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<mods:title id="D193C6AB1A8757D6EED768034EFBCDE1">Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Brazilian reefs</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="1AE4D3F6FFDEFFDDFE19F2F10C336345" authority="Castro, 1989" authorityName="Castro" authorityYear="1989" box="[453,794,506,530]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaurella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFE19F2F10DAD6345" bold="true" box="[453,644,506,530]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Plexaurella regia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFD56F2F10C336345" author="Castro CB" box="[650,794,506,530]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFE31F1110DDB6365" blockId="34.[453,794,506,562]" box="[493,754,537,562]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
(
<figureCitation id="45DFB4F0FFDEFFDDFE28F1110D766365" box="[500,607,538,562]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[58,125,1365,1387]" captionTargetBox="[186,1466,455,1335]" captionTargetId="figure-51@4.[186,1466,455,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Map of distribution of reef octocorals in different regions off the Brazilian coastline. The Espírito Santo State area (*) includes the Vitória- Trindade seamount chain. “BA Sector” refer to a division of reef areas in Bahia State by Leão (1996)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207418/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Figures 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="45DFB4F0FFDEFFDDFDB1F1110DE86365" box="[621,705,537,562]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="29.[212,279,1580,1602]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,537,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-139@29.[212,1169,536,1550]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 12. Plexaurella dichotoma (Esper, 1791) (MNRJ 00980): (A) colony, (A) branch. Plexaurella grandiflora Verrill, 1912 (MNRJ 04342 long branches): (B) colony, (B) branch. Plexaurella grandiflora Verrill, 1912 (MNRJ 02752 short branches): (C) colony, (C) branch. Plexaurella regia Castro, 1989 (MNRJ 02748): (D) colony, (D) branch. Scale bars: AD, 2 cm; AD, 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207440/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">12D,D</figureCitation>
, 15)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="95FEFBFEFFDEFFDDFF4CF1510D1D63C5" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF1510D1D63C5" blockId="34.[144,1104,602,658]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FDF48F5BFFDEFFDDFF4CF1510D1D63C5" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<treatmentCitation id="5C458E64FFDEFFDDFF4CF1510D696325" author="Castro CB" box="[144,576,602,626]" page="43" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" year="1989">
<taxonomicName id="1AE4D3F6FFDEFFDDFF4CF1510D696325" authority="Castro, 1989: 37 - 43" authorityName="Castro" authorityPageNumber="37 - 43" authorityYear="1989" box="[144,576,602,626]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaurella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFF4CF1510E796325" box="[144,336,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Plexaurella regia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFE84F1510D696325" author="Castro CB" box="[344,576,602,626]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro, 1989: 3743</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 2,3;
<treatmentCitation id="5C458E64FFDEFFDDFD6AF1510CD86325" author="Hetzel B &amp; Castro CB" box="[694,1009,602,626]" page="92" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFD6AF1510CD86325" author="Hetzel B &amp; Castro CB" box="[694,1009,602,626]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" refId="ref27013" refString="Hetzel B, Castro CB. 1994. Corals of Southern Bahia. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira." type="book" year="1994">Hetzel and Castro 1994: 92</bibRefCitation>
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(photos only);
<treatmentCitation id="5C458E64FFDEFFDDFF04F1710D1963C5" author="Medeiros MS &amp; Castro CB" box="[216,560,634,658]" page="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFF04F1710D1963C5" author="Medeiros MS &amp; Castro CB" box="[216,560,634,658]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref27573" refString="Medeiros MS, Castro CB. 1999. Paramuriceidae e Plexauridae (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) do Brasil: batimetria e distribuicao geografica. Bol Mus Nac Zool. 398: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1999">Medeiros and Castro 1999: 12</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="95FEFBFEFFDEFFDCFF4CF1C90C8464B9" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="797" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF1C90FD4638D" blockId="34.[144,253,706,730]" box="[144,253,706,730]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFF4CF1C90FD4638D" box="[144,253,706,730]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF1E10B216235" blockId="34.[144,1104,746,866]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
Lateral branching colonies (
<figureCitation id="45DFB4F0FFDEFFDDFE16F1E10D666255" box="[458,591,746,770]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="29.[212,279,1580,1602]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,537,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-139@29.[212,1169,536,1550]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 12. Plexaurella dichotoma (Esper, 1791) (MNRJ 00980): (A) colony, (A) branch. Plexaurella grandiflora Verrill, 1912 (MNRJ 04342 long branches): (B) colony, (B) branch. Plexaurella grandiflora Verrill, 1912 (MNRJ 02752 short branches): (C) colony, (C) branch. Plexaurella regia Castro, 1989 (MNRJ 02748): (D) colony, (D) branch. Scale bars: AD, 2 cm; AD, 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207440/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Figure 12D</figureCitation>
). Branches thick (
<quantity id="1A1C0590FFDEFFDDFCC7F1E10CA76255" box="[795,910,746,770]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" unit="mm" value="21.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="18.0">1824 mm</quantity>
near distal ends) (
<figureCitation id="45DFB4F0FFDEFFDDFF4BF0010E346275" box="[151,285,777,802]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="29.[212,279,1580,1602]" captionTargetBox="[212,1169,537,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-139@29.[212,1169,536,1550]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 12. Plexaurella dichotoma (Esper, 1791) (MNRJ 00980): (A) colony, (A) branch. Plexaurella grandiflora Verrill, 1912 (MNRJ 04342 long branches): (B) colony, (B) branch. Plexaurella grandiflora Verrill, 1912 (MNRJ 02752 short branches): (C) colony, (C) branch. Plexaurella regia Castro, 1989 (MNRJ 02748): (D) colony, (D) branch. Scale bars: AD, 2 cm; AD, 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207440/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Figure 12D</figureCitation>
). Coenenchymal mounds absent. Butterflies restricted to the outer layer of coenenchyme. Inner coenenchyme exclusively with tuberculated spindles, up to
<quantity id="1A1C0590FFDEFFDDFC2EF0210B796215" box="[1010,1104,810,834]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="45DFB4F0FFDEFFDDFF11F0410E1F6235" box="[205,310,842,866]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="35.[212,279,1371,1393]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-63@35.[212,1172,167,1341]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 15. Sclerites of Plexaurella regia Castro, 1989 (MNRJ 00440): (A) anthocodia; (B) outer layer of coenenchyme; (C) middle layer of coenenchyme; (D) axial sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207446/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Figure 15</figureCitation>
) (adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFE3AF0410DB76235" author="Castro CB" box="[486,670,842,866]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro 1989: 601</bibRefCitation>
, as a formal diagnosis is lacking).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFF4CF0990E3962FD" box="[144,272,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF0B00C6E6285" blockId="34.[144,839,954,978]" box="[144,839,954,978]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
For a complete description see
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFE33F0B10DFD6285" author="Castro CB" box="[495,724,954,978]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro (1989: 3743</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 2,3).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFF4CF7090FDB654D" box="[144,242,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF7210DB16535" blockId="34.[144,1104,1066,1122]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<collectingCountry id="A5F3E8E5FFDEFFDDFF4CF7210FFE6515" box="[144,215,1066,1090]" name="Brazil" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Brazil</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="1F206697FFDEFFDDFF34F7210E036515" box="[232,298,1066,1090]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Bahia</collectingRegion>
(MNRJ 00434, 00440, 01176, 02748, 02751, 04580, 04581, 04582, 04583; USNM 73735, 73399; UFPb 279, 290).
</paragraph>
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depository
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<materialsCitation id="6D8CA228FFDEFFDDFF4CF7B10C7F6585" box="[144,854,1210,1234]" collectionCode="MNRJ" location="Museu Nacional" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" specimenCode="MNRJ 00440" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="D83BFEAEFFDEFFDDFF4CF7B10E666585" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:554D1963FFDEFFDCFE19F2F10C8464B9:D83BFEAEFFDEFFDDFF4CF7B10E666585" box="[144,335,1210,1234]" name="Museu Nacional" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Museu Nacional</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="1F206697FFDEFFDDFE86F7B10D296585" box="[346,512,1210,1234]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
(
<specimenCode id="8D42000EFFDEFFDDFDD2F7B10D836585" box="[526,682,1210,1234]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">MNRJ 00440</specimenCode>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFD1CF7B10C676585" author="Castro CB" box="[704,846,1210,1234]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
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.
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locality
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<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF6210DE26415" blockId="34.[144,715,1322,1346]" box="[144,715,1322,1346]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<materialsCitation id="6D8CA228FFDEFFDDFF4CF6210DEE6415" box="[144,711,1322,1346]" country="Brazil" location="Bahia State" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="holotype">
Abrolhos Reefs,
<collectingRegion id="1F206697FFDEFFDDFE92F6210EFA6415" box="[334,467,1322,1346]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
,
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(
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFDEDF6210D966415" author="Castro CB" box="[561,703,1322,1346]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF6790EBA64DD" blockId="34.[144,403,1394,1418]" box="[144,403,1394,1418]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFF4CF6790EBA64DD" box="[144,403,1394,1418]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF6910C9964E5" blockId="34.[144,944,1434,1458]" box="[144,944,1434,1458]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
Known only from the vicinity of the Abrolhos Reefs,
<collectingCountry id="A5F3E8E5FFDEFFDDFD32F6910C1B64E5" box="[750,818,1434,1458]" name="Brazil" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="45DFB4F0FFDEFFDDFCE3F6910CB664E5" box="[831,927,1434,1458]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[58,125,1365,1387]" captionTargetBox="[186,1466,455,1335]" captionTargetId="figure-51@4.[186,1466,455,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Map of distribution of reef octocorals in different regions off the Brazilian coastline. The Espírito Santo State area (*) includes the Vitória- Trindade seamount chain. “BA Sector” refer to a division of reef areas in Bahia State by Leão (1996)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207418/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Figure 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF6E90FDA64AD" blockId="34.[144,243,1506,1530]" box="[144,243,1506,1530]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFF4CF6E90FDA64AD" box="[144,243,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDEFFDDFF4CF5010CF967F5" blockId="34.[144,1104,1546,1698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">
The last decade has seen a surge of research on Brazilian reefs (see
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDEFFDDFC4DF5010FE36715" author="Castro CB &amp; Pires DO" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" pagination="357 - 371" refId="ref26103" refString="Castro CB, Pires DO. 2001. Brazilian coral reefs: what we already know and what is still missing. Bull Mar Sci. 69 (2): 357 - 371." type="journal article" year="2001">Castro and Pires 2001</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="1AE4D3F6FFDEFFDDFE8FF5210E846715" authorityName="Castro" authorityYear="1989" box="[339,429,1578,1602]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaurella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDEFFDDFE8FF5210E846715" box="[339,429,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">P. regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still only recorded from southern
<collectingRegion id="1F206697FFDEFFDDFC8DF5210CBF6715" box="[849,918,1578,1602]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="34" pageNumber="796">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, especially from the Abrolhos Bank. It is a shallow-water, large and conspicuous species, easy to identify in the field. It seems to be restricted to offshore (&gt;
<quantity id="1A1C0590FFDEFFDDFCDEF5610C1567D5" box="[770,828,1642,1666]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="796" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
from the coast) reefs of southern
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, approximately from Porto Seguro to the Abrolhos Bank.
</paragraph>
<caption id="899BF8FDFFDFFFDCFF08F6500CD664D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5207446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5207446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5207446/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="797" startId="35.[212,279,1371,1393]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,1340]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph id="DD5BA875FFDFFFDCFF08F6500CD664D9" blockId="35.[212,1172,1371,1422]" pageId="35" pageNumber="797">
Figure 15. Sclerites of
<taxonomicName id="1AE4D3F6FFDFFFDCFE16F6500C206426" authority="Castro, 1989" authorityName="Castro" authorityYear="1989" box="[458,777,1371,1393]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaurella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="797" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDFFFDCFE16F6500D506426" box="[458,633,1371,1393]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="797">Plexaurella regia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B975D584FFDFFFDCFD58F6500C206426" author="Castro CB" box="[644,777,1371,1393]" pageId="35" pageNumber="797" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref25990" refString="Castro CB. 1989. A new species of Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), from the Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Biol. 49 (2): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1989">Castro, 1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(MNRJ 00440): (A) anthocodia; (B) outer layer of coenenchyme; (C) middle layer of coenenchyme; (D) axial sheath.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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Family
<taxonomicName id="1AE4D3F6FFDFFFDCFDCDF6DD0C8464B9" authority="Lamouroux, 1812" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[529,941,1494,1518]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="797" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
<emphasis id="EF907467FFDFFFDCFDCDF6DD0DF564B9" bold="true" box="[529,732,1494,1518]" pageId="35" pageNumber="797">GORGONIIDAE</emphasis>
Lamouroux, 1812
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>