817 lines
104 KiB
XML
817 lines
104 KiB
XML
<document id="58F9ECBD2F73CDB6721363509902B3B5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.211970" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f07bd552-644e-4a0d-96b2-e892caa87ecf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="211970" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460535182056" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kraus, Fred" docDate="2012" docId="556D87E3FFC5FFA7FF46668FE3E762BD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03493p026.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3493" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Nyctimystes bivocalis Kraus, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="A954FF9BFFC3FFACFFD1643BE7256513" masterDocTitle="Identity of Nyctimystes cheesmani (Anura: Hylidae), with description of two new related species" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698316263876" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D63EE163C3B0C0C0C672ABA0588AFF1E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="61344476E657DA03DED084E41D460CFE">
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<mods:title id="EB6B8E825C26C86E4CF9B5280571A2F6">Identity of Nyctimystes cheesmani (Anura: Hylidae), with description of two new related species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="305CC9D5D531AF59A2372CB6C5932A79" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="46190A18A20718B10F4539B75725A2A8">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E279797B2BB88227C50488B22475AE02">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CC93DF2DDB232A8BF16900EE7AB2511C">Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="53AF6B4C7F4286AB695CB7DB62829DF7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5271CC1D48EAECB8FD40ABF0377E401F">
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<mods:title id="7B8DCCE2BDD7DC1F9826EECCC947B929">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="FF85D29B77A6925D2408F68AC2BEB5AD">
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<mods:date id="16D8B6C78F8CC3946A26306E204A9570">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="78DB0881FB5AEE6C44016ACE77BAE971" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F07B55568414016C9D35784797813671">3493</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="2C3B81086DD2F3F1E510BC9493D1A123" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="D5CB4AAE65CBF66327EA146BFB077FBA">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="6EC8D5A23EBEEF7F4D72861DD246C2DE">26</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="C9968D2E1F1A16EBA66B6CEE8A3DA64F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="365101F507999F6709905D46536C1FB0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.211970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A544707204308D3A3CA7D440186D1038" type="GBIF-Dataset">f07bd552-644e-4a0d-96b2-e892caa87ecf</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="117C781FEC8307D64BE2E141EC0B545D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7F462B155441AFB0BF295C85E82D6AA7" type="Zenodo-Dep">211970</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="556D87E3FFC5FFA7FF46668FE3E762BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6174008" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119527495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6174008" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:556D87E3FFC5FFA7FF46668FE3E762BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/556D87E3FFC5FFA7FF46668FE3E762BD" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="95DE657EFFC5FFAAFF46668FE62867FD" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC5FFAAFF46668FE6D967DE" blockId="6.[151,508,691,750]" box="[151,508,691,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="86338199FFC5FFAAFF46668FE6D967DE" bold="true" box="[151,508,691,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF46668FE6D967DE" bold="true" box="[151,508,691,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFF46668FE6BD67DD" ID-CoL="485MR" box="[151,408,692,718]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF46668FE6BD67DD" bold="true" box="[151,408,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F483579CFFC5FFAAFE4F6688E6D967DE" box="[414,508,691,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC5FFAAFF4666EDE62867FD" blockId="6.[151,508,691,750]" box="[151,269,726,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFC5FFAAFF4666EDE7F067FD" box="[151,213,726,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,462,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,447,1891]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani, BPBM 18293, Fane, Central Province; (B) N. cheesmani, BPBM 18294, Fane, Central Province; (C) male N. bivocalis, BPBM 15206, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (D) female N. bivocalis, BPBM 15209, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (E) N. intercastellus, BPBM 16481, Fergusson Is., Milne Bay Province; (F) N. intercastellus, BPBM 37765, Normanby Is., Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211971/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C, D
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="95DE657EFFC5FFAAFF466724E6E0611D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC5FFAAFF466724E7F3666D" blockId="6.[151,1437,798,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<typeStatus id="027F8857FFC5FFAAFF466724E6216624" box="[151,260,799,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF466724E6216624" bold="true" box="[151,260,799,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Holotype</emphasis>
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||
</typeStatus>
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||
.
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<collectionCode id="BBD5AE30FFC5FFAAFEC96724E6436625" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[280,358,799,822]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BPBM</collectionCode>
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15201 (field tag FK 4978), adult male, collected by F. Kraus along Upaelisafupi Stream,
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<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFF466779E6336649" box="[151,278,834,858]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="5" value="-10.4971">10.4971° S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFEF46779E6906649" box="[293,437,834,858]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="5" value="150.233">150.2330° E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFE136779E52F6649" box="[450,522,834,858]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="715.0">715 m</quantity>
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elevation, Cloudy Mountains, Milne Bay Province,
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<collectingCountry id="A5D37665FFC5FFAAFB8E6778E21B6649" box="[1119,1342,834,858]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB8E6778E3866649" box="[1119,1187,835,858]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">Papua</taxonomicName>
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||
New Guinea
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||
</collectingCountry>
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,
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<date id="A97A1035FFC5FFAAFA9B6779E7F6666D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-04-08">8 April 2002</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC5FFAAFF1667B0E6E0611D" blockId="6.[151,1437,798,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF1667B0E69766B0" bold="true" box="[199,434,906,931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<typeStatus id="027F8857FFC5FFAAFF1667B0E61A66B0" box="[199,319,907,931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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(n = 30)
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</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="A5D37665FFC5FFAAFE1567B0E58E66B1" box="[452,683,906,930]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFE1567B0E52D66B1" box="[452,520,907,930]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">Papua</taxonomicName>
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New Guinea
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</collectingCountry>
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: Milne Bay Province: Cloudy Mts., along Upaelisafupi Stream,
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<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFF466795E63F66D5" box="[151,282,942,966]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="5" value="-10.4971">10.4971° S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFEFD6795E6E566D5" box="[300,448,942,966]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="5" value="150.233">150.2330° E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFE006795E53866D5" box="[465,541,942,966]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="715.0">715 m</quantity>
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elevation,
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||
<date id="A97A1035FFC5FFAAFD756795E44266D5" box="[676,871,942,966]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-04-08" valueMax="2002-04-22" valueMin="2002-04-08">8–22 April 2002</date>
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||
(
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||
<collectionCode id="BBD5AE30FFC5FFAAFCAA6795E4EE66D5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[891,971,942,966]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BPBM</collectionCode>
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||
15202–07, 15209–24, 15514,
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<collectionCode id="BBD5AE30FFC5FFAAFAE66795E2B966D5" box="[1335,1436,942,966]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PNGNM</collectionCode>
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||
24124–28, 24140); SE slope Mt. Pekopekowana, along Wailahabahaba Creek, 10.2826˚ S, 150.1548˚ E,
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<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFAFA67E9E25166F9" box="[1323,1396,978,1002]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="615.0">615 m</quantity>
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||
,
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||
<date id="A97A1035FFC5FFAAFA5167E9E62C611D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-05-15">15 May 2002</date>
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||
(
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||
<collectionCode id="BBD5AE30FFC5FFAAFEC967CDE64D611D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[280,360,1014,1038]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BPBM</collectionCode>
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||
15225).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="95DE657EFFC5FFABFF166021E62F6477" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC5FFAAFF166021E2796041" blockId="6.[151,1437,798,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF166021E6646120" bold="true" box="[199,321,1050,1075]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFE996027E51D6120" box="[328,568,1051,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFE996027E51D6120" box="[328,568,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unique in its combination of medium body size (male SV =
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<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFB226021E2B26121" box="[1267,1431,1050,1074]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.385" metricValueMax="4.92" metricValueMin="3.85" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="43.85" valueMax="49.2" valueMin="38.5">38.5–49.2 mm</quantity>
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, female SV =
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<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFEFF6005E6F36145" box="[302,470,1086,1110]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.895" metricValueMax="5.57" metricValueMin="4.22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="48.95" valueMax="55.7" valueMin="42.2">42.2–55.7 mm</quantity>
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||
); presence of a small tubercle on heel; webbing on hand extending up to middle of or slightly past penultimate tubercle on fourth finger; tympanum exposed; palpebral reticulum well-developed, with an obliquely vertical orientation but having a few to many horizontal cross-connections; snout relatively long and narrow (EN/IN = 1.04–1.58); iris dark brown in adults, pale tan in juveniles; rear of thighs barred, blotched, or unicolor brown, caramel, or blue-gray; dorsum sexually dimorphic in color, with males typically being gray, brown, or gray-brown (
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||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFC5FFAAFE9660C9E6A36019" box="[327,390,1266,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,462,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,447,1891]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani, BPBM 18293, Fane, Central Province; (B) N. cheesmani, BPBM 18294, Fane, Central Province; (C) male N. bivocalis, BPBM 15206, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (D) female N. bivocalis, BPBM 15209, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (E) N. intercastellus, BPBM 16481, Fergusson Is., Milne Bay Province; (F) N. intercastellus, BPBM 37765, Normanby Is., Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211971/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C), and females usually being orange-brown (
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<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFC5FFAAFC5860C9E4ED6019" box="[905,968,1266,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,462,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,447,1891]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani, BPBM 18293, Fane, Central Province; (B) N. cheesmani, BPBM 18294, Fane, Central Province; (C) male N. bivocalis, BPBM 15206, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (D) female N. bivocalis, BPBM 15209, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (E) N. intercastellus, BPBM 16481, Fergusson Is., Milne Bay Province; (F) N. intercastellus, BPBM 37765, Normanby Is., Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211971/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D); males with vocal slits; and call a long train (19 to thousands) of two-note, relatively short (0.436–
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<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFC94612DE4A1603D" box="[837,900,1302,1326]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="-0.518">0.518</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s) unpulsed croaks delivered relatively slowly (1.05-1.44 calls/s), with short note durations (0.076–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFD0F6101E4386041" box="[734,797,1338,1362]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="-0.106">0.106</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s) and with a dominant frequency of 1.56–1.72 Hz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC5FFABFF166165E62F6477" blockId="6.[151,1437,798,2011]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1076]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF166165E56D6064" bold="true" box="[199,584,1374,1399]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comparisons with other species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFD9E6164E4646065" box="[591,833,1374,1398]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFD9E6164E4646065" box="[591,833,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFC04615BE3766065" box="[981,1107,1374,1399]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFC04615BE3766065" box="[981,1107,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. avocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFBB0615BE3CF6065" box="[1121,1258,1374,1399]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="disruptus">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFBB0615BE3CF6065" box="[1121,1258,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. disruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB29615BE2B16065" box="[1272,1428,1374,1399]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oktediensis">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB29615BE2B16065" box="[1272,1428,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. oktediensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFF4661BFE7D86088" box="[151,253,1412,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">
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||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF4661BFE7D86088" box="[151,253,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. papua</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFEDA61BFE69A6088" box="[267,447,1411,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachydermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFEDA61BFE69A6088" box="[267,447,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. trachydermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFE2D61BFE5726088" box="[508,599,1411,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tyleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFE2D61BFE5726088" box="[508,599,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. tyleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having (vs. lacking) vocal slits and vocal sac in males; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFACD61BFE2B16088" box="[1308,1428,1411,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="foricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFACD61BFE2B16088" box="[1308,1428,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. foricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFF466193E7D960AD" box="[151,252,1447,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granti">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF466193E7D960AD" box="[151,252,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. granti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFEDA6193E65E60AD" box="[267,379,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFEDA6193E65E60AD" box="[267,379,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. gularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFE5B6193E53E60AD" box="[394,539,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFE5B6193E53E60AD" box="[394,539,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. humeralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFDFB6193E5B160AD" box="[554,660,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kubori">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFDFB6193E5B160AD" box="[554,660,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. kubori</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFD736193E42A60AD" box="[674,783,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuduki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFD736193E42A60AD" box="[674,783,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. kuduki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFCCD6193E48E60AC" box="[796,939,1448,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFCCD6193E48E60AC" box="[796,939,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. montanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFC686193E36D60AD" box="[953,1096,1447,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="narinosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFC686193E36D60AD" box="[953,1096,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. narinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB866193E3C360AD" box="[1111,1254,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="persimilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB866193E3C360AD" box="[1111,1254,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. persimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFAF46193E2B960AD" box="[1317,1436,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFAF46193E2B960AD" box="[1317,1436,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. zweifeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having (vs. lacking) a distinct tubercle on the heel; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFCF861F7E49660F0" box="[809,947,1483,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obsoletus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFCF861F7E49660F0" box="[809,947,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. obsoletus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having an exposed tympanum (hidden in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFF4661CBE6056315" box="[151,288,1518,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obsoletus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFF4661CBE6056315" box="[151,288,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. obsoletus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFEA461CBE6CE6315" box="[373,491,1518,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcher">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFEA461CBE6CE6315" box="[373,491,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. pulcher</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its smaller size (female SV to
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFC8A61D5E4896315" box="[859,940,1518,1542]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 mm</quantity>
|
||
, male SV to
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFBEB61D5E3AD6315" box="[1082,1160,1518,1542]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB7A61CBE2056315" box="[1195,1312,1518,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcher">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB7A61CBE2056315" box="[1195,1312,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. pulcher</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and small tubercle (vs. large lappet) on heel; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFDBD622FE5DC6338" box="[620,761,1555,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFDBD622FE5DC6338" box="[620,761,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. fluviatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking (vs. having) a row of pale-colored tubercles on outer edge of tarsus, having a thinner palpebral reticulum, and lacking bright orange on rear of thighs (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFA536203E6246360" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFA536203E6246360" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. fluviatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFE886267E6C16360" box="[345,484,1628,1651]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perimetri">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFE886267E6C16360" box="[345,484,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. perimetri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its smaller size (male SV to
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFC896261E48E6361" box="[856,939,1626,1650]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
|
||
, female SV to
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFB866261E38D6361" box="[1111,1192,1626,1650]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="76.0">76 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB1F6267E27C6360" box="[1230,1369,1628,1651]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perimetri">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB1F6267E27C6360" box="[1230,1369,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. perimetri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), less prominent heel tubercle, and call consisting of a long train of short, two-note croaks (call one or two drawn-out raspy croaks delivered at long intervals in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFD54629FE43563A8" box="[645,784,1700,1723]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perimetri">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFD54629FE43563A8" box="[645,784,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. perimetri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFCBD629FE30C63A8" box="[876,1065,1699,1723]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semipalmatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFCBD629FE30C63A8" box="[876,1065,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. semipalmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having rear of thighs barred, mottled, or stippled with brown, tan, or blue gray (rear of thighs uniform bright orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB6662F3E25063CD" box="[1207,1397,1734,1759]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semipalmatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB6662F3E25063CD" box="[1207,1397,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. semipalmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a brown dorsum sometimes mottled or freckled with dark brown or black but without distinct black spots (dorsum light tan or gray with rounded black spots in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFD5B632BE4606235" box="[650,837,1806,1831]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semipalmatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFD5B632BE4606235" box="[650,837,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. semipalmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and call consisting of a long train of short, two-note croaks (call a rapid series of single-note croaks in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFD19630FE4A66258" box="[712,899,1843,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semipalmatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFD19630FE4A66258" box="[712,899,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. semipalmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFC35630FE35E6258" box="[996,1147,1843,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFC35630FE35E6258" box="[996,1147,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB58630FE22B6258" box="[1161,1294,1843,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB58630FE22B6258" box="[1161,1294,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in its dark-brown iris in adults (light brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFDB76363E5DB627D" box="[614,766,1878,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFDB76363E5DB627D" box="[614,766,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer snout (EN/IN =
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC5FFAAFBCC636DE38E627D" box="[1053,1195,1878,1902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7432" metricValueMax="2.9972" metricValueMin="2.4892" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="1.08" valueMax="1.18" valueMin="0.98">0.98–1.18 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB626363E26F627D" box="[1203,1354,1878,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB626363E26F627D" box="[1203,1354,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), more extensive hand webbing (reaching no further than base of penultimate tubercle on fourth finger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB256347E2AE6280" box="[1268,1419,1915,1939]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB256347E2AE6280" box="[1268,1419,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), palpebral reticulum with more horizontal cross-connections, sexually dimorphic dorsal color, and two-note call structure (call a regular train of notes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFD8563FFE5CF62C8" box="[596,746,1987,2011]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFD8563FFE5CF62C8" box="[596,746,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with shorter (0.289–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC5FFAAFC0D63F9E33E62C9" box="[988,1051,1986,2010]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="-0.365">0.365</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC5FFAAFB9E63FFE3C062C8" box="[1103,1253,1987,2011]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC5FFAAFB9E63FFE3C062C8" box="[1103,1253,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) unpulsed notes (pulsed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFEDC64A2E68165A3" box="[269,420,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFEDC64A2E68165A3" box="[269,420,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and with a lower dominant frequency (1.84–1.96 Hz in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFBF464A2E39965A3" box="[1061,1212,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFBF464A2E39965A3" box="[1061,1212,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFF466486E63865C7" box="[151,285,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFF466486E63865C7" box="[151,285,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFE3E6486E55565C7" box="[495,624,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFE3E6486E55565C7" box="[495,624,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs in its greater size (male SV to
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC4FFABFB166487E23C65C7" box="[1223,1305,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
|
||
, female SV to
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC4FFABFF6764E4E62265E4" box="[182,263,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="48.0">48 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFEFF64DAE69465EB" box="[302,433,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFEFF64DAE69465EB" box="[302,433,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and its long train of two-note calls (a train of single notes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFB5564DAE22265EB" box="[1156,1287,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFB5564DAE22265EB" box="[1156,1287,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B9554B04FFC4FFABFAEC64E4E7F1640F" author="Menzies" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Menzies, J. I. (2006) The Frogs of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Pensoft, Sofia, Bulgaria, 346 pp." type="book" year="2006">Menzies 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Judging from the information provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B9554B04FFC4FFABFD34653FE4B6640F" author="Zweifel" box="[741,915,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zweifel, R. G. (1958) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 78. Frogs of the Papuan hylid genus Nyctimystes. American Museum Novitates, 1896, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1958">Zweifel (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFC73653EE30E640F" box="[930,1067,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFC73653EE30E640F" box="[930,1067,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would appear to differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFA53653EE7D26453" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFA53653EE7D26453" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well in having more frequent horizontal cross-connections between the vertical lines of the palpebral reticulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="95DE657EFFC4FFA5FF166554E4786122" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC4FFABFF166554E5A96127" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFF166554E6F8649B" bold="true" box="[199,477,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="027F8857FFC4FFABFEA7654BE6F8649B" box="[374,477,368,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. An adult male with right-lateral incision. Vomeropalatines with two patches of teeth (4 on right side, 3 on left) between internal nares. Vocal slits and sac present. Head moderately wide (HW/SV = 0.35), equal to length (HL/SV = 0.35, HL/HW = 1.00); loreal region oblique; canthus rostralis sharp, concave; nostrils closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance less than distance from external naris to eye (EN/IN = 1.08, IN/SV = 0.086, EN/SV = 0.093); snout slightly rounded when viewed from the side, acutely rounded when viewed from above; eyes of moderate size (EY/SV = 0.12), not especially protuberant, eyelid slightly less than width of interorbital distance; tympanic ring distinct but top margin covered by supratympanic skin fold, horizontal diameter less than half width of eye (TY/EY = 0.37). Skin of dorsal surfaces finely granular; ventral surfaces of body and thighs coarsely granular, smooth under arms and tibiae. Fingers less than one-half webbed,
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFAC966ABE20667BB" bold="true" box="[1304,1315,656,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I</emphasis>
|
||
2.5–2.7
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFA5766ABE2B967BB" bold="true" box="[1414,1436,656,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</emphasis>
|
||
1.8–2.8
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFF25668FE63067DF" bold="true" box="[244,277,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</emphasis>
|
||
2.5–
|
||
<date id="A97A1035FFC4FFABFE9E668FE6A467DF" box="[335,385,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFEB5668FE6A467DF" bold="true" box="[356,385,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IV</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; webbing less extensive between F2 and F3 but reaching top of penultimate tubercle of F2; only basal webbing present between F1 and F2; relative lengths 3>4>2>1; tips flattened into discs bearing circummarginal grooves; discs approximately twice width of penultimate phalanges on F2–F4 but only approximately 1.5 times width of penultimate phalanx on F1; single subarticular tubercle present at base of each phalanx; metacarpals without clear tubercles; low outer metacarpal tubercle present, inner a long, low oval. First finger with nuptial pad of fine, light-brown dermal asperities in approximately an L shape, with main body of pad lying between and dorsal to penultimate phalangeal tubercle and inner metacarpal tubercle, and with a short ventral tail extending posteriorly along the dorsal margin of inner metacarpal tubercle. Toes well webbed,
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFB97678BE37466DB" bold="true" box="[1094,1105,944,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I</emphasis>
|
||
1–
|
||
<date id="A97A1035FFC4FFABFBA36794E3A466D4" box="[1138,1153,943,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</date>
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFB59678BE3BB66DB" bold="true" box="[1160,1182,944,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</emphasis>
|
||
1–
|
||
<date id="A97A1035FFC4FFABFB6E6794E3EB66D4" box="[1215,1230,943,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</date>
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFB05678BE3D066DB" bold="true" box="[1236,1269,944,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</emphasis>
|
||
1–
|
||
<date id="A97A1035FFC4FFABFAC76794E20066D4" box="[1302,1317,943,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</date>
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFAFD678BE26E66DB" bold="true" box="[1324,1355,944,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IV</emphasis>
|
||
2–
|
||
<date id="A97A1035FFC4FFABFAA36794E2B166DB" box="[1394,1428,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFA53678BE2B166DB" bold="true" box="[1410,1428,944,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">V</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; relative lengths 4>5>3>2>1; tips flattened into discs with circum-marginal grooves; discs only slightly wider than penultimate phalanges; inner metatarsal tubercle a low, short oval; outer absent.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5D37665FFC4FFABFBE367C3E34F6103" box="[1074,1130,1016,1040]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
legs moderately long (TL/ SV = 0.51), with a small tubercle at the heel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="89BB667DFFC4FFABFF466343E42762D8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211973/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[175,1412,1121,1898]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC4FFABFF466343E42762D8" blockId="7.[151,1436,1912,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFF466343E637629E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1912,1935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Expanded waveforms and spectrograms showing note structure for (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFC3D6342E3F3629D" box="[1004,1238,1912,1934]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFC3D6342E3F3629D" box="[1004,1238,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nyctimystes cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Fane, Central Province (uncaptured), (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFE6963A3E51062BE" box="[440,565,1943,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFE6963A3E51062BE" box="[440,565,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BPBM 15202) from Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, and (C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC4FFABFB2263A3E2BE62BE" box="[1267,1435,1943,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intercastellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC4FFABFB2263A3E2BE62BE" box="[1267,1435,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. intercastellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BPBM 17938) from Normanby Island, Milne Bay Province.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FF1664A3E3E864B0" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">In preservative, dorsal ground color gray brown with network of darker gray-brown markings and a few tan flecks. Sides dark brown freckled with light gray tan; face light gray tan with many tiny dark-brown flecks. Rear of thighs dark brown with orange cast, vaguely barred or stippled with dark brown and pale tan. Venter cream with tiny brown flecks, these densest from chin to chest, sparse on abdomen; under legs same, with sparsest flecking under thighs. Series of low white tubercles along outer margin of forearm. Hands and feet, including webbing, dark brown. Iris dark brown. Lower eyelid with thick black upper margin; palpebral reticulum with several obliquely vertical lines, these silver and brown and joined by several horizontal cross-connections anteriorly and posteriorly, especially on right side; lower half of lower eyelid dark gray flecked with light gray.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FF166595E61064F9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCBFFA4FF166595E6F464D6" box="[199,465,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Measurements (in mm).</emphasis>
|
||
—SV = 45.1, TL = 23.0, HW = 15.7, HL = 15.6, IN = 3.9, EN = 4.2, SN = 7.0, EY = 5.4, TY = 2.0.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FF1665CEE6DB6766" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCBFFA4FF1665CEE61E671E" bold="true" box="[199,315,501,526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Snout-vent length varies from
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFCBFFA4FD4F65CEE460671E" box="[670,837,501,525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.385" metricValueMax="4.92" metricValueMin="3.85" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="43.85" valueMax="49.2" valueMin="38.5">38.5–49.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; otherwise, mensural variation is rather minor except for EN/IN, with SD = 0.024 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCBFFA4FE246623E56A6723" box="[501,591,536,560]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,675,699]" captionTargetBox="[165,1408,820,1282]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Mensural variation among adults of Nyctimystes bivocalis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). This last represents a wide range of values for snout shape, spanning 1.04–1.58 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCBFFA4FEC46601E64E6741" box="[277,363,570,594]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,675,699]" captionTargetBox="[165,1408,820,1282]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Mensural variation among adults of Nyctimystes bivocalis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Sexual mensural dimorphism in the sample is not obvious for any feature, except for SV, with females the larger sex (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCBFFA4FE4B6666E6D56766" box="[410,496,605,629]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,675,699]" captionTargetBox="[165,1408,820,1282]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Mensural variation among adults of Nyctimystes bivocalis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" ID-Table-UUID="89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" box="[151,904,675,699]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[165,1408,820,1282]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FF466698E4AD67A8" blockId="8.[151,904,675,699]" box="[151,904,675,699]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCBFFA4FF466698E62C67A8" bold="true" box="[151,265,675,699]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Mensural variation among adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFCBFFA4FD4B669FE4A567A8" box="[666,896,676,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCBFFA4FD4B669FE4A567A8" box="[666,896,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FDC666E7E3FA67E0" blockId="8.[165,1372,732,798]" box="[535,1247,732,755]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Males (
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCBFFA4FDB266E6E55567E1" box="[611,624,733,754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16) Females (
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCBFFA4FB4466E6E38767E1" box="[1173,1186,733,754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 14)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FF7466C9E622661B" blockId="8.[165,1372,732,798]" box="[165,263,754,776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Character</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FE5E6732E60F6362" blockId="8.[165,1372,732,798]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,1348,2031]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
mean SD range mean SD range The heel tubercle is small but usually obvious and often tipped with white. In five specimens, it is so reduced as to not be clearly distinguished from heel skin. In these specimens, its apparent absence is likely a preservation artifact, as it is sometimes obvious on one leg of a specimen but not on the other. Hand webbing reaches to middle of or to beyond penultimate tubercle of F4 and to beyond penultimate tubercle of F2. Series of tubercles along the metacarpals are evident in some specimens but not all, the variation seeming to be a preservation artifact. The third and fifth toes are generally subequal in length, but some specimens have one clearly slightly longer than the other. The palpebral reticulum almost always has some horizontal cross-connections, and often quite a number of them. These are usually concentrated anteriorly, but they can occur anywhere. Nuptial pads are uniformly like those of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="027F8857FFCBFFA4FF116262E6036362" box="[192,294,1625,1649]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA4FF74670EE2566011" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<table id="AFC4C455FFCB0053FF74670FE2A56011" box="[165,1408,820,1282]" gridcols="7" gridrows="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF74670FE2A56658" box="[165,1408,820,843]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF74670FE6216658" box="[165,260,820,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">SV (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C670FE6E36658" box="[397,454,820,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">45.5</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE670FE5A06658" box="[575,645,820,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.7417</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B670FE47D6658" box="[730,856,820,843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">38.5–49.2</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC65670FE4C86658" box="[948,1005,820,843]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">49.7</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB4670FE3896658" box="[1125,1196,820,843]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1.1183</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD0670FE2A56658" box="[1281,1408,820,843]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">42.2–55.7</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF74675BE2A56665" box="[165,1408,864,886]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF74675BE6216665" box="[165,260,864,886]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">TL/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C675BE6E36665" box="[397,454,864,886]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.52</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE675BE5A06665" box="[575,645,864,886]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0029</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B675BE47D6665" box="[730,856,864,886]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.50–0.54</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC65675BE4C86665" box="[948,1005,864,886]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.53</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB4675BE3896665" box="[1125,1196,864,886]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0077</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD0675BE2A56665" box="[1281,1408,864,886]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.50–0.62</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF7467B7E2A566B1" box="[165,1408,908,930]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF7467B7E62166B1" box="[165,260,908,930]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">EN/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C67B7E6E366B1" box="[397,454,908,930]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.099</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE67B7E5A066B1" box="[575,645,908,930]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0016</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B67B7E47D66B1" box="[730,856,908,930]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.088–0.112</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC6567B7E4C866B1" box="[948,1005,908,930]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.102</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB467B7E38966B1" box="[1125,1196,908,930]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0016</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD067B7E2A566B1" box="[1281,1408,908,930]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.092–0.114</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF746783E2A566DD" box="[165,1408,952,974]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF746783E62166DD" box="[165,260,952,974]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IN/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C6783E6E366DD" box="[397,454,952,974]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.083</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE6783E5A066DD" box="[575,645,952,974]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0012</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B6783E47D66DD" box="[730,856,952,974]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.073–0.094</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC656783E4C866DD" box="[948,1005,952,974]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.079</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB46783E38966DD" box="[1125,1196,952,974]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0014</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD06783E2A566DD" box="[1281,1408,952,974]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.069–0.088</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF7467DFE2A566E9" box="[165,1408,996,1018]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF7467DFE62166E9" box="[165,260,996,1018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">SN/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C67DFE6E366E9" box="[397,454,996,1018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.16</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE67DFE5A066E9" box="[575,645,996,1018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0017</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B67DFE47D66E9" box="[730,856,996,1018]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.14–0.17</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC6567DFE4C866E9" box="[948,1005,996,1018]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.15</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB467DFE38966E9" box="[1125,1196,996,1018]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0028</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD067DFE2A566E9" box="[1281,1408,996,1018]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.14–0.17</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF74602BE2A56135" box="[165,1408,1040,1062]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF74602BE6216135" box="[165,260,1040,1062]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">TY/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C602BE6E36135" box="[397,454,1040,1062]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.043</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE602BE5A06135" box="[575,645,1040,1062]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0013</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B602BE47D6135" box="[730,856,1040,1062]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.033–0.052</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC65602BE4C86135" box="[948,1005,1040,1062]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.047</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB4602BE3896135" box="[1125,1196,1040,1062]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0014</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD0602BE2A56135" box="[1281,1408,1040,1062]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.038–0.055</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF746007E2A56141" box="[165,1408,1084,1106]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF746007E6216141" box="[165,260,1084,1106]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">EY/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C6007E6E36141" box="[397,454,1084,1106]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.12</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE6007E5A06141" box="[575,645,1084,1106]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0031</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B6007E47D6141" box="[730,856,1084,1106]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.10–0.14</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC656007E4C86141" box="[948,1005,1084,1106]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.11</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB46007E3896141" box="[1125,1196,1084,1106]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0015</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD06007E2A56141" box="[1281,1408,1084,1106]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.10–0.12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF746053E2A5616D" box="[165,1408,1128,1150]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF746053E621616D" box="[165,260,1128,1150]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">HW/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C6053E6E3616D" box="[397,454,1128,1150]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.35</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE6053E5A0616D" box="[575,645,1128,1150]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0029</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B6053E47D616D" box="[730,856,1128,1150]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.34–0.37</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC656053E4C8616D" box="[948,1005,1128,1150]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.35</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB46053E389616D" box="[1125,1196,1128,1150]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0038</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD06053E2A5616D" box="[1281,1408,1128,1150]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.34–0.39</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF7460AFE2A561B9" box="[165,1408,1172,1194]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF7460AFE62161B9" box="[165,260,1172,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">HL/SV</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C60AFE6E361B9" box="[397,454,1172,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.34</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE60AFE5A061B9" box="[575,645,1172,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0028</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B60AFE47D61B9" box="[730,856,1172,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.32–0.36</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC6560AFE4C861B9" box="[948,1005,1172,1194]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.34</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB460AFE38961B9" box="[1125,1196,1172,1194]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0034</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD060AFE2A561B9" box="[1281,1408,1172,1194]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.32–0.36</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF7460FBE2A561C5" box="[165,1408,1216,1238]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF7460FBE62161C5" box="[165,260,1216,1238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">EN/IN</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C60FBE6E361C5" box="[397,454,1216,1238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1.20</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE60FBE5A061C5" box="[575,645,1216,1238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0267</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B60FBE47D61C5" box="[730,856,1216,1238]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1.05–1.40</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC6560FBE4C861C5" box="[948,1005,1216,1238]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1.30</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB460FBE38961C5" box="[1125,1196,1216,1238]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0369</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD060FBE2A561C5" box="[1281,1408,1216,1238]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1.04–1.58</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCB0053FF7460D7E2A56011" box="[165,1408,1260,1282]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCB0053FF7460D7E6216011" box="[165,260,1260,1282]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">HL/HW</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FE5C60D7E6E36011" box="[397,454,1260,1282]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.97</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FDEE60D7E5A06011" box="[575,645,1260,1282]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0087</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FD0B60D7E47D6011" box="[730,856,1260,1282]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.91–1.03</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FC6560D7E4C86011" box="[948,1005,1260,1282]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.96</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FBB460D7E3896011" box="[1125,1196,1260,1282]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.0080</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCB0053FAD060D7E2A56011" box="[1281,1408,1260,1282]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.89–0.99</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCBFFA5FF166247E60265C1" blockId="8.[151,1437,1348,2031]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,1073]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Males are typically light gray, medium brown, or gray brown and freckled or mottled with darker brown. One is dark brown with a few orange-brown spots; one has a few beige spots; another is orange tan mottled with medium brown. In contrast, females are generally orange brown in color and vaguely mottled with darker brown. One is uniformly gray brown, looking similar to the males; another is dark brown with a dark-orange cast on the sides. Darker mottling can vary from sparse (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCBFFA4FD7B633CE5CE620C" box="[682,747,1799,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,462,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,447,1891]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani, BPBM 18293, Fane, Central Province; (B) N. cheesmani, BPBM 18294, Fane, Central Province; (C) male N. bivocalis, BPBM 15206, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (D) female N. bivocalis, BPBM 15209, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (E) N. intercastellus, BPBM 16481, Fergusson Is., Milne Bay Province; (F) N. intercastellus, BPBM 37765, Normanby Is., Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211971/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D) to prominent; one female has a few small enamel-cream markings. Venters are cream and usually stippled with dark brown. This stippling is typical for the males and is generally concentrated anteriorly or on the sides; females are usually sparsely stippled, with a little along the jaw margin or on the throat. The two darker females are more generally stippled ventrally. The pattern on the rear of the thighs varies considerably. Some specimens are uniformly dark brown, but most of them have some form of “tiger-striped” pattern consisting of a blue-gray or dark salmon or orange-brown ground with caramel-brown bars and maculations, or the reverse, depending on which color field predominates in areal size. All adults have darkbrown irises, but one newly metamorphosed frog (BPBM 15208) has a pale-tan iris, which is clearly observable in preservative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCAFFA5FF1664E6E52664E2" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1073]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCAFFA5FF1664E6E64465E5" bold="true" box="[199,353,221,246]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
From field notes for BPBM 15201 (male): Dorsum tan with obscure brown reticulum; ground color and barring on legs more or less same colors as dorsum; venter white with heavy maroon suffusion on chin, throat, chest, sides, and undersides of legs; palpebral reticulum gold on a black background; iris brown. BPBM 15204 (female) was tan with lavender bars on the back of the thighs, and BPBM 15213 (female) had an orangebrown dorsum with darker orange-brown reticulum across the center, yellow-orange in the groin and on the hidden surfaces of the thighs, and a purple-brown palpebral reticulum. Color images illustrate additional variants that are tan with numerous light purple-gray flecks (male,
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FD00658EE42A64DE" box="[721,783,437,461]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,462,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,447,1891]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani, BPBM 18293, Fane, Central Province; (B) N. cheesmani, BPBM 18294, Fane, Central Province; (C) male N. bivocalis, BPBM 15206, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (D) female N. bivocalis, BPBM 15209, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (E) N. intercastellus, BPBM 16481, Fergusson Is., Milne Bay Province; (F) N. intercastellus, BPBM 37765, Normanby Is., Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C) or beige with a pale-lavender reticulum and numerous brick-red dots (female,
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FE4C65E2E6F964E2" box="[413,476,473,497]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,462,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,447,1891]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani, BPBM 18293, Fane, Central Province; (B) N. cheesmani, BPBM 18294, Fane, Central Province; (C) male N. bivocalis, BPBM 15206, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (D) female N. bivocalis, BPBM 15209, Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province; (E) N. intercastellus, BPBM 16481, Fergusson Is., Milne Bay Province; (F) N. intercastellus, BPBM 37765, Normanby Is., Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCAFFA5FF1665C6E4786122" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1073]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCAFFA5FF1665C6E7DA6705" bold="true" box="[199,255,509,534]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Call.</emphasis>
|
||
The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFCAFFA5FE5C65C5E5A46706" box="[397,641,509,533]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCAFFA5FE5C65C5E5A46706" box="[397,641,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of a pair of rapid, unpulsed, well-tuned croaks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FADD65C6E2756706" box="[1292,1360,509,533]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1121,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[160,1427,1093,1919]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Expanded waveforms and spectrograms showing note structure for (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani from Fane, Central Province (uncaptured), (B) N. bivocalis (BPBM 15202) from Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, and (C) N. intercastellus (BPBM 17938) from Normanby Island, Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211973/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 4A, C), each pair delivered as part of a series that can extend interminably: series recorded by me lasted for 21–68 s, but I heard one uncaptured animal call without pause for more than two hours. To the human ear, the impression of these calls is similar to that of a pile driver, but without the musical quality. The two-note call is delivered at a rate of 0.69–0.95 calls/s, calls average 0.476–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFCAFFA5FDBD66B6E58F67B6" box="[620,682,653,677]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-0.487">0.487</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s (range 0.436–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFCAFFA5FCB566B6E48767B6" box="[868,930,653,677]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-0.508">0.508</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s) in length for three call series recorded by me, with intervals between calls averaging 0.596–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFCAFFA5FD1F668AE42867DA" box="[718,781,689,713]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-0.962">0.962</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s and ranging from 0.507–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFCAFFA5FB93668AE35A67DA" box="[1090,1151,689,713]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-1.528">1.528</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCAFFA5FB73668AE3DF67DA" box="[1186,1274,689,713]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[165,1330,1209,1352]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 4. Call data for two specimens of Nyctimystes bivocalis from the type locality. Numbers for call parameters are mean ± SD (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Calling rate appears to decrease with ambient temperature (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCAFFA5FD7266EEE5DF67FE" box="[675,762,725,749]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[165,1330,1209,1352]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 4. Call data for two specimens of Nyctimystes bivocalis from the type locality. Numbers for call parameters are mean ± SD (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Each call note is short, averaging 0.080–0.092 for the first note and 0.089–0.095 for the second; intervals between notes within a call average 0.294–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFCAFFA5FB4166C2E3E86602" box="[1168,1229,761,785]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-0.311">0.311</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s across three call series and range from 0.261–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFCAFFA5FE356726E5066626" box="[484,547,797,821]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-0.335">0.335</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCAFFA5FD996726E5876626" box="[584,674,797,821]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[165,1330,1209,1352]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 4. Call data for two specimens of Nyctimystes bivocalis from the type locality. Numbers for call parameters are mean ± SD (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). For BPBM 15202, the dominant frequency of the first note was usually lower than that for the second note, being of higher pitch in only three of 49 calls. In BPBM 15303 the situation was reversed, with 10 of 14 first notes being of higher pitch than the second note. Notes begin abruptly and increase and decrease in amplitude rather gradually; however, the end of each note tends to decrease more gradually, producing a teardrop-shaped wave function (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FCD76796E46F66D6" box="[774,842,941,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1121,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[160,1427,1093,1919]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Expanded waveforms and spectrograms showing note structure for (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani from Fane, Central Province (uncaptured), (B) N. bivocalis (BPBM 15202) from Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, and (C) N. intercastellus (BPBM 17938) from Normanby Island, Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211973/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B). This is often more prominently developed in the second note of each call. Notes lack frequency modulation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FC8467EAE4BF66FA" box="[853,922,977,1001]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1173,1196]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,246,1141]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,221,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. (A) Waveform, (B) power spectrum, and (C) spectrogram of ten two-note calls of Nyctimystes bivocalis, BPBM 15202, recorded in Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, 9 April 2002, air temperature 24.4 C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211974/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C), have a dominant frequency ranging from 1560–1720 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FE9F67CEE6B1611E" box="[334,404,1013,1037]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1173,1196]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,246,1141]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,221,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. (A) Waveform, (B) power spectrum, and (C) spectrogram of ten two-note calls of Nyctimystes bivocalis, BPBM 15202, recorded in Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, 9 April 2002, air temperature 24.4 C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211974/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B,
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFCAFFA5FE6567CEE52F611E" box="[436,522,1013,1037]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[165,1330,1209,1352]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 4. Call data for two specimens of Nyctimystes bivocalis from the type locality. Numbers for call parameters are mean ± SD (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
), and have harmonics present at around 4800 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FB9967CEE3A8611E" box="[1096,1165,1013,1037]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1173,1196]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,246,1141]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,221,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. (A) Waveform, (B) power spectrum, and (C) spectrogram of ten two-note calls of Nyctimystes bivocalis, BPBM 15202, recorded in Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, 9 April 2002, air temperature 24.4 C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211974/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C) and 8000 Hz (faintly developed and not apparent in
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FE3E6022E5156122" box="[495,560,1049,1073]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1173,1196]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,246,1141]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,221,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. (A) Waveform, (B) power spectrum, and (C) spectrogram of ten two-note calls of Nyctimystes bivocalis, BPBM 15202, recorded in Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, 9 April 2002, air temperature 24.4 C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211974/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C but apparent in
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFCAFFA5FD286022E41F6122" box="[761,826,1049,1073]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1121,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[160,1427,1093,1919]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Expanded waveforms and spectrograms showing note structure for (A) Nyctimystes cheesmani from Fane, Central Province (uncaptured), (B) N. bivocalis (BPBM 15202) from Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, and (C) N. intercastellus (BPBM 17938) from Normanby Island, Milne Bay Province." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211973/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" ID-Table-UUID="89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[165,1330,1209,1352]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCAFFA5FF46605AE64F618B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1121,1176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCAFFA5FF46605AE62C616A" bold="true" box="[151,265,1121,1145]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Call data for two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFCAFFA5FD8F605AE461616B" box="[606,836,1121,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFCAFFA5FD8F605AE461616B" box="[606,836,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the type locality. Numbers for call parameters are mean ± SD (range).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCAFFA5FED76082E3D7605B" blockId="9.[165,1330,1209,1983]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table id="AFC4C455FFCA0053FF746082E217605B" box="[165,1330,1209,1352]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF746082E21761E3" box="[165,1330,1209,1264]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF746082E64C61E3" box="[165,361,1209,1264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Character</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FDFE6082E59F61E3" box="[559,698,1209,1264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">BPBM 15202 call 1</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB66082E4D161E3" box="[871,1012,1209,1264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">BPBM 15202 call 2</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB716082E21761E3" box="[1184,1330,1209,1264]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">BPBM 15203</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF74613CE217600E" box="[165,1330,1287,1309]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF74613CE64C600E" box="[165,361,1287,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Temperature (C)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FDFE613CE59F600E" box="[559,698,1287,1309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">24.4</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB6613CE4D1600E" box="[871,1012,1287,1309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">24.4</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB71613CE217600E" box="[1184,1330,1287,1309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">22.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF746109E217605B" box="[165,1330,1330,1352]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF746109E64C605B" box="[165,361,1330,1352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Number of calls</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FDFE6109E59F605B" box="[559,698,1330,1352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">19</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB66109E4D1605B" box="[871,1012,1330,1352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">30</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB716109E217605B" box="[1184,1330,1330,1352]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">47</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFCAFFA5FF746164E20862AD" blockId="9.[165,1330,1209,1983]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table id="AFC4C455FFCA0053FF746164E21762AC" box="[165,1330,1375,1983]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF746164E2176066" box="[165,1330,1375,1397]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF746164E5E46066" box="[165,705,1375,1397]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Duration of call sequence (s) 20.9</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB06164E4DF6066" box="[865,1018,1375,1397]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">31.6</th>
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB486164E2176066" box="[1177,1330,1375,1397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">67.7</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF7461B0E21760B2" box="[165,1330,1419,1441]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF7461B0E5E460B2" box="[165,705,1419,1441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Call rate (calls/s) 0.91</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB061B0E4DF60B2" box="[865,1018,1419,1441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.95</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB4861B0E21760B2" box="[1177,1330,1419,1441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.69</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF74618CE21760FD" box="[165,1330,1463,1518]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF74618CE5E460FD" box="[165,705,1463,1518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Call duration (s) 0.480 ± 0.0045 (0.441–0.508)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB0618CE4DF60FD" box="[865,1018,1463,1518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.476 ± 0.0029 (0.439–0.500)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB48618CE21760FD" box="[1177,1330,1463,1518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.487 ± 0.0047 (0.436–0.507)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF74623FE2176328" box="[165,1330,1540,1595]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF74623FE5E46328" box="[165,705,1540,1595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Interval between calls (s) 0.648 ± 0.0085 (0.557–0.703)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB0623FE4DF6328" box="[865,1018,1540,1595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.596 ± 0.0113 (0.507–0.724)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB48623FE2176328" box="[1177,1330,1540,1595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.962 ± 0.0705 (0.618–1.528)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF746269E2176399" box="[165,1330,1618,1674]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF746269E5E46399" box="[165,705,1618,1674]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Note 1 duration (s) 0.092 ± 0.0017 (0.080–0.106)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB06269E4DF6399" box="[865,1018,1618,1674]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.091 ± 0.0011 (0.078–0.100)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB486269E2176399" box="[1177,1330,1618,1674]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.080 ± 0.0008 (0.076–0.085)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF7462A4E21763C4" box="[165,1330,1695,1751]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF7462A4E5E463C4" box="[165,705,1695,1751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Note 1 dominant frequency 1.601 ± 0.0024 (Hz) (1.581–1.617)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB062A4E4DF63C4" box="[865,1018,1695,1751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1.598 ± 0.0018 (1.581–1.617)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB4862A4E21763C4" box="[1177,1330,1695,1751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1.679 ± 0.0063 (1.644–1.725)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF7462D7E2176237" box="[165,1330,1772,1828]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF7462D7E5E46237" box="[165,705,1772,1828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Interval between notes (s) 0.299 ± 0.0037 (0.269–0.335)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB062D7E4DF6237" box="[865,1018,1772,1828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.294 ± 0.0026 (0.272–0.319)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB4862D7E2176237" box="[1177,1330,1772,1828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.311 ± 0.0047 (0.261–0.332)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF746301E2176261" box="[165,1330,1850,1906]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF746301E5E46261" box="[165,705,1850,1906]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Note 2 duration (s) 0.091 ± 0.0011 (0.084–0.103)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB06301E4DF6261" box="[865,1018,1850,1906]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.089 ± 0.0007 (0.082–0.100)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB486301E2176261" box="[1177,1330,1850,1906]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">0.095 ± 0.0011 (0.088–0.103)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="63F434B7FFCA0053FF7463BCE21762AC" box="[165,1330,1927,1983]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="20255DCBFFCA0053FF7463BCE5E462AC" box="[165,705,1927,1983]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Note 2 dominant frequency 1.617 ± 0.0027 (Hz) (1.600–1.644)</th>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FCB063BCE4DF62AC" box="[865,1018,1927,1983]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1.625 ± 0.0032 (1.564–1.653)</td>
|
||
<td id="20255DCBFFCA0053FB4863BCE21762AC" box="[1177,1330,1927,1983]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1.670 ± 0.0049 (1.634–1.706)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="89BB667DFFC9FFA6FF4660AEE31D61D9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211974/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[161,1421,246,1141]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC9FFA6FF4660AEE31D61D9" blockId="10.[151,1436,1173,1226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FF4660AEE63161B8" bold="true" box="[151,276,1173,1196]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Waveform, (B) power spectrum, and (C) spectrogram of ten two-note calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FBBD60ACE26261BF" box="[1132,1351,1174,1196]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FBBD60ACE26261BF" box="[1132,1351,1174,1196]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, BPBM 15202, recorded in Cloudy Mts., Milne Bay Province, 9 April 2002, air temperature 24.4 C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="95DE657EFFC9FFA6FF166127E464633C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC9FFA6FF166127E52B6044" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FF166127E66B6027" bold="true" box="[199,334,1308,1332]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name is a masculine Latin adjective meaning “having a doubled voice”, and is named for the species’ distinctive two-note call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC9FFA6FF16615FE457608C" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FF16615FE63F606F" bold="true" box="[199,282,1380,1404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from the Cloudy Mts. and the southernmost extent of the Owen Stanley Range west of Alotau, Milne Bay Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5D37665FFC9FFA6FE3061B3E59C608C" box="[481,697,1415,1439]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FE3061B3E500608C" box="[481,549,1416,1439]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">Papua</taxonomicName>
|
||
New Guinea
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFC9FFA6FD1961BCE429608C" box="[712,780,1415,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1074,1097]" captionTargetBox="[236,1323,229,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[228,1337,215,1040]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Map of the Southeastern Peninsula of New Guinea showing localities for Nyctimystes cheesmani (star), N. bivocalis (circles), and N. intercastellus (triangles). Type localities are solid symbols; additional localities are open symbols." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211975/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, circles).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC9FFA6FF166190E464633C" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FF166190E6AA60D7" bold="true" box="[199,399,1451,1476]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Animals were common near small (
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC9FFA6FCFC6190E45060D0" box="[813,885,1451,1475]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
|
||
wide) forested streams at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC9FFA6FAEB6190E79560F4" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="660.0" valueMax="720.0" valueMin="600.0">
|
||
600–
|
||
<specimenCount id="CBC2FD7CFFC9FFA6FAA36190E79560F4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">720 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. One of these streams was shallow, rocky, and with several rapidly flowing riffles; the second was deeper, silty, and with many deeper pools but few riffles. Forest in both elevations was small-crowned lowland hill forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B9554B04FFC9FFA6FF4F622CE675633C" author="Paijmans" box="[158,336,1559,1583]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Paijmans, K. (1975) Vegetation of Papua New Guinea. CSIRO Land Research Series, 35, 1 - 25 + 4 maps." type="book chapter" year="1975">Paijmans, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B9554B04FFC9FFA6FE8A622CE6B1633C" author="Paijmans" box="[347,404,1559,1583]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Paijmans, K. (1976) New Guinea vegetation. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia, 212 pp." type="book" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with canopies of ca.
|
||
<quantity id="1A3C9B10FFC9FFA6FD5B622CE5C8633C" box="[650,749,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30–40 m</quantity>
|
||
height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="95DE657EFFC9FFA7FF166207E3E762BD" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC9FFA6FF166207E633625C" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FF166207E61E6347" bold="true" box="[199,315,1596,1620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FD056207E4E06340" box="[724,965,1595,1619]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FD056207E4E06340" box="[724,965,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FC2A6207E3596340" box="[1019,1148,1595,1619]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FC2A6207E3596340" box="[1019,1148,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are minor, with body size being the most distinctive feature. Consequently, if not for the call differences, it might be thought that the two are conspecific. That they represent distinct populations is, however, also confirmed by discriminant-function analysis of morphometric features (
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFC9FFA6FE09629CE51063AC" box="[472,565,1703,1727]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,239,1207,1231]" captionText="TABLE 5. Pairwise discriminant functions for morphometric characters distinguishing among adult Nyctimystes bivocalis and N. daymani. Included specimens of N. daymani are listed in the Appendix; those of N. bivocalis are adults of the type series." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), which mis-assigns only one specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FB9D6293E3FC63AC" box="[1100,1241,1703,1727]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FB9D6293E3FC63AC" box="[1100,1241,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FADD6293E2B163AC" box="[1292,1428,1703,1727]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FADD6293E2B163AC" box="[1292,1428,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Discrimination is greatest in EN, IN, and SN, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FD0162F7E47463F0" box="[720,849,1739,1763]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FD0162F7E47463F0" box="[720,849,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having the greater values for the first two characters and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FF1A62CBE6736214" box="[203,342,1775,1799]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FF1A62CBE6736214" box="[203,342,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the greater values for the last. Discrimination among these species is further supported by canonical-variates analysis, which clearly distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FCDA632FE4B46238" box="[779,913,1811,1835]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FCDA632FE4B46238" box="[779,913,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FBDE632FE3B56238" box="[1039,1168,1811,1835]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FBDE632FE3B56238" box="[1039,1168,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FB19632FE27A6238" box="[1224,1375,1811,1835]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FB19632FE27A6238" box="[1224,1375,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="45FF2A70FFC9FFA6FABF6328E782625C" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1888,1911]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,947,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,928,1838]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Bivariate plot of canonical variate axes 1 and 2 showing a posteriori multivariate discrimination among Nyctimystes cheesmani (open squares), N. bivocalis (open circles), and N. daymani (diamonds)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211976/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="9046034EFFC9FFA6FF62630CE62D625C" box="[179,264,1847,1871]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,239,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[165,1312,274,824]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. Loadings for morphometric characters used in canonical variates analysis of adult Nyctimystes cheesmani, N. bivocalis, and N. daymani. Included specimens of N. cheesmani and N. daymani are listed in the Appendix; those of N. bivocalis are the adults in the type series." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/89BB667DFFCFFFA0FF4664A3E56B65E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="89BB667DFFCFFFA0FF4664A3E56B65E3">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC9FFA6FF166360E38362A8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
So far as is presently known, the sexually dimorphic color pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FB956367E2656260" box="[1092,1344,1883,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FB956367E2656260" box="[1092,1344,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(males predominantly brown, gray, or gray brown; females predominantly orange brown) is unique within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC9FFA6FA5363BBE62862A8" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC9FFA6FA5363BBE62862A8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, including among additional populations not treated in the present study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="89BB667DFFC8FFA7FF466009E2AD6174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211975/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[236,1323,229,1017]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC8FFA7FF466009E2AD6174" blockId="11.[151,1437,1074,1127]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FF466009E632615B" bold="true" box="[151,279,1074,1097]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of the Southeastern Peninsula of New Guinea showing localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FB926008E217615B" box="[1091,1330,1074,1096]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheesmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FB926008E217615B" box="[1091,1330,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nyctimystes cheesmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(star),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FA556008E7D76174" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FA556008E7D76174" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circles), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FE526069E50D6174" box="[387,552,1105,1127]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intercastellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FE526069E50D6174" box="[387,552,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. intercastellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(triangles). Type localities are solid symbols; additional localities are open symbols.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="89BB667DFFC8FFA7FF46608CE671601D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC8FFA7FF46608CE671601D" blockId="11.[151,1436,1207,1294]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FF46608CE63461DC" bold="true" box="[151,273,1207,1231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Pairwise discriminant functions for morphometric characters distinguishing among adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FACD6083E7D261FC" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FACD6083E7D261FC" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nyctimystes bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FEFA60E3E68361FC" box="[299,422,1240,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FEFA60E3E68361FC" box="[299,422,1240,1263]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Included specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FD6160E3E40E61FC" box="[688,811,1240,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FD6160E3E40E61FC" box="[688,811,1240,1263]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. daymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed in the Appendix; those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC44D76FFC8FFA7FB7E60E3E20B61FC" box="[1199,1326,1240,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Nyctimystes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FB7E60E3E20B61FC" box="[1199,1326,1240,1263]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. bivocalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are adults of the type series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC8FFA7FF74610AE6046331" blockId="11.[165,1227,1329,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FF74610AE7976055" box="[165,178,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
|
||
39 Hotelling’s t2 95.18 F 8.289
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FF74618EE79760D9" box="[165,178,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">p</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B8F05032FFC8FFA7FBAA618FE39A60D9" box="[1147,1215,1460,1482]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="55" value="5.461">
|
||
5.461
|
||
<emphasis id="EFB0EAE7FFC8FFA7FB65618EE39A60D9" box="[1204,1215,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">e</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-6 # misassigned 1 Coefficients
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD7B36F5FFC8FFA7FF746202E3E762BD" blockId="11.[165,1227,1329,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SV -0.514 TL 1.379 EN -3.856 IN -4.109 SN 4.859 TY -0.064 EY 7.495 HW 2.578 HL -2.061</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |