233 lines
31 KiB
XML
233 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="80E694DE0C4DBA9C9E9F07CC1A0891F0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.203208" ID-GBIF-Dataset="85473c5c-8506-4915-9dd9-0317382ba608" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="203208" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460297531016" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kits, Joel H. & Marshall, Stephen A." docDate="2011" docId="5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02863p034.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2863" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Penola eudyptidis Richards" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="A95BFFE3FFD2FFD0EA33FF81B066FFB0" masterDocTitle="A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae)" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1698252249425" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="80F9254CC127966F23D0617271081BFA">A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FDE69D4799C5B31832A4F54156BAF7B0">Kits, Joel H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A0E87D7D92FF5E793972DF73BCF7BC67">Marshall, Stephen A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="33C76C6F74DDA1B9B001ACA0752F529E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="651C827D3059A6D20E330349E8B3FAE9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0978D629DED6FDC4D1A5A11889875E5F">
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<mods:date id="109988B640E0824123D9A3DD757FD160">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="45726A46B53B628DD2FCC28419122773" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.203208</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191637" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119399295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6191637" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection id="95D16506FFCFFFCDEAA4FA1BB1B3FA65" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCFFFCDEAA4FA1BB180FA03" blockId="29.[151,486,1433,1493]" box="[151,486,1433,1460]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<heading id="863C81E1FFCFFFCDEAA4FA1BB180FA03" bold="true" box="[151,486,1433,1460]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCFFFCDEAA4FA1BB180FA03" ID-CoL="76LBB" authority="Richards" authorityName="Richards" box="[151,486,1433,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Penola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eudyptidis">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCFFFCDEAA4FA1BB180FA03" bold="true" box="[151,486,1433,1460]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCFFFCDEAA4FA1BB10BFA04" bold="true" box="[151,365,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Penola eudyptidis</emphasis>
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Richards
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCFFFCDEAA4FA3CB1B3FA65" blockId="29.[151,486,1433,1493]" box="[151,469,1469,1493]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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(
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<figureCitation id="45F02A08FFCFFFCDEAACFA3CB141FA65" box="[159,295,1469,1493]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 58" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1404,1427]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,205,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,195,1383]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 58. Frutillaria and Penola male genitalia. F. triangularis: (53) cerci and surstyli, posterior view, (54) surstylus, anterior view, (55) phallus and postgonite, lateral view; P. eudyptidis: (56) postgonite (phallapodeme omitted), (57) surstylus, anterior view, (58) hypopygium, posterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203217/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 56–58</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="45F02A08FFCFFFCDEB01FA3CB1F0FA65" box="[306,406,1469,1493]" captionStart="FIGURES 104 – 107" captionStartId="31.[151,264,855,878]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,182,840]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,177,848]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 104 – 107. Penola eudyptidis female terminalia: (104) tergite 8, epiproct, circus, (105) sternite 8, hypoproct, (106) spermathecae. (107) Frutillaria transversa male sternite 2 – 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203223/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">104–106</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="45F02A08FFCFFFCDEB91FA3CB1ABFA65" box="[418,461,1469,1493]" captionStart="FIGURES 108 – 115" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1724]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,591,1725]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 108 – 115. Frutillaria and Penola distribution maps. (108) F. abdita, F. f u rc a t a, F. tenuiforceps, F. triangularis; (109) F. anticura, F. chepuensis, F. glabra, P. eudyptidis; (110) F. c o n t u l m o, F. calceata, F. chiloensis, F. propinqua; (111) F. calida; (112) F. edenensis; (113) F. k u s c h e l i, F. r i c ha rds i; (114) F. stenoptera; (115) F. transversa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203224/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">109</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="95D16506FFCFFFCFEAA4F984B262F8F0" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCFFFCDEAA4F984B235F9AA" blockId="29.[151,595,1540,1563]" box="[151,595,1540,1563]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="FDDB11A3FFCFFFCDEAA4F984B235F9AA" box="[151,595,1540,1563]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCFFFCDEAA4F984B246F9AA" ID-CoL="76LBB" authority="Richards, 1941: 324" authorityName="Richards" authorityPageNumber="324" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,544,1540,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Penola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eudyptidis">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCFFFCDEAA4F984B12BF9AB" box="[151,333,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Penola eudyptidis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="5C6A109CFFCFFFCDEB60F985B246F9AA" author="Richards" box="[339,544,1540,1562]" page="324" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1941">
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<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFCFFFCDEB60F985B196F9AA" author="Richards" box="[339,496,1540,1562]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Richards, O. W. (1941) Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) collected by the British Graham Land Expedition, 1934 - 1937. British Graham Land Expedition 1934 - 37, Scientific Reports, 1, 323 - 326." type="journal article" year="1941">Richards, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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: 324
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–326
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCFFFCDEAA4F9C6B182F9EF" blockId="29.[151,1436,1607,2027]" box="[151,484,1607,1631]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Small flies, 2.4–3.2 mm long.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCFFFCEEAF6F9EAB3D1FEAC" blockId="29.[151,1436,1607,2027]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1436,151,716]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Head, clypeus, and prementum yellow, a medial brown patch on upper occiput extending anteriorly onto frons. Head mostly covered with very fine microtomentum, but frons with a medial shiny patch behind ocellar triangle, surrounding postocellar bristles, and a lateral patch along eye anterior to vertical bristles. Face evenly sclerotized, lunule small. Gena about ¼ maximum height of eye. Occiput narrow below occipital foramen. Clypeus narrow, slightly produced. Palpus broadest distally, with tiny setae throughout and larger setae along lateral margin. Prementum well-developed, circular, about ¾ height of eye. Labellum with 12 pseudotracheae. Scape very short, with 2 dorsal setulae; pedicel subtriangular, with a single row of apical bristles, medial bristles about 3 times the length of outer bristles, uppermost apical upcurved, with a downcurved bristle posterior to it; first flagellomere round, slightly pointed dorsoapically; arista dorsolateral, preapical, 2-segmented, about as long as head length, finely plumose. Chaetotaxy: orbital bristles in two lateroclinate pairs; orbital setulae situated irregularly along orbital plate; interfrontals in 4–5 medioclinate pairs; preocellars about 1 ocellus width anterior of central ocellus, lateroproclinate; ocellar setulae irregular; inner vertical bristles inclinate; outer vertical bristles lateroreclinate; postocellar bristles slightly proclinate; postvertical bristles small, cruciate; inner occipital setae small, medioclinate; outer occipital setae two rows, inner row incomplete; vibrissa strong, as long as head; no distinct subvibrissal bristle; upturned genal bristle about ¼ length of vibrissa; genal setae in 2 rows.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCCFFCEEAF4FEA6B4CFFD7C" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Thorax appearing somewhat dorsoventrally compressed, scutum quite flat, scutellum very short (width about
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<date id="A975104DFFCCFFCEEAA4FECDB0D5FED4" box="[151,179,332,356]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">4x</date>
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length); wing rudiment less than ½ length of thorax. Yellow with a brown stripe in middle of mesoscutum between dorsocentral rows, metapleuron brown, wing rudiment yellow. Mesoscutum without microtomentum but medially microsculptured with fine irregular ridges, so not appearing shiny. Scutellum covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, with a patch of microtomentum along anterior margin. Proepisternum with 1–2 setulae. Katepisternum mostly covered with microtomentum, with a shiny patch posteriorly extending onto meron; metapleuron entirely covered with microtomentum. Halter absent. Chaetotaxy: postpronotum with a single enlarged bristle; notopleuron with two bristles, anterior very long, about
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<date id="A975104DFFCCFFCEE9D1FDA5B398FD8C" box="[994,1022,548,572]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">2x</date>
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length of posterior; one postsutural intra-alar bristles; one large postalar bristle behind wing rudiment and a smaller postalar between this and scutellum; one pair of prescutellar dorsocentral bristles; scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, basal bristles about as long as scutellum, apical bristles variable, from similar length to basal bristles to as long as width of scutellum; acrostichal setae in 2 rows; katepisternum with a single large dorsal bristle and long, thin setae ventrally.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="89B46605FFCCFFCEEAA4F8FAB327F87F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203222/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[159,1427,781,1884]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCCFFCEEAA4F8FAB327F87F" blockId="30.[151,1436,1915,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEEAA4F8FAB106F821" bold="true" box="[151,352,1915,1938]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURES 95–103.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCCFFCEEB55F8FDB1B4F822" ID-CoL="9CJK2" box="[358,466,1916,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Frutillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEEB55F8FDB1B4F822" box="[358,466,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Frutillaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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female terminalia.
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCCFFCEE8A5F8FCB34EF822" ID-CoL="6JQKD" box="[662,808,1916,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Frutillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEE8A5F8FCB34EF822" box="[662,808,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F. triangularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: (95) tergite 8, epiproct, cerci, (96) sternite 8;
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEEECEF8FCB568F822" box="[1277,1294,1917,1938]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F.</emphasis>
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n. sp. A: (97) tergite 8, epiproct, cerci, (98): sternite 8, hypoproct;
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEE896F81AB2D0F800" box="[677,694,1947,1968]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F.</emphasis>
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n. sp. B: (99) tergite 8, epiproct, circus, (100) sternite 8, hypoproct. Spermathecae: (101)
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCCFFCEEB72F83BB1B5F87F" ID-CoL="6JQKD" box="[321,467,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Frutillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEEB72F83BB1B5F87F" box="[321,467,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F. triangularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, (102)
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEE82FF83BB24BF87F" box="[540,557,1978,1999]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F.</emphasis>
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n. sp. A, (103),
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCCFFCEE8E7F83BB283F87F" box="[724,741,1978,1999]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F.</emphasis>
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n. sp. B.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="89B46605FFCDFFCFEAA4FCD6B362FC3C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203223/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[163,1422,182,840]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAA4FCD6B362FC3C" blockId="31.[151,1436,855,908]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEAA4FCD6B109FCDC" bold="true" box="[151,367,855,878]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURES 104–107.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCDFFCFEB45FCD6B24BFCDD" ID-CoL="76LBB" box="[374,557,855,877]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Penola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eudyptidis">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEB45FCD6B24BFCDD" box="[374,557,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Penola eudyptidis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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female terminalia: (104) tergite 8, epiproct, circus, (105) sternite 8, hypoproct, (106) spermathecae. (107)
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<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCDFFCFEB59FCF7B22EFC3C" ID-CoL="8C7F5" box="[362,584,886,908]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Frutillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">
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<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEB59FCF7B22EFC3C" box="[362,584,886,908]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Frutillaria transversa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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male sternite 2–5.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAF4FC38B274FBED" blockId="31.[151,1437,952,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Legs yellow. Fore tibia with a preapical dorsal bristle. Fore basotarsomere with a ventral projection apically in males, unmodified in female. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles, 1 dorsal bristle. Mid tibia with preapical anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral bristles and a ring of 4–5 apical bristles; posteroventral bristle apparently absent in some individuals.
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<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFCDFFCFEBE5FBA3B268FB8A" box="[470,526,1058,1082]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hind</collectingCountry>
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femur with a long curved dorsal bristle.
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<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFCDFFCFE9D0FBA3B47DFB8A" box="[995,1051,1058,1082]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hind</collectingCountry>
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tibia with a long preapical dorsal bristle and 2 apicoventral bristles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAF4FBE9B49BF997" blockId="31.[151,1437,952,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFCDFFCFEAF4FBE9B167FB30" box="[199,257,1128,1152]" name="Malta" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Male</collectingCountry>
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abdomen (
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<figureCitation id="45F02A08FFCDFFCFEB4CFBE9B26DFB30" box="[383,523,1128,1152]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 58" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1404,1427]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,205,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,195,1383]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 58. Frutillaria and Penola male genitalia. F. triangularis: (53) cerci and surstyli, posterior view, (54) surstylus, anterior view, (55) phallus and postgonite, lateral view; P. eudyptidis: (56) postgonite (phallapodeme omitted), (57) surstylus, anterior view, (58) hypopygium, posterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203217/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 56–58</figureCitation>
|
||
): Black, flattened. Syntergite 1+2 with a patch of microtomentum at base, otherwise shiny, tergites 3–5 entirely shiny. Sternites wide, strongly sclerotized, shiny. Sternite 5 with a posteromedial indentation surrounded by setae. Synsternite 6+7 asymmetrical, dorsal corner fused to sternite 8. No ring-shaped sclerite between segment 5 and epandrium. Sternite 8 broadly fused to epandrium along right side. Epandrium symmetrical, with a cleft above anterior edge of surstylus. Cerci small and medially fused. Surstylus broad and scoop-like, articulated with epandrium posterior to epandrial cleft and with subepandrial sclerite. Subepandrial sclerite Y-shaped, articulated with cerci and surstyli. Hypandrial arms weakly fused with ventral edge of epandrium; hypandrial apodeme well-developed, rodlike, weakly fused with arms. Postgonite thin, parallel-sided, without lobes; articulated with phallapodeme, hypandrium, and basiphallus. Phallapodeme well-developed, curved and broader distally. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, narrow and sinuous. Basiphallus long, epiphallus and preepiphallus distinct but fairly short. Distiphallus without developed lateral arms, but with a possibly homologous ventral sclerite not reaching level of central projecting sclerite. Tip of ventral sclerite with a round, spinose, translucent area on each side. Central projecting sclerite very thin, rod-like at tip, a spinose area just basal to tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAF4F9B3B5EEF8AD" blockId="31.[151,1437,952,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Female abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45F02A08FFCDFFCFEBA6F9B3B25AF9FA" box="[405,572,1586,1610]" captionStart="FIGURES 104 – 107" captionStartId="31.[151,264,855,878]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,182,840]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,177,848]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 104 – 107. Penola eudyptidis female terminalia: (104) tergite 8, epiproct, circus, (105) sternite 8, hypoproct, (106) spermathecae. (107) Frutillaria transversa male sternite 2 – 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203223/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 104–106</figureCitation>
|
||
): Black, flattened. Sclerites of segments 6 and 7 unusually broad and strongly sclerotized for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCDFFCFEB0CF9D4B19DF9DD" box="[319,507,1621,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Archiborborinae">Archiborborinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, abdomen telescoping. Syntergite 1+2 with a patch of microtomentum at base, otherwise shiny. Tergites 3–5 and possibly 6 entirely shiny, tergite 7 with some microtomentum in lateral patches, shiny medially. Tergite 8 shiny, weakened medially, epiproct triangular, without anterior arms. Sternites 2–7 apparently entirely shiny. Sclerites of sternite 8 comma-shaped, hypoproct partly sclerotized, round posteriorly. Cerci yellow, simple, not fused with epiproct or each other. Spermathecae 3; one pair sharing a duct and a single on a separate duct; slightly oblong, without invaginations, extended at base, with distinct but irregular transverse ribbing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAF4F8A8B262F8F0" blockId="31.[151,1437,952,2034]" box="[199,516,1832,1857]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Immature stages: Unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="95D16506FFCDFFCFEAF4F8CCB1BAF842" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAF4F8CCB5FDF838" blockId="31.[151,1437,952,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEAF4F8CCB113F8D5" bold="true" box="[199,373,1868,1893]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<typeStatus id="0270882FFFCDFFCFEAF4F8CCB164F8D5" box="[199,258,1869,1893]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="0270882FFFCDFFCFEB4FF8CCB182F8D5" box="[380,484,1869,1893]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
Ƥ:
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFE83DF8CDB2B2F8D5" bold="true" box="[526,724,1868,1893]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FALKLAND IS:</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFCDFFCFE907F8CCB31DF8D5" box="[820,891,1869,1893]" name="Iceland" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from neck of the penguin
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCDFFCFEE9AF8CCB13FF838" authority="Gould" authorityName="Gould" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Eudyptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysocome" subSpecies="nigrivestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEE9AF8CCB16AF838" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestis</emphasis>
|
||
Gould
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Rock-hopper Penguin),
|
||
<date id="A975104DFFCDFFCFE846F8F1B360F838" box="[629,774,1904,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1936-04-10">10 Apr 1936</date>
|
||
, British Graham Land Expedition (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BBDAAE48FFCDFFCFEEBCF8F1B481F838" box="[1167,1255,1904,1928]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
, not examined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD74368DFFCDFFCFEAF4F812B1BAF842" blockId="31.[151,1437,952,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEAF4F812B21BF81C" bold="true" box="[199,637,1939,1964]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Material examined. FALKLAND IS:</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney Is., in tussock/tussock grass n. coast/under floor old hut,
|
||
<date id="A975104DFFCDFFCFEF65F812B16FF87F" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1961-11-29" valueMax="1961-11-30" valueMin="1961-11-29">29–30 Nov 1961</date>
|
||
, M. Holdgate (3 3, 7 Ƥ,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BBDAAE48FFCDFFCFE819F836B2E5F87F" box="[554,643,1975,1999]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
); Port William, among and under decayed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFCDFFCFEE54F839B561F87F" box="[1127,1287,1975,1999]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFCDFFCFEE54F839B561F87F" box="[1127,1287,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Poa flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="A975104DFFCDFFCFEF25F836B5FEF87F" box="[1302,1432,1975,1999]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1934-10-09">9 Oct 1934</date>
|
||
, A. G. Bennett (2 Ƥ,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BBDAAE48FFCDFFCFEB44F85BB1B6F842" box="[375,464,2010,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="95D16506FFF2FFF0EAF4FF16B1EAFDA7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD74368DFFF2FFF0EAF4FF16B46AFF47" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFF2FFF0EAF4FF16B129FF00" bold="true" box="[199,335,151,176]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is only known from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0E8C6FF16B3D6FF1F" box="[757,944,151,175]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it appears to be associated primarily with Tussac grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFF2FFF0EB5DFF3CB268FF64" box="[366,526,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFF2FFF0EB5DFF3CB268FF64" box="[366,526,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Poa flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In addition to the specimens from Kidney
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0EE32FF3DB423FF64" box="[1025,1093,188,212]" name="Iceland" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Port William, this species has also been recorded from Beauchêne
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0E868FF5EB2C6FF47" box="[603,672,223,247]" name="Iceland" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0E89DFF5EB399FF47" author="Lewis" box="[686,1023,223,247]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Lewis Smith, R. I. & Prince, P. A. (1985) The natural history of Beauchene Island. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 24, 233 - 283." type="journal article" year="1985">Lewis Smith and Prince 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD74368DFFF2FFF0EAF4FE85B1EAFDA7" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The presence of a member of this flightless clade on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0E975FE85B398FEAC" box="[838,1022,260,284]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
is intriguing, as there is no evidence that the islands have ever shared a land connection with mainland South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0E9E6FEA6B450FE8F" box="[981,1078,295,319]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0EE76FEA6B562FE8F" author="McDowall" box="[1093,1284,295,319]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="McDowall, R. M. (2005) Falkland Islands biogeography: converging trajectories in the South Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="2005">McDowall 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species may have travelled to the islands by rafting on flotsam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0E938FECDB45AFED4" author="Heatwole" box="[779,1084,332,356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Heatwole, H. & Levins, R. (1972) Biogeography of the Puerto Rican Bank: flotsam transport of terrestrial animals. Ecology, 53, 112 - 117." type="journal article" year="1972">Heatwole and Levins 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or perhaps by passive sea surface drift (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0EB23FEEEB1E8FE37" author="Peck" box="[272,398,367,391]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Peck, S. B. (1994) Sea-surface (pleuston) transport of insects between islands in the Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 576 - 582." type="journal article" year="1994">Peck 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); these dispersal methods have been invoked to explain the distribution of other flightless arthropods across oceanic barriers (eg.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0E864FE15B2B4FE1C" author="Peck" box="[599,722,404,428]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Peck, S. B. (1990) Eyeless arthropods of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: composition and origins of the cryptozoic fauna of a young, tropical, oceanic archipelago. Biotropica, 22, 366 - 381." type="journal article" year="1990">Peck 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0E8EDFE15B3E7FE1C" author="Howden" box="[734,897,404,428]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Howden, A. T. (1992) Review of the New World eyeless weevils with uncinate tibiae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae; Molytinae, Cryptorhynchinae, Cossoninae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 162, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1992">Howden 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B95A4B7CFFF2FFF0E9BDFE15B456FE1C" author="Trewick" box="[910,1072,404,428]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Trewick, S. A. (2000) Molecular evidence for dispersal rather than vicariance as the origin of flightless insect species on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1189 - 1200." type="journal article" year="2000">Trewick 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Intriguingly, another flightless archiborborine,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1ACB4D0EFFF2FFF0EB7AFE39B2CFFE7F" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" box="[329,681,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Antrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFBFEA9FFFF2FFF0EB7AFE39B255FE60" box="[329,563,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Antrops truncipennis</emphasis>
|
||
Enderlein
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also shows evidence of such dispersal, occurring on several widely separated islands in the area, including the Cape Horn archipelago,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0E9A8FE5DB3A5FE44" box="[923,963,476,500]" name="Iceland" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
de los Estados, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0EE99FE5DB500FE44" box="[1194,1382,476,500]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0EAA4FE7EB15FFDA7" box="[151,313,511,535]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A5DC761DFFF2FFF0EB73FE7EB1EEFDA7" box="[320,392,511,535]" name="Iceland" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |