393 lines
38 KiB
XML
393 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2462" ID-PMC="PMC3254246" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-8-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB0783DFF811218FFC6FFC7C060FF95" ID-PubMed="22287927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576106" ModsDocID="1314-2003-8-1" checkinTime="1451252081088" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vorontsova, M. S. & Knapp, S." docDate="2012" docId="55A589815E905AA3987E56EF79EAEE36" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 8: 1-11" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 8" docPubDate="2012-01-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2462" docTitle="Solanum umtuma Voronts. & S. Knapp 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFB0783DFF811218FFC6FFC7C060FF95" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFB0783DFF811218FFC6FFC7C060FF95" masterDocTitle="A new species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from South Africa related to the cultivated eggplant" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668141974000" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from South Africa related to the cultivated eggplant</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vorontsova, M. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Herbarium, Library and Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW 9 1 AD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-01-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>8</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>11</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2462</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2462</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-8-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFB0783DFF811218FFC6FFC7C060FF95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576106</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182229519" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:55A589815E905AA3987E56EF79EAEE36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/55A589815E905AA3987E56EF79EAEE36" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName LSID="55A58981-5E90-5AA3-987E-56EF79EAEE36" authority="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum umtuma" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma" status="sp. nov.">Solanum umtuma Voronts. & S.Knapp</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Solanum umtuma. A Habit with pronounced secondary leaf lobes and sparse prickles B Habit with few secondary leaf lobes and dense prickles C Calyx of a long-styled flower at anthesis D Fruiting branch E Porrect stellate trichome from the adaxial surface of a leaf. Scale bar: A, B, C = 3 cm; C = 1.5 cm; E = 0.5 mm. A, E from Gerrard 295; B-D from Arnold 35934. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9989" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Solanum umtuma (black circles) and its putative sister species Solanum linnaeanum (white circles) in southern Africa (specimen details for Solanum linnaeanum can be found on the Solanaceae Source website, http: // www. solanaceaesource. org)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9991" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Dunal by its cuneate to truncate leaf bases (versus short-attenuate leaf bases in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), ovate foliaceous calyx lobes 7-10 mm long with between 30-80 prickles at anthesis on long-styled flowers (versus deltate to long-deltate membranous calyx lobes 4-7 mm long with only 0-20 prickles on long-styled flowers of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); also differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger by its shallow, obtuse to acute leaf lobes (versus deep, rounded leaf lobes in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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South Africa. Eastern Cape: Elliotdale District, The Haven [
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-32.233334">32°14'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="28.9">28°54'E</geoCoordinate>
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], forest margin, flower white, 17 Nov 1966,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">J.L. Gordon-Gray 1017</emphasis>
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(holotype: NU [NU-40255]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. Young stems erect, slender, moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, with porrect sessile or variously stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 6-8, ca. 0.2 mm long, the midpoints approximately the same length as the rays, armed with straight prickles 3-4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide at base, deltate, flattened, pale yellow-orange, glabrous, spaced 5-20 mm apart; bark of older stems glabrescent, green-brown to dark brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves lobed; blades 8-20 cm long, 5-15 cm wide, 1.5-2 times longer than wide, elliptic, chartaceous, drying concolorous to weakly discolorous, green-brown, moderately stellate-pubescent on both surfaces, with porrect, sessile or stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 6-8, 0.2-0.5(-0.8) mm long, the midpoints approximately the same length as the rays, with 5-20 prickles on both surfaces; the primary veins 4-6 pairs, the tertiary venation clearly visible abaxially and not visible adaxially; base
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">cuneate</pageBreakToken>
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to truncate; margins lobed, the lobes 3-4 on each side, 1-3 cm long, deltate, apically obtuse to acute, extending approximately 1/3 of the distance to the midvein, often with secondary lobing; apex obtuse to acute; petiole 1-3 cm long, approximately 1/6 of the leaf blade length, moderately stellate-pubescent, with 0-5 prickles. Inflorescences apparently lateral, 3.5-9 cm long, rarely branched, with 6-15(-20) flowers, 1-4 flowers open at any one time, weakly stellate-pubescent, with 0(-5) prickles; peduncle 1-3 mm long; pedicels 1-2.3 cm long in long-styled flowers, 0.8-1.2 cm long in short-styled flowers, erect to pendent, articulated at the base, moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, with 0-20 prickles on long-styled flowers, unarmed on short-styled flowers; pedicel scars spaced 2-8 mm apart. Flowers 5-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost 1-3 flowers long-styled and hermaphroditic, the distal flowers short-styled and functionally male. Calyx 11-22 mm long in long-styled flowers, 5-9 mm long in short-styled flowers, the lobes 7-10 mm long in long-styled flowers, 3-4 mm long in short-styled flowers, ovate and foliaceous in long-styled flowers, deltate in short-styled flowers, apically bluntly acute in long-styled flowers and acute to obtuse in short-styled flowers, moderately stellate-pubescent, with 30-80 prickles in long-styled flowers and 0-30 prickles in short-styled flowers. Corolla 2.5-3.3 cm in diameter in long-styled flowers, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter in short-styled flowers, usually white or white with purple midveins, sometimes mauve, stellate, lob
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">ed</pageBreakToken>
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for 1/4-1/2 of its length, the lobes ca. 7 mm long, ca. 10 mm wide in long-styled flowers, 6-10 mm long and 5-8 mm wide in short-styled flowers, broad-deltate, spreading, sparsely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.2 mm, the rays 5-8, 0.2-0.4 mm long, the midpoints approximately the same length as the rays. Stamens equal, with the filament tube 1-3 mm long, the free portion of the filaments ca. 0.5 mm long; anthers 5-6 mm long in long-styled flowers, 4.5-5.8 mm long in short-styled flowers, connivent, tapering, poricidal at the tips. Ovary glabrous, with a few stellate trichomes towards the apex; style 1.1-1.2 cm long in long-styled flowers, stout, straight or gently curved, moderately stellate-pubescent for most of its length. Fruit a spherical berry, 1(-2) per infructescence, 2.7-3.5 cm in diameter, the pericarp smooth, dark green with pale green and cream markings when young, yellow at maturity; fruiting pedicels 2-3 cm long, 1.2-2.2 mm in diameter at base, woody, pendulous, with 0-20 prickles; fruiting calyx not accrescent, covering 1/4-1/3 of the mature fruit, reflexed, with 10-80 prickles. Seeds ca. 100-200 per berry, 2.7-3.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, flattened-reniform, orange-brown.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9989" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
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Habit with pronounced secondary leaf lobes and sparse prickles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
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Habit with few secondary leaf lobes and dense prickles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
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Calyx of a long-styled flower at anthesis
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
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Fruiting branch
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
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Porrect stellate trichome from the adaxial surface of a leaf. Scale bar: A, B, C = 3 cm; C = 1.5 cm; E = 0.5 mm. A, E from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gerrard 295</emphasis>
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; B-D from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Arnold 35934</emphasis>
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. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9990" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Photograph of the holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">J.L. Gordon-Gray 1017</emphasis>
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, NU-40255).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Solanum umtuma (black circles) and its putative sister species Solanum linnaeanum (white circles) in southern Africa (specimen details for Solanum linnaeanum can be found on the Solanaceae Source website, http: // www. solanaceaesource. org)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9991" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Endemic to South Africa in KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces (most specimens from KwaZulu-Natal); 50-1300 m elevation.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is limited to the Maputaland-Pondoland Floristic Region (
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Wyk, AE" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="B21" refString="Van Wyk, AE, Smith, GF, 2001. Regions of floristic endemism in southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa." title="Regions of floristic endemism in southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa." year="2001">van Wyk and Smith 2001</bibRefCitation>
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) and spans the Maputaland and Pondoland Centres of endemism.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9991" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(black circles) and its putative sister species
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(white circles) in southern Africa (specimen details for
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be found on the
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<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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Source website, http://www.solanaceaesource.org).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Occasional on grassland, scrub, and forest edges, usually growing on sandy soil.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Umthuma”">"Umthuma"</normalizedToken>
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is an isiXhosa vernacular name for many species of prickly
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; in the Xhosa language the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“th”">"th"</normalizedToken>
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is pronounced as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“t”">"t"</normalizedToken>
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, so we have here written the epithet phonetically as "
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">umtuma</emphasis>
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". The epithet is used here as a noun is apposition and thus not latinized to agree in gender.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="preliminary conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a species of open and somewhat disturbed habitats (as are many prickly solanum species) and occupies an area of approximately 8000 km2 and appears to be relatively evenly distributed within that area (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Solanum umtuma (black circles) and its putative sister species Solanum linnaeanum (white circles) in southern Africa (specimen details for Solanum linnaeanum can be found on the Solanaceae Source website, http: // www. solanaceaesource. org)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9991" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Although not normally common where it occurs, it is not a species of immediate conservation concern.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="selected specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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South Africa. Eastern Cape: Transkei, outside Umtata [
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<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-31.5">31°30'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.0">29°00'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
], 17 May 1975,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M.N.M. Arnold s.n.</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000441994]); Port St Johns, 1 May 1899,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E.E. Galpin 2869</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000545863]); Port St. Johns, 21 Dec 1932,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A.O.D. Mogg 1300</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000545864]). -KwaZulu Natal: 50 km from Nongoma, 13 May 1975,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M.N.M. Arnold 35934</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000795077]); Berea, 1862,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. Cooper 1272</emphasis>
|
|
(BM [BM000887022], K [K000441992, K000441993]); Berea, 1862,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. Cooper 1273</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000441998, K000441999]); Noodsberg, Feb 2002,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. Edwards 2973</emphasis>
|
|
(NU); location unknown,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Zululand”">"Zululand"</normalizedToken>
|
|
, received Jul 1865,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">W.T. Gerrard 295</emphasis>
|
|
(BM [BM000887021], K [K000795076]); Umhlanga Rocks, 2 Sep 1966,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R.K. Grosvenor 168</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000441995]); Weza forestry Area - beyond Lorna Doone [
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-31.3">31°18'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.95">29°57'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
], 2 Jul 1986,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P.E. Hulley 134</emphasis>
|
|
(NU); Mkambati, Mkambati Envi
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">romental</pageBreakToken>
|
|
Education Centre, 6 Apr 1988,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P.E. Hulley 230</emphasis>
|
|
(NU); Umgeni Park near Howick; Endulu Camp road, 18 Dec 1988,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P.E. Hulley & T. Olckers 279</emphasis>
|
|
(NU); 11 km N of Butterworth, 27 Apr 1990,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P.E. Hulley & T. Olckers</emphasis>
|
|
333 (NU); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, 27 Apr 1990,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P.E. Hulley & T. Olckers 336</emphasis>
|
|
(NU); Umvoti, Umvoti valley S.W. of Mapumulo river bank, 9 Feb 1965,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E.J. Moll 1538</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000442000]); Swart Umfolozi, Mpembeni, 1257 m, 27 Jan 2005,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.S. Nevhutalu, LA. Nkuna, & E. van Wyk 921</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000441997]); La Lucia, 14 Aug 1966,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R.G. Strey 6750</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000441991]); Umhlanga Rocks, on gentle slopes above Umhlanga Rocks Hotel, 30 Dec 1959,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R.H. Watmough 461</emphasis>
|
|
(K [K000441996]); Ixopo, 22 Aug 1986,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">J.O. Wirminghaus s.n</emphasis>
|
|
.(NU); Ngoye Forest, Zululand [
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.833334">28°50'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.7">31°42'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
], 17 Sep 1987,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">J.O. Wirminghaus 628</emphasis>
|
|
(NU).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a medium-sized subshrub with straight prickles, acute to obtuse leaf lobes, and large yellow fruits. It is almost certainly a close relative of the sympatric
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; the two species share long, leafy, prickly calyx lobes on long-styled flowers and fruits and differ primarily in the shape of their leaf lobes.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is immediately recognisable by its quite deeply incised leaves with rounded lobes; a few intermediate specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have somewhat rounded lobes, e.g.
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R.G. Strey 6750</emphasis>
|
|
(K000441991). Label data indicate that
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has white or only occasionally violet to mauve flowers, while
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum linnaeanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
always has purple flowers.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is morphologically very similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and more superficially similar to other species with straight prickles and acute to obtuse leaf lobes, including the African highland
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schum & Thonn" authorityYear="1827" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dasyphyllum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum dasyphyllum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Schumach. & Thonn. (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Solanaceae, Source" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="B20" refString="Solanaceae, Source, 2011. A worldwide taxonomic monograph of all species in the genus Solanum. www.solanaceaesource.org [Accessed 28 November 2011]." title="A worldwide taxonomic monograph of all species in the genus Solanum. www. solanaceaesource. org [Accessed 28 November 2011]" year="2011">Solanaceae Source 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robustum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum robustum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
H.Wendl. of the New World (see
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nee, M" editor="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="285 - 333" refId="B16" refString="Nee, M, 1999. Synopsis of Solanum in the New World. In: Nee, M, Symon, DE, Lester, RN, Jessop, JR, Eds., Solanaceae IV: Advances in Biology and Utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 285 - 333" title="Synopsis of Solanum in the New World." volumeTitle="Solanaceae IV: Advances in Biology and Utilization." year="1999">Nee 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). It is not sympatric with any of those species, so confusion is only possible in the herbarium.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by its cuneate to truncate leaf bases (versus short-attenuate leaf bases in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), ovate foliaceous calyx lobes 7-10 mm long on long-styled flowers (versus deltate to long-deltate membranous calyx lobes 4-7 mm long on long-styled flowers in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), and the densely spiny calyx of long-styled flowers with ca. 30-80 prickles at anthesis (versus flower calyces with only 0-20 prickles at anthesis in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schum & Thonn" authorityYear="1827" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dasyphyllum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum dasyphyllum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robustum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum robustum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
both have leaf blades that are markedly attenuate on the petiole and decurrent onto the stem, the stems are usually somewhat winged from these decurrent leaf bases.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is sympatric with
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Willd" authorityYear="1809" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lichtensteinii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum lichtensteinii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and differs from it by its obtuse to acute leaf lobes (versus rounded leaf lobes in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Willd" authorityYear="1809" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lichtensteinii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum lichtensteinii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
Specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voronts. & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umtuma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum umtuma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have sometimes been annotated as "
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscatum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum fuscatum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L." or "
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum ferrugineum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Jacq." These names are both widely misapplied. No original material of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscatum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum fuscatum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L. has been located and the application of this name has been in doubt (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="325 - 367" publicationUrl="doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x" refId="B10" refString="Knapp, S, Jarvis, CE, 1990. The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 325 - 367, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x" title="The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x" volume="104" year="1990">Knapp and Jarvis 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and it has been proposed for rejection (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1782 - 1783" refId="B9" refString="Knapp, S, 2011. (2042-2043) Proposals to reject the names Solanum ferox and Solanum fuscatum (Solanaceae). Taxon 60: 1782 - 1783" title="(2042 - 2043) Proposals to reject the names Solanum ferox and Solanum fuscatum (Solanaceae)." volume="60" year="2011">Knapp 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Solanum ferrugineum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Jacq. is the accepted name for a member of section
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Torva</emphasis>
|
|
from the New World; this species occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nee, M" editor="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="285 - 333" refId="B16" refString="Nee, M, 1999. Synopsis of Solanum in the New World. In: Nee, M, Symon, DE, Lester, RN, Jessop, JR, Eds., Solanaceae IV: Advances in Biology and Utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 285 - 333" title="Synopsis of Solanum in the New World." volumeTitle="Solanaceae IV: Advances in Biology and Utilization." year="1999">Nee 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; L. Bohs pers. comm.).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |