336 lines
50 KiB
XML
336 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="5968B179863AB6DFA1A987082CF2C51D" ID-CLB-Dataset="35024" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZooBank="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="553A744260A1CFE7CA77B4D5A9060533" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Nomamyrmex Borgmeier 1936" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="154" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="150" updateTime="1701385037927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7DA5181D7046ACB2F41D0539174B84D7">Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="82EF53C8243414EAC5D1C73A026D9485">Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="514B0BB19B3A6BBF3CF09EAF3AD5258A">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:url id="C5CEEC234DA61F9F47C842B1D6C7170F">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="74AD9F4BD538C4EC43EE2E926AD09A91">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5878FEF6D4B9043C866A0F37604E8644" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="553A744260A1CFE7CA77B4D5A9060533" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875743" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:553A744260A1CFE7CA77B4D5A9060533" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/553A744260A1CFE7CA77B4D5A9060533" lastPageId="153" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<subSubSection id="015FAE1D6416460DDE65D7DF2B1E6EBB" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C839305269F4FBAB7DD98F39BCCE2188" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<pageBreakToken id="7D905888C76464DF69223CAF51900C6A" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7571C097FC07594F9E489BE8EDCFC8E3" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="092D98217192C3CCBC597FA397F40689" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<taxonomicName id="EF2643945AA29903E24ACBC98B6B4F44" ID-CoL="64QM" authority="Borgmeier, 1936" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex Borgmeier, 1936</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F6C18136D941B5514024BD3FD24245EA" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="type-species">
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<paragraph id="C267CE2C91BF9015928A614BF84C4730" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Type-species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CD5D488654B9F4570BA92850E851E069" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<taxonomicName id="7A079284FD469B2C30F0208A14062711" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton crassicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicornis">Eciton crassicornis</taxonomicName>
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(junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="DF98A8292ADCEEFB1BB26CD3F8517265" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Labidus esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
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), by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AB641DFF0451375221C091F7BAC2273D" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<taxonomicName id="E8D95E99C96C4B29D3A2E9B66FB2EC3A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is a relatively commonly observed genus with only two species and two additional subspecies recognized. It is the only army ant genus that has been reported to successfully attack well-defended and often enormous colonies of
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<taxonomicName id="E5B461339C0B90724DD48B04226FC085" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
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leaf cutter ants.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7F50F3C52B923281E3E12A6ED8ADB333" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="E963B731400B9846FF1BD4E8219E46D7" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9BAA6FEBA8B58318C117144B065F8139" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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Worker. The workers of
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<taxonomicName id="D8BB63E25DA565E7D2A40DBBC56D14DE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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are easily recognized by a combination of highly positioned spiracle and lack of pronounced propodeal lobes, propodeum armed with cuticular projections, two-segmented waist, armed pretarsal claws, and absence of metatibial gland. The lack of conspicuous lighter area of cuticle on the inner side of hind tibia (the metatibial gland) distinguishes this genus from all other
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<taxonomicName id="EFD86FDF34E01CB1AE543BC460936B37" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
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genus-group ants except for some
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<taxonomicName id="033F1E34DEE5ADBE2EF2B63D883CA395" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neivamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neivamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neivamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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, but those always have simple pretarsal claws.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A41EBDC063DFE341C611C544FCDA586" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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Male.
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<taxonomicName id="C9A3520B08FBBB23F258F4A97A3AE99A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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males possess traits characteristic of New World army ants; see discussion under
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<taxonomicName id="2EC4510613E838F2870472359D1BCAD6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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for characters distinguishing New World army ant males from those of the Old World.
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<taxonomicName id="4B929B5C8BCCA0EC02E5F05F7EA79BB1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is also easily told apart from other New World army ant males by its dense tufts of very long hairs present on the gaster.
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<taxonomicName id="CEF486DB8ECFB3DAC846A0B20C12D19F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton setigaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setigaster">Eciton setigaster</taxonomicName>
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is one species that could be mistaken for a
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<taxonomicName id="86D9AF8DB3E6F9B4B8CE3C643240F2AE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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, but the setae on its gaster are not as dense or as long, not approaching front femur length.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3688BF68F6121CC9C2C81B51A6F0014" lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AA100A323EADF0804AE8A06F5E1DEC18" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="70374C04EE4ED0D842CDF3DD7B5FD6D2" lastPageId="150" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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Worker.Head: Antennae with 12 segments. Apical antennal segment not enlarged, not broader and longer than two preceding segments combined. Clypeus with cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth absent.
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<taxonomicName id="E80E48C60FF110053B07CBBC945A840D" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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reduced. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, concealing prementum when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles triangular, with teeth. Eyes present, appearing as single large and convex ommatidium, in reality composed from fused ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange separated from collar by distinct ridge or not. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused.
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<taxonomicName id="7AE962D9803AEE86571AC41CA8D3EE4F" class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
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visible, unfused partway to notal surface.
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<taxonomicName id="543C3FD9C37AFD8E8973FFB258D36143" class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
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not impressed. Transverse
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<taxonomicName id="BA981440CE6E8CB3D1930C0EC0A65EF2" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron absent. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or
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<taxonomicName id="A9E8F73DE21C19E4F922D095A0709E69" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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on mesosoma present. Propodeal spiracle situated high on sclerite. Propodeal declivity with or without distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland with bulla visible through cuticle. Propodeal lobes present, short. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally marginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at Pronotomesopleural suture and axial. Prora
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<pageBreakToken id="5727A75FEC2913EB94D91935A60E977A" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" start="start">forming</pageBreakToken>
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a simple U-shaped margin or V-shaped protrusion. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="82A4373114D05FB29AD82449F8F4E0A9" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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oval to slit-shaped. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III about half size of succeeding segment IV, which is strongly constricted at presegmental portion (binodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like and sculptured but not cross-ribbed. Abdominal segment IV conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Girdling constriction between pre- and poststernites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Pygidium small, reduced to narrow strip, without impressed medial field and simple, not armed with cuticular spines or modified setae. Hypopygium unarmed. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws each armed with a tooth. Polymorphism: Polymorphic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BADE13A157C359E99B1D2B905ECB3464" lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="150" pageNumber="151">
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Male.Head: Antennae with 13 segments. Clypeus without cuticular apron.
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<taxonomicName id="AF842C07D6CDB9386D331FC57344ABF7" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3- or 2-segmented. Mandibles falcate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge.
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<taxonomicName id="9A0866B1DFD47BAD99BE96FA5ED5A501" class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
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absent. Transverse
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<taxonomicName id="7D6D42040BEFB06BD125DBAA19BA716E" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron absent. Propodeal declivity reduced, without distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes present. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at Pronotomesopleural suture and axial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="B58CAE33142FD98C80127F08E6D3A4A2" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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slit-shaped. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like and cross-ribbed. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two spines, with lateral apodemes about as long as medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head). Genitalia: Cupula very long, nearing or surpassing length of rest of genital capsule and of approximately equal length on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Basimere narrowly fused to telomere, with sulcus discernable at junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting. Telomere expanded at apex.
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<taxonomicName id="63643C2273FAA6EBE1A2453893699AAF" class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
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laterally flattened, narrowly triangular in lateral view, narrowing towards tip. Penisvalva curved ventrally at apex, with short dorsal and longer ventral process. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial
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<pageBreakToken id="9B0DA93E77BB385B42C153D8B83BBB67" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" start="start">gland</pageBreakToken>
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absent. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws each armed with a tooth. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing present. Pterostigma narrow. Abscissa R·f3 present, running toward distal wing margin and enclosing cell with Rs·f5. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 present, connecting with Rs+M&M·f2. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, differentiated from Rs·f4 by presence of Rs·f2-3. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 differentiated into Rs·f4 and Rs·f5 by 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing present, separated from Rs+M by Rs·f2. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from Cu and distal to, at or near M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with both branches Cu1 and Cu2. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing present. Vein R in hind wing present, reaching distal wing margin. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing present, about as long as M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing present. Vein Cu in hind wing present. Vein A in hind wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="857EC8389217C4DDE0ECF437B5E50056" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
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Gyne. Dichthadiiform, with falcate mandibles, small eyes, and no ocelli. Known for
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<taxonomicName id="2D2BF07A13C4FA0C502167D5A24C5546" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="C7C566F148DB44BDF4FF555E0E23937A" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica (n. s.)" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="197 - 208" title="Nachtraege zu meiner Monographie der neotropischen Wanderameisen (Hym. Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1958">Borgmeier 1958</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6FDE1733D375DD6FCBE0399A55770D5E" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">Larva. Not described. Cocoons present.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C71FE199CBC89797D50E5495A1673D1D" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="0B648D235A8715FFD35D701BCA2D8413" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="23A00221FFF6FF467185120E24E8C530" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
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Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA8828FBD43A55AD811A34CD5B5C4E8D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are widely distributed and the genus is found from Texas to northern Argentina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="894376B961F3197369E1664A9A8FC084" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
|
||
<paragraph id="2BCC473607B36AB288EF5E43FCA8B10B" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="270071F37C7095D65DDA896E472191AC" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
|
||
The two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0A95C9B04D0C9D80090DC87FD97A5649" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
were known since Westwood described them in 1842, but he treated them under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F0293C459BB2368A6B0E66436BB9D8C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Borgmeier introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6BC6822F408224A83F0F416A6D22807" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC3253C3C157EE33DB7EB58703A10666" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9740945A3EEBA4EB8387F92DFD80749D" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal (Rio de Janeiro)" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="51 - 68" title="Sobre algumas formigas dos generos Eciton e Cheliomyrmex (Hym. Formicidae)." volume="3" year="1936">Borgmeier 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several names have been published for these widely distributed insects but the species-level taxonomy has been in relative stability thanks to the monumental efforts of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9BD2F5B7264B90542A34CFBA94984AAA" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 51" title="Vorarbeiten zu einer Revision der neotropischen Wanderameisen." volume="2" year="1953">Borgmeier (1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D6CA9FCD43ABFA8989925BAD5342E6BB" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 720" title="Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region." volume="3" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) who examined much of the type material available and recognized the extensive synonymy, reducing the number of species to the two originally described by Westwood,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64AD80630C4CBCC5BA46D9379928AD1B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAEF1B64C7FC64C850E454024529435F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex hartigii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigii">Nomamyrmex hartigii</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is a marked variation in the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA0FDE8F3A571894A2F1EE2FA5C9599E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and this led Borgmeier and subsequent authors to recognize three or four subspecies (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E10F2B56A32909061DE8746A19B52BD" author="Watkins, JF" journalOrPublisher="The Southwestern Naturalist" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" pagination="421 - 425" title="Neivamyrmexnyensis, n. sp. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from Nye County, Nevada U, S. A." url="10.2307/3670143" volume="22" year="1977">Watkins 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b). Borgmeier reported sympatry of some of those subspecies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F658AFF9D8414F7B5AE206F69C70499" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 720" title="Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region." volume="3" year="1955">Borgmeier 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="559FDB2A8FBE327C297AE54ADDBBB2CF" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica (n. s.)" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="197 - 208" title="Nachtraege zu meiner Monographie der neotropischen Wanderameisen (Hym. Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but recently the view has expressed that this variation is seen in largely allopatric populations with numerous intermediates known and that the subspecies are best treated as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D0170697A03FEE00F66B51F2A66D8F0" class="Insecta" lsidName="esenbeckii" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gordon Snelling pers. comm.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="937C87534207CFC85A25EA1425C29062" author="Wild, AL" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" pagination="1 - 55" title="A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1622" year="2007">Wild 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the formal synonymization of two of these subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="66596D0F768E83767DBD24B523FF5BF3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="esenbeckii" subspecies="wilsoni">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii wilsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD81466BB699D1E009BE8FBEEC388292" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="esenbeckii" subspecies="mordax">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
has yet to be made. The species-level taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2A086F23D7D3C613A03F72F97F435B3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
would benefit from a thorough morphometric and molecular phylogenetic study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="25763C07DD339757C0DF87C162EEE504" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="396DFB5ADE3E9E0F11A642556CA74A22" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and genomic data (Borowiec, in prep.) recover a well-resolved clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F7B4EBF0C711C088253BC7F99E40B88" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2533A5249D895994443EAA78FDC89154" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F44E5C8EA08F468B09F9F810A6216BB7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It may be noted that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="264A82157E1BCE7DD93C71AEF2158B0E" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 720" title="Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region." volume="3" year="1955">Borgmeier (1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 137) wrote '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C89FB3CF6A2403032DE7A8F72419ECD4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
stands between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1D08D9F92CE47F5B46FAACF5DFA0CDB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0DB2BE3B90B465FB94952DB6BB34D2E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
' when referring to the genital morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="493A56C6FAE92CA004D94AFF8BEDAA1E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
as showing similarities to the latter two genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EF6DB4925EC1F189853C5CA1A4D68B99" lastPageId="153" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DF76E456AE129D854BAD3F3EDBD033A1" pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="851A67A80F7E9F6FCCA91AE206A3A07B" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E6B567A9A3969C17D410022D70AC5C7D" pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Henry Walter Bates was perhaps the first to report on the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E368D6BE1DA903A68CF8DCB9713CAE6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his famous narrative (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F1E1E37A2A11A7D933D5E82E5F09D8D" author="Bates, HW" journalOrPublisher="J. Murray, London" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" title="The naturalist on the River Amazons, a record of adventures, habits of animals, sketches of Brazilian and Indian life, and aspects of nature under the Equator, during eleven years of travel" url="10.5962/bhl.title.103298" year="1863">Bates 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), describing a '(...) very stout-limbed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C1300B62EC86F31555FCFEAEE237F5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9749420DB13E797226ABD533E8BE399" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton crassicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicornis">Eciton crassicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose eyes are sunk in rather deep
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9D95DE3635188E0AFEC7CA3BDFD05E81" originalValue="sockets’">sockets'</normalizedToken>
|
||
that '(...) goes on foraging expeditions like the rest of its tribe, and attacks even the nests of other stinging species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A78BD5BD6C071008EDBECBA508513E5B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmica</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but it avoids the light, moving always in concealment under leaves and fallen
|
||
<normalizedToken id="32A13FD44B9F145F6B6CD18A99990E34" originalValue="branches’">branches'</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1286B7A9F301806293818807FD7212C1" pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="60583C5ECB65154621C05F1DC31A0CAC" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 720" title="Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region." volume="3" year="1955">Borgmeier (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2630D6FB9A8998506CADB167FA658DCA" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarize what was known about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C580B608098191E4AD699DE0ED70FE6C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
to date, most observations being on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="681DF0575CEE43EFA5A95FABAEF399E8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The summary below regarding raids and emigrations is based on these resources unless stated otherwise.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E53D683F68B82916B1807B0803D7E81D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
presumably forms bivouacs which are always subterranean and have never been directly observed. Based on the durations of emigrations observed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C9E8B1C5C02464DBBC69A6176ACA067B" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated that the colonies must be enormous, perhaps in the excess of a million workers. The diet of these army ants consists mostly of immatures of multiple species of other ants, although they have been observed raiding nests of other social insects, including termites and bees (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2B42AFA7AB1861512004FDCBDB6EC10" author="Souza, JL" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" title="Predation of ants and termites by army ants, Nomamyrmexesenbeckii (Formicidae, Ecitoninae) in the Brazilian Amazon." volume="52" year="2008">Souza and Moura 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It appears that raids are primarily subterranean, although columns of these ants are also observed above ground. The raid columns are narrow, not forming swarms. The raids have been observed both at night and during the day and often last throughout the day. Rettenmeyer reports that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1AA8400F5C63A39A8E0AD56193A2562" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Barro Colorado, Panama conducted raids mostly during the day but there are reports of the same species raiding at night and being strongly photophobic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="446BC191C04A30E75E89EEF958BED557" author="Sanchez-Pena, SR" journalOrPublisher="Southwestern Entomologist" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="221 - 224" title="A nocturnal raid of Nomamyrmex army ants on Atta leafcutting ants in Tamaulipas, Mexico." volume="27" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D05D91DA9643DB123B171B6B5D583FE8" originalValue="Sánchez-Peña">Sanchez-Pena</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Mueller 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the large size of the colonies, raids and emigrations can take a very long time and last well over 24 hours (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91B198619F5C72E34234B2C7C1E4FC08" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="836376C2CB07547DC9149BDDF68A70E0" author="Powell, S" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="342 - 351" title="Combat between large derived societies: a subterranean army ant established as a predator of mature leaf-cutting ant colonies." url="10.1007/s00040-004-0752-2" volume="51" year="2004">Powell and Clark 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Numerous myrmecophiles have been observed in emigration columns, including multiple limulodid beetles riding the emigrating queen. The brood is synchronized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3CC3D7271B54738ED6781EFAEBA135C5" pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
|
||
A remarkable aspect of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BCAC229D1DFBC5591A934FEBEF9EF7B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
biology is the capability to successfully raid the huge colonies of leaf-cutting ants in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCE37C0D727BB3522D73A7168F9A452D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, otherwise mostly ignored by army ants. Most published records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="924C92B5BE730578B84574E168C912E5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging contain observations of raids on leaf cutters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8EA3DAD62E17257C118463D336AD2C50" author="Swartz, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="682 - 684" title="Predation on an Attacephalotes colony by an army ant Nomamyrmexesenbeckii." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00110.x" volume="30" year="1998">Swartz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AF3BBCDD118B905A7A831A458E2F9753" author="Sanchez-Pena, SR" journalOrPublisher="Southwestern Entomologist" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="221 - 224" title="A nocturnal raid of Nomamyrmex army ants on Atta leafcutting ants in Tamaulipas, Mexico." volume="27" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB33FF1B42CE3F203388EABA9AFDF5E9" originalValue="Sánchez-Peña">Sanchez-Pena</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Mueller 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F2401091C288354120369C443396EAB" author="Powell, S" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="342 - 351" title="Combat between large derived societies: a subterranean army ant established as a predator of mature leaf-cutting ant colonies." url="10.1007/s00040-004-0752-2" volume="51" year="2004">Powell and Clark (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted the most comprehensive study of interactions between these ants to date. They show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22FF054D7A1081D8BDA889E588C1A7A6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
is capable of successfully raiding both young and mature colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19EA555CA023886E5AE1A676F899286F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that the latter respond in a specific manner to the presence of workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ACBE79398830F4878D67744BAD0A0938" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C717DE8791FBCB1835A1FF08D1B88D6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The leafcutters defend their nests by mobilizing large numbers of major workers and plugging nest entrances with cut leaves.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A653672F109560AC3422C057320BA8C0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="312EC686A03CBD7F0FD51A0BEAD2B15F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers that directly engage in combat are most often the largest ants in the colonies of both species and the encounters usually result in the ants becoming locked head-to-head. Furthermore, slightly smaller workers of both species also participate in combat but in a slightly different way. On the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B369B31253FD52870793E365A8A4475E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
side, they assist in spread-eagling the attacking army ants while the 'primary
|
||
<normalizedToken id="78AAEB559BF7CCD63498814DF7650DC6" originalValue="combatants’">combatants'</normalizedToken>
|
||
are locked with their mandibles. On the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7228A28DA148778B6EEC09B954719201" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
side they overrun and sting the leaf-cutter majors to death.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3973A33D7F5303CE3643778C0D6BF270" lastPageId="153" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E80C7DE9D55E0EB3332FAA7AE02EADEB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
is capable of inflicting significant damage on a raided
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12D0D76D59E205BB2E3CB2736DFF36F3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony. A subterranean raid on a partially excavated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40796842195A2572E4061218467518F9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta mexicana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">Atta mexicana</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony was observed where the
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="08AFCB91EFE01C5A452998B56FE77E2F" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" start="start">army</pageBreakToken>
|
||
ants killed a large proportion of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11A9A54B8D149AD99C82016D7332E4EC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the queen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B58721D5C8D31543FFB64AEF98AF2B2E" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">Rettenmeyer et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3BFE5CF2A615FEA69CCFB9D40399E31A" author="Swartz, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="682 - 684" title="Predation on an Attacephalotes colony by an army ant Nomamyrmexesenbeckii." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00110.x" volume="30" year="1998">Swartz (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that an army ant raid on a young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="593D96404B06BBF19F7118203444DDBD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta cephalotes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Atta cephalotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony extirpated the leaf-cutters and eventually turned into an emigration, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4FCE18856B67AF0F71620C871EF5178" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony relocating into the abandoned nest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7DC583312BDD4C8D44C4BCF7D02BCBAD" author="Powell, S" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="342 - 351" title="Combat between large derived societies: a subterranean army ant established as a predator of mature leaf-cutting ant colonies." url="10.1007/s00040-004-0752-2" volume="51" year="2004">Powell and Clark (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated that during one nearly 36-hour raid the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF3E84EACC10C3D8E6ACFAE37451ED" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
removed over 60,000 brood items from an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07933C3BE1FE30BECA98FAF31D078D31" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta cephalotes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Atta cephalotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony, possibly over a half of all the brood present in the nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CBF19DC57B3457B47F73E87DF751C5CD" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" type="species of nomamyrmex">
|
||
<paragraph id="7BDAD1CF1B3300ACD7DB59DC0359E1D9" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F72513CBD056B60ADC18C7F4C96EE14" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AC57FC430B82F8F9D58AFD3F8C0B4C05" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A0B18EE2F7FF93F522852355BBF33E9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esenbeckii">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Westwood, 1842): Brazil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6FCC382BFF9D9A5036C96C54B744D0B2" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB8B466AD616D728E53CBCA0387A12EC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="esenbeckii" subspecies="mordax">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Santschi, 1929): Mexico
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="88D8A75864AA47609CF3364EC3CF277D" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DC21A8861E956415B888B12E4F9D56" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex esenbeckii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="esenbeckii" subspecies="wilsoni">Nomamyrmex esenbeckii wilsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Santschi, 1920a): United States
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4F23FF08154F22BDE8138D5A91D1EF3" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="199802C3B98596E4055A415169B51812" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex hartigii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigii">Nomamyrmex hartigii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Westwood, 1842): Brazil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |