DB0131CF159418AC4E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="8D7FF048E82073B9E0849858774DDA93" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Field characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4EA77273724693F700918E3F5F3E98D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Plants are trees between 12-35 m high and 45-130 cm DBH with a straight trunk, sometimes with moderately sized buttresses. The bark is variously described as smooth or fissured and scaly and is brown to greyish-brown in colour and exudes watery reddish transparent sap when damaged. Flowers have yellow, green-yellowish or brown perianth. The mature fruit is yellow with a red aril.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D2520C0CB07D9B2A312A9BB2282C5EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9B0FB36D3997AC30201003E336ACC190" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC452CDF2EEDFB5331218914D836AAB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
While the name 
<taxonomicName id="279A374B72DC5730A063EC9B1C6743EA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="BDC6018FB2BDD6EF3CB72F262386D6CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been applied to herbarium specimens from Costa Rica and Panama in the past, those are here interpreted as a distinct species, 
<taxonomicName id="A7930D1A99BF6C4F0C44F9E611FE20CF" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. montana" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="5DE6F4A2BBDF673B9B8026CDFBA3A34D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on our interpretation, 
<taxonomicName id="2B81C2041787B025D8AA77604F074300" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="E0FE94A7B73A9867E9029ADF002BF8ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. It is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="263EEEA5916E5438B332334A14768537" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. montana" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="4750BB0D91E33DB1EFB5853205A20C9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a series of characters, described below. While 
<taxonomicName id="53993F1AAAAF320EF8486940F8ACCB31" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. laevigata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="B4BE1E445BD11F591860066857728603" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. laevigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was typified with material from the Pacific slope in 
<normalizedToken id="0DBDBD4D6E1AAC7975119E14E23E5BE9" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
, Panama and is frequently considered a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="39E196C88A2109BF83532023ECB15763" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="B30A07335C3880F94703B19577E7D909" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="6128EFC75ADE38D174BC50DE6525402F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" author="Smith, AC" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="393 - 510" refId="B90" refString="Smith, AC, Wodehouse, RP, 1938. The American species of Myristicaceae. Brittonia 2 (5): 393 - 510, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" title="The American species of Myristicaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" volume="2" year="1938">Smith and Wodehouse 1938</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="386E3D1A34CC7187DBDE20F0666FE1AA" author="Standley, PC" editor="Standley, PC" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana: Botany 24 (4)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="294 - 299" refId="B99" refString="Standley, PC, Steyermark, JA, 1946. Myristicaceae. In: Standley, PC, Steyermark, JA, Eds., Flora of Guatemala - Part IV. Fieldiana: Botany 24(4): 294 - 299" title="Myristicaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Guatemala - Part IV." year="1946">Standley and Steyermark 1946</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C4649CED372CDA23775024789A493EC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2394708" author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="214 - 225" refId="B24" refString="Duke, JA, 1962. Myristicaceae. Flora of Panama, Part IV. Fascicle 5. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 49 (3-4): 214 - 225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2394708" title="Myristicaceae. Flora of Panama, Part IV. Fascicle 5." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2394708" volume="49" year="1962">Duke 1962</bibRefCitation>
), we treat these as morphologically distinct; differences between these two species are discussed under 
<taxonomicName id="0F828A699E7BD81986B7A31BE328D810" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. laevigata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="7AA535092D1638A7580AC40B8D2FC514" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. laevigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BE782AF07D8C33CAD65072639A387ABE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="C944B28920126458E217927A4AB95BCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B1CD3104997ED720A54E7485B7EEA23" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The specimens, identified in 
<bibRefCitation id="488C20C1F2532FFC3EBD7BEBBB074178" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v4i2.21614" author="Gomez-Laurito, J" journalOrPublisher="Lankesteriana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="113 - 142" refId="B33" refString="Gomez-Laurito, J, Ortiz, R, 2004. Lista con Anotaciones de las Angiospermas de la Reserva Biologica Alberto Brenes (Microcuencas de los rios San Lorenzo y San Lorencito), Costa Rica. Lankesteriana 4 (2): 113 - 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v4i2.21614" title="Lista con Anotaciones de las Angiospermas de la Reserva Biologica Alberto Brenes (Microcuencas de los rios San Lorenzo y San Lorencito), Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v4i2.21614" volume="4" year="2004">
<normalizedToken id="74FE26BF780EA20F7C31F93BCD242A62" originalValue="Gómez-Laurito">Gomez-Laurito</normalizedToken>
and Ortiz (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E7AAFE1CC6083A5007237CBFF997BBC6" author="Haber, W" editor="Nadkarni, NM" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="744 - 805" publicationUrl="http://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/scholars-bookshelf/3/" refId="B36" refString="Haber, W, 2014. Plantas Vasculares de Monteverde. Apendice 1. In: Nadkarni, NM, Wheelwright, NT, Eds., Monteverde: ecologia y conservacion de un bosque nuboso tropical (version actualizada y ampliada en espanol). Oxford University Press: 744 - 805, http://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/scholars-bookshelf/3/" title="Plantas Vasculares de Monteverde. Apendice 1." url="http://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/scholars-bookshelf/3/" volumeTitle="Monteverde: ecologia y conservacion de un bosque nuboso tropical (version actualizada y ampliada en espanol)." year="2014">Haber (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="4AAAC61A734621B23CDB64205D6B0289" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.322.1.1" author="Monro, AK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 283" refId="B57" refString="Monro, AK, Santamaria-Aguilar, D, Gonzalez, F, Chacon, O, Solano, D, Rodriguez, A, Zamora, N, Fedele, E, Correa, MDA, 2017. A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama. Phytotaxa 322 (1): 1 - 283, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.322.1.1" title="A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.322.1.1" volume="322" year="2017">Monro et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="FA383F411D7B9D64D93E753DE2308CA5" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="D3F35685EA3876E7F883156FDD137D5E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="BD552B8CA7DD386E4B676098ADCFE00F" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. surinamensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="surinamensis">
<emphasis id="B68EE8C64B49313CCA117B81485DAD23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. surinamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, correspond to 
<taxonomicName id="888EB58E5B116181A6B86C001CA17525" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. montana" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="D0879FC336E01DF1BFB30F67341233C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="A0BEBF03EDDF37197641DF77C2269E3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Aguilar 1131</emphasis>
, [
<emphasis id="54015BDD71EE599F6126880B5B796444" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="285470F14514BC42B68E56F8FBB1BDAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Bello 470, M. Chinchilla 3, J. 
<normalizedToken id="ACD2832FCF904AD8B66609351782CF3E" originalValue="Gómez-Laurito">Gomez-Laurito</normalizedToken>
11846, 11970
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="AA037E8AD52FBA829FC177BBCD0C81B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
J. 
<normalizedToken id="38E36716D51D865EBE44A15A3734BFA7" originalValue="González">Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
823
</emphasis>
) or 
<taxonomicName id="EA03ADBD1F618939287EA7FC9FB746A2" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. amistadensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="amistadensis">
<emphasis id="50E12360559535E89EDB385ACD03A9AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. amistadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="2BF7B7CEFA540A46141463E939C6624C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A. 
<normalizedToken id="EBB5883E88CA52C41FAF9E16B9302A3C" originalValue="Chacón">Chacon</normalizedToken>
194
</emphasis>
). Additionally, a specimen cited as 
<taxonomicName id="1F79E7A5A7DCE9A40692204E19C8E757" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="E4ECD6258A4D9803B2D8BAEBC6C2B941" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<emphasis id="59E4CFBBBE5ED5C20BFBDDE43A8440E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flora of Panama</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BBE3859AD37B719F64F7CD8161C173A5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2394708" author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="214 - 225" refId="B24" refString="Duke, JA, 1962. Myristicaceae. Flora of Panama, Part IV. Fascicle 5. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 49 (3-4): 214 - 225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2394708" title="Myristicaceae. Flora of Panama, Part IV. Fascicle 5." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2394708" volume="49" year="1962">Duke 1962</bibRefCitation>
) corresponds with the type of 
<taxonomicName id="D8115EAB51E6A94727FDF4B7F34295BC" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. laevigata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="8EF4799491A6E382E983E14AA9C9EDBE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. laevigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="76C8871C2DA77E88C61EE15C247C16B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. P. Cooper &amp; G. M. Slater 308</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6BA264A1DDC47641F94F39629B35604" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The specimen 
<emphasis id="2856069D80C5118341A569B6AC3727AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. A. Steyermark 47624</emphasis>
(MO-3 sheets!) seems to represent two different individuals - two of the sheets have staminate flowers, while the third has immature fruits. The duplicate of this collection at the Field Museum (digital image) has two sheets, both from a pistillate individual: one sheet carries flowers and the other immature fruits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="810BE24B3993B10359CF686D5E4008A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E3B4B0DE3154282ACAF0A5243CF1D2C4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola guatemalensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
<emphasis id="E428F6E637D5778C594ED9FA4EE42721" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola guatemalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with another Mesoamerican species, 
<taxonomicName id="59DA422DA1BC8194C8625F7327F4D272" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. koschnyi" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="koschnyi">
<emphasis id="93B2370A458E187E501655C259229D6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. koschnyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below), produce the largest grains of pollen in 
<taxonomicName id="CD98A5A6B41F12C3FFA87C15E6C2F7A7" authorityName="Aublet" authorityYear="1775" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A23B22BB2CB1FD6F5C6A784441DD79D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F270C33811ACFCC0100D682DD7686F78" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2398916" author="Walker, JW" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="731 - 755" refId="B111" refString="Walker, JW, Walker, AG, 1979. Comparative Pollen Morphology of the American Myristicaceous Genera Compsoneura and Virola. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66 (4): 731 - 755, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2398916" title="Comparative Pollen Morphology of the American Myristicaceous Genera Compsoneura and Virola." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2398916" volume="66" year="1979">Walker and Walker 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9F1E47CB67FCAAE7E212D99BE63EA7F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="selected specimens seen">
<paragraph id="AE7FE21AB2C67285421D45F8CBA926D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected specimens seen.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81351099DE36ABB5A4163108FD20B30C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E018D9073EA3592D322A4A4D56773B8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mexico. Chiapas</emphasis>
: Tila, Chewupaj, 1000 m elev., 10 Dec 1982 (fr), 
<emphasis id="8B861528B05FB538609ADB1896E70916" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A. 
<normalizedToken id="080C99153AFF3BC68DE21AC226924A9F" originalValue="Méndez">Mendez</normalizedToken>
5223
</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!); Peltalcingo, slope of 
<normalizedToken id="B2B6492E83A9787AAD3DEC914DD08F09" originalValue="Ahk’ulbal">Ahk'ulbal</normalizedToken>
Nab above Peltalcingo, 1700 m elev., 27 Feb 1981 (fr), 
<emphasis id="15C4F68497C90EF047DF8051F978ACF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D. Breedlove 49868</emphasis>
(MEXU!*); La Trinitaria, 10 km east northeast of Dos Lagos above Santa Elena, 1170 m elev., 19 Jan 1982 (fr), 
<emphasis id="37E1FAFFA5493C4D236803C02C186861" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D. Breedlove &amp; F. Almeda 57553</emphasis>
(MO!); La Independencia, ridge, 45-50 km E of Lagos de Montebello National Park on road to 
<normalizedToken id="A1EC5BDBBA77278244474CC6D3BA9884" originalValue="Ixcán">Ixcan</normalizedToken>
from Santa Elena, 760 m elev., 22 Jan 1982 (fr), 
<emphasis id="77F2424A5A0325CB2E39031055D7CCA0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D. Breedlove &amp; F. Almeda 57735</emphasis>
(MO!). 
<emphasis id="46B472654B5BF8C91A39F4DCB1F29FD7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oaxaca</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken id="03880CA632F0A09E755748A6120F0855" originalValue="Matías">Matias</normalizedToken>
Romero 
<normalizedToken id="5EC26977F1FDE3435FA7500F3ECF3C01" originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken id="D2852E328F3F4E05A03C0A8A37BA63DA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
11 Km. al S de Aserradero La Floresta, 
<normalizedToken id="7C631696D18CBF09DA3BC5FD26906B12" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
24 Km. al S de Esmeralda, lomas al S del 
<normalizedToken id="23F198DCD2BB967EC080EFDF5C39D86F" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Verde, 300 m elev., 24 Apr 1981 (fl), 
<emphasis id="B1D11FC80CB35DEF89FC067582B9A738" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. Wendt et al. 3235</emphasis>
(MEXU!*). 
<emphasis id="6761FBDA77E7A92548443F38C486D326" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Veracruz</emphasis>
: Cima del cerro Vigia, 450 m elev., 19 Apr 2005 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="0E65E2D3C67458F7739C50A416346E38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Velasco-Sinaca 678</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!); La Escondida, 3 km NO de 
<normalizedToken id="1FC9979C91997E8EEB4C32E2915BBACA" originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken id="23D85FDFEFDFEA9A1C699C304DDC9E6B" originalValue="Biología">Biologia</normalizedToken>
Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 200 m elev., 05 Apr 1983 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="E74C40378E5A637377BC7C80C1E35C69" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. Ibarra 604</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!); 
<normalizedToken id="182726C43B48E7CEB775ADA62DFC744B" originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken id="2E48A0196A1C49627F46CCA9191A88DC" originalValue="Biología">Biologia</normalizedToken>
Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 200 m elev., 29 Oct 1983 (fr), 
<emphasis id="3ECD27753F13BED7799704C1ADEB2BC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. Ibarra 957</emphasis>
(MO!); camino Laguna Escondida, 2 km NW de la 
<normalizedToken id="2B0C35BF24CD731E1C750F76434323D9" originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken id="4131DDDA8F8304EB8CA3051900192F3C" originalValue="Biológia">Biologia</normalizedToken>
Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 200 m elev., 08 May 1984 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="7C99EC6F2C3F4C98CE49AB114353B460" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
G. Ibarra &amp; G. 
<normalizedToken id="E9348BFA87A472895CF9B65C02BD4F6B" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
1607
</emphasis>
(MO!); Ocotal Grande, 5 km N de Mecayapan, 1000 m elev., 14 Mar 1985 (fr), 
<emphasis id="7EBBFDE18CD7CDA03044E00F042F497E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. Ibarra et al. 2357</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!, NO!); 2 km al NW del rancho 
<normalizedToken id="D96DBFE1B2C622BA7DEBC85FA3C72B25" originalValue="Rubén">Ruben</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A115C2874D93097391595BB92B733DCC" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
, 250-350 m elev., 28 May 1985 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="81A141F7170CCEC9A96F64B4A1AC0A1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. Ibarra 2450</emphasis>
(MO!); Santiago Tuxtla, Alta Luz, 540 m elev., 11 May 1968 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="0C253B8A0A1E8CF694174A7CDEBEB358" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Sousa 3680</emphasis>
(MO!); Catemaco, Tebanca, no elev., 20 Oct 1971 (fr), 
<emphasis id="361ACCCC88D3A848A7EB713371B47349" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. I. Calzada 615</emphasis>
(MO!); Cerro El Vigia de Santiago Tuxtla, 800 m elev., 18 Feb 1967 (fr), 
<emphasis id="2727826120581E58C359DB8D64149F74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Cedillo 9</emphasis>
(MO!); Catemaco, El Chinchero, 14.2 km al SE de Tebanca camino al 
<normalizedToken id="4417CEAC718F8D7A024BBFA729CAF732" originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
Huacinapan, no elev., 19 Dec 1984 (fr), 
<emphasis id="DAF8F02738BB6B6F050875E0259EDDD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
R. Cedillo &amp; G. 
<normalizedToken id="0CA66DA3DB01A8FCA239606178931B1C" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
2958
</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!, NO!); 
<normalizedToken id="53848C16916629A1D2862A3A216EE862" originalValue="Hidalgotitlán">Hidalgotitlan</normalizedToken>
, lomitas al SE de Poblado 6, 150 m elev., 27 Apr 1982 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="0F18CF34F543E326D45134B3A44A4403" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. Wendt et al. 3898</emphasis>
(LSU!, MO!). 
<emphasis id="BDF43AC9BC5048F1AADEC2F140982C40" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Guatemala. 
<normalizedToken id="A251F1A92F06B9AAD67F2549B19404BA" originalValue="Sololá">Solola</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Bordering barranco on Finca Olas de 
<normalizedToken id="2A3177AD8D48DCBB9C5C03A78E52D156" originalValue="Mocá">Moca</normalizedToken>
, just west of Finca 
<normalizedToken id="2B301C77E545903225A425F0B44E468C" originalValue="Mocá">Moca</normalizedToken>
, south-facing slopes of 
<normalizedToken id="37D30C12521E2C1DE849044F69CAE867" originalValue="Volcán">Volcan</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B8B0975D86F8BA94BED7434DB97F552B" originalValue="Atitlán">Atitlan</normalizedToken>
, 1000-1100 m elev., 15 Jun 1942 (♂ fl, imm fr), 
<emphasis id="B1D5A033378F7168CCE451F862950426" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. A. Steyermark 47624</emphasis>
(F!*, MO-3 sheets!). 
<emphasis id="89DAB3F31EAA3D6CA0927FCBC9692565" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Honduras. Yoro</emphasis>
: Cascada de 
<normalizedToken id="ECC36BDFDCD07B8F2C7CD714B87D35EE" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="07256CA83BC97B90ED1B7D32E7A894A7" originalValue="Guán">Guan</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="915C26A3D749A95286FE57D2575644C8" originalValue="Guán">Guan</normalizedToken>
, 400-440 m elev., 20 Apr 1995 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis id="0240049487C6906200ACB2226C4ADCD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. Hawkins &amp; M. Merello 768B</emphasis>
(MO!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>