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102 lines
15 KiB
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<document id="77BCE7B21F1FB6DC7C8E1F5B9F5E33F8" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00272.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5429204" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630420369170" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tabuce, Rodolphe, Delmer, Cyrille & Gheerbrant, Emmanuel" docDate="2007" docId="557487D0F776FF99FEFBF9A3FDDCFE4F" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2007.00272.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00272.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Phosphatherium escuilliei Gheerbrant, Sudre & Cappetta 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="614" masterDocId="A94DFFA8F775FF9CFFD2FFA2FFFAFFE0" masterDocTitle="Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)" masterLastPageNumber="628" masterPageNumber="611" pageNumber="614" updateTime="1699263946418" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E9FCAAEE66D2DCD1EA7036DE89704CF8">Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A4B883F97AC535D114F889EE56812362">Tabuce, Rodolphe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B704A21D2AD73413F97C21D5AD55B067">Delmer, Cyrille</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="27B0BD9D868716A1B016B5B5A842F30F">Gheerbrant, Emmanuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="434C0B6C231EB6589A16C9F01B0B12A5">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A69CC788D8C37150227D0313161927A7">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="64E803CB0741FF11B4E6066165970080">2007-04-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="557487D0F776FF99FEFBF9A3FDDCFE4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5489006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5489006" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:557487D0F776FF99FEFBF9A3FDDCFE4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/557487D0F776FF99FEFBF9A3FDDCFE4F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="614" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">
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<subSubSection id="95C7654DF776FF9FFEFBF9A3FBD4F9FF" pageId="3" pageNumber="614" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DD6236C6F776FF9FFEFBF9A3FD79F9F6" blockId="3.[297,643,1537,1560]" box="[297,643,1537,1560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">
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<heading id="862A81AAF776FF9FFEFBF9A3FD79F9F6" box="[297,643,1537,1560]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="614" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="1ADD4D45F776FF9FFEFBF9A3FD79F9F6" authorityName="Gheerbrant, Sudre & Cappetta" authorityYear="1996" box="[297,643,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Numidotheriidae" genus="Phosphatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="escuilliei">
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<emphasis id="EFA9EAD4F776FF9FFEFBF9A3FD79F9F6" box="[297,643,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">
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<emphasis id="EFA9EAD4F776FF9FFEFBF9A3FE07F9F6" box="[297,509,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">PHOSPHATHERIUM</emphasis>
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ESCUILLIEI
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD6236C6F776FF9FFF70F98BFBD4F9FF" blockId="3.[162,779,1576,1905]" lastBlockId="3.[826,1442,1423,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">
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In a vertical section of an upper molar, the enamel is 500–900-µm thick. The Schmelzmuster is two-layered, with radial enamel in the outer zone and HSB in the inner one (
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<figureCitation id="45E62A43F776FF9FFEF8F926FE84F97B" box="[298,382,1668,1691]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[142,220,1829,1848]" captionTargetBox="[253,1312,196,1796]" captionTargetId="figure-80@4.[253,1314,196,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. A, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section of an upper molar with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) that represent more than 85% of the enamel thickness. B, Tangential section in the same species, HSB present pronounced undulations. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429208/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). The HSB represent more than 85% of the enamel thickness, and they start immediately at the EDJ. In some areas, HSB reach the OES. HSB start either perpendicular to the EDJ or with a little inclination; the bands can run straight outwards but they are frequently bent. The HSB are of variable width: they vary from three to more than 20 prisms; the bands are generally larger near the EDJ. Bifurcations of HSB occur in the entire thickness of the enamel. A tangential section of an upper molar shows pronounced undulations of the HSB (
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<figureCitation id="45E62A43F776FF9FFB2BFA6EFAB4FA03" box="[1273,1358,1484,1507]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[142,220,1829,1848]" captionTargetBox="[253,1312,196,1796]" captionTargetId="figure-80@4.[253,1314,196,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. A, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section of an upper molar with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) that represent more than 85% of the enamel thickness. B, Tangential section in the same species, HSB present pronounced undulations. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429208/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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). Band bifurcations occur dominantly with the changes of direction of the HSB.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="95C7654DF776FF99FC81F98BFDDCFE4F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="616" pageId="3" pageNumber="614" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DD6236C6F776FF99FC81F98BFDDCFE4F" blockId="3.[826,1442,1423,1905]" lastBlockId="5.[162,778,195,432]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="616" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">
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At the prism level,
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<taxonomicName id="1ADD4D45F776FF9FFBEAF98AFB0FF9DD" box="[1080,1269,1576,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Numidotheriidae" genus="Phosphatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="614" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EFA9EAD4F776FF9FFBEAF98AFB0FF9DD" box="[1080,1269,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">Phosphatherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows the following zonation: a very thin layer (6–23 µm) of prismless enamel in the outermost part (
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<figureCitation id="45E62A43F776FF9FFB14F9C4FAE2F99C" box="[1222,1304,1638,1660]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[162,240,1181,1200]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,197,1149]" captionTargetId="figure-397@3.[162,1442,197,1149]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. A, Khamsaconus bulbosus, earliest Eocene, N’Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; natural vertical fracture of the DP4 (holotype and unique specimen) with radial enamel. B, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section near the outer enamel surface (OES), with irregular prism cross sections that vary from open to closed. C, same sample as in (B) showing Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and the typical keyhole cross sections of the prisms in the ‘ginkgo-tree-leaf ’ pattern. D, same sample as in (B) and (C) near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ), the interprismatic matrix (IPM) crystallites show the same orientation as the long axis of prisms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429206/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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), thin zones of round prisms near both the OES and EDJ (
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<figureCitation id="45E62A43F776FF9FFAEDF926FA6EF97B" box="[1343,1428,1668,1691]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[162,240,1181,1200]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,197,1149]" captionTargetId="figure-397@3.[162,1442,197,1149]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. A, Khamsaconus bulbosus, earliest Eocene, N’Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; natural vertical fracture of the DP4 (holotype and unique specimen) with radial enamel. B, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section near the outer enamel surface (OES), with irregular prism cross sections that vary from open to closed. C, same sample as in (B) showing Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and the typical keyhole cross sections of the prisms in the ‘ginkgo-tree-leaf ’ pattern. D, same sample as in (B) and (C) near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ), the interprismatic matrix (IPM) crystallites show the same orientation as the long axis of prisms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429206/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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), and thick intermediate zones of densely packed basally opened prisms that constitute the typical keyhole pattern (
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<figureCitation id="45E62A43F776FF9FFC32F942FBC9F917" box="[992,1075,1760,1783]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[162,240,1181,1200]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,197,1149]" captionTargetId="figure-397@3.[162,1442,197,1149]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. A, Khamsaconus bulbosus, earliest Eocene, N’Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; natural vertical fracture of the DP4 (holotype and unique specimen) with radial enamel. B, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section near the outer enamel surface (OES), with irregular prism cross sections that vary from open to closed. C, same sample as in (B) showing Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and the typical keyhole cross sections of the prisms in the ‘ginkgo-tree-leaf ’ pattern. D, same sample as in (B) and (C) near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ), the interprismatic matrix (IPM) crystallites show the same orientation as the long axis of prisms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429206/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). In this prism
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<typeStatus id="02668864F776FF9FFB28F943FAD7F916" box="[1274,1325,1761,1782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="614">type</typeStatus>
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, which is observed in 60% of the enamel thickness, the prisms are arranged in horizontal rows and in alternating positions. The prisms can be very compressed in the ‘ginkgo-tree-leaf ’ pattern (
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<bibRefCitation id="B94C4B37F776FF9FFBB7F8F9FAFFF890" author="Kosawa Y" box="[1125,1285,1883,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="614" pagination="585 - 606" refId="ref10253" refString="Kosawa Y. 1978. Comparative histology of proboscidean molar enamel (in japanese). Journal of the Stomatological Society of Japan 45: 585 - 606." type="journal article" year="1978">Kosawa, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B94C4B37F776FF99FAC2F8F9FEA7FF39" author="Koenigswald WV & Sander PM" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="616" pageId="3" pageNumber="614" refId="ref10204" refString="Koenigswald WV, Sander PM. 1997. Tooth Enamel Microstructure. Rotterdam: Balkema." type="book" year="1997">Koenigswald & Sander, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). In this cross-section pattern, open prism sheaths touch each other and the remaining IPM is incorporated into the ‘tails’ of the prisms (
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<bibRefCitation id="B94C4B37F770FF99FF7BFEBDFE33FED5" author="Koenigswald WV & Martin T & Pfretzschner HU" box="[169,457,287,309]" pageId="5" pageNumber="616" pagination="303 - 314" refId="ref10095" refString="Koenigswald WV, Martin T, Pfretzschner HU. 1993. Phylogenetic interpretation of enamel structures in mammalian teeth: possibilities and problems. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, eds. Mammal Phylogeny, Placentals. New York: Springer-Verlag, 303 - 314." type="book chapter" year="1993">
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Koenigswald
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<emphasis id="EFA9EAD4F770FF99FE95FE82FE8DFED4" box="[327,375,287,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="616">et al</emphasis>
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., 1993
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In inner and outer zones, where prisms sheaths are closed and round, the IPM envelops the prisms; IPM crystallites show the same orientation to the long axis of prisms. The diameter of the prisms varies from 5 to 8 µm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |