242 lines
36 KiB
XML
242 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="68C4648527B41CE5AE3A2286F3544813" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.173083" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dabd1c0b-a321-4fb2-82d7-a90a84c6090b" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="173083" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459769605308" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shenkar, Noa & Monniot, Françoise" docDate="2006" docId="553637549140CF43FEBC1039B233FE32" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01256p019.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1256" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Botryllus eilatensis Shenkar & Monniot, 2006, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="A90F4F2C9142CF44FFB4115FB06CFF9C" masterDocTitle="A new species of the genus Botryllus (Ascidiacea) from the Red Sea" masterLastPageNumber="19" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1698217084005" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C43E7C87EBB3EA57BD5FCEDCF10EE4C7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B469493B665B30CAE3F3AB73A21BD29F">
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<mods:title id="31CD0936C93AB2489C555A8BD8D02D4C">A new species of the genus Botryllus (Ascidiacea) from the Red Sea</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="CCDB0895672BF720BCD393F863E220AB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0FD2B0312155D57B35A36B7773478D21">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C1F50D63E7578012514A34AD96431681">Shenkar, Noa</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6A8084BA927B3389AA10733EB66A421A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="99E7F2929B41191DCFBBDFB095089285">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7F7E73D314890D90D1FF759B8FE98D22">Monniot, Françoise</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="73084BCA59CDA51CE268F6F6B7B856FB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C2DDFE63194F109A6BB31DD740E70804">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="FE479D969D0B9F2B64FAE617741D4597">
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<mods:date id="6DEFE05C7E4C3790BA635E121A3C67EB">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CD8A520247769D476B99C86701AD4084" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="851BC7D4AF9C17809D9332F959988263">1256</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4C94FA63D42B1ADD5C1370A0DA039927">11</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="E516B46BF99DA8CFBC644A492F398F01">19</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="58E4AFDDB287906D49729AE3FFD95765">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="81F7369236270887DD7A2BE7C9550113" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.173083</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2BFFD597804BAC8D2F945A0E91C0A7A6" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F8AE383C6AEF29CAC98477F3FC50069B" type="Zenodo-Dep">173083</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="553637549140CF43FEBC1039B233FE32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6262456" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119346827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6262456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:553637549140CF43FEBC1039B233FE32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/553637549140CF43FEBC1039B233FE32" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="9585D5C99140CF46FEBC1039B254FE1C" box="[264,568,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DD2086429140CF46FEBC1039B254FE1C" blockId="2.[264,568,358,384]" box="[264,568,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="8668312E9140CF46FEBC1039B254FE1C" bold="true" box="[264,568,358,384]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509140CF46FEBC1039B254FE1C" bold="true" box="[264,568,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19140CF46FEBC1039B183FE1C" box="[264,495,358,384]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509140CF46FEBC1039B183FE1C" bold="true" box="[264,495,358,384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Botryllus eilatensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F4D8E72B9140CF46FE421039B254FE1C" box="[502,568,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9585D5C99140CF42FEBC10EEB42AFC58" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DD2086429140CF46FEBC10EEB251FD87" blockId="2.[264,1322,433,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509140CF46FEBC10EEB191FE57" bold="true" box="[264,509,433,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="A588C6D29140CF46FDB210EEB226FE57" box="[518,586,433,459]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Israel</collectingCountry>
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, Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat).
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<typeStatus id="022438E09140CF46FC1A10EEB44CFE57" box="[942,1056,433,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectingCountry id="A588C6D29140CF46FB9810EEB43DFE57" box="[1068,1105,433,459]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">AS</collectingCountry>
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25226, Zoological Museum Tel Aviv University,
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<collectingCountry id="A588C6D29140CF46FDDB1086B2D8FE6F" box="[623,692,473,499]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Israel</collectingCountry>
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.
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<typeStatus id="022438E09140CF46FD741086B347FE6F" box="[704,811,473,499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="BB8E1E879140CF46FC8C1086B3FEFE6F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[824,914,473,499]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">MNHN</collectionCode>
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S1 BOT B 226, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD2086429140CF46FEBC130EB4D6FC4F" blockId="2.[264,1324,593,979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509140CF46FEBC130EB278FDF7" bold="true" box="[264,532,593,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">External appearance.</emphasis>
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Living specimens are a striking opaque white or orange color (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79140CF46FB4E130EB175FD0F" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[264,368,1438,1462]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,1036,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[265,1322,1036,1415]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Both color morph of Botryllus eilatensis n. sp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173084/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Intermediate colors have not been found. Colonies are soft and vary from being small discs of a few millimeters diameter to large sheets, up to
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<quantity id="1A672BA79140CF46FC1313FEB384FD27" box="[935,1000,673,699]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="30.0">30cm</quantity>
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wide and 0.5cm thick. The colony surface is generally free of epibionts and foreign matter and is raised on low lobes. Ridges separate adjacent double rows of zooids. The small colonies are cushion–shaped with a central excurrent aperture; the largest colonies appear as thick encrusting sheets. The edges of the colonies are fringed with a thick band of parallel, elongated terminal ampullae of the tunic vessels (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79140CF46FDD81236B2C2FC1F" box="[620,686,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[264,368,1438,1462]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,1036,1414]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[265,1322,1036,1415]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Both color morph of Botryllus eilatensis n. sp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173084/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Fig.2</figureCitation>
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). The large common cloacal apertures are up to 0.5cm in diameter in life. The oral apertures are wide, in regular double rows, separated by wide spaces. After fixation, the colony becomes light brown and the tunic transparent.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="89E0D6CA9140CF46FEBC14C1B3EEFA2A" box="[264,898,1438,1462]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173084/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[265,1322,1036,1414]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="DD2086429140CF46FEBC14C1B3EEFA2A" blockId="2.[264,898,1438,1462]" box="[264,898,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509140CF46FEBC14C1B1E6FA2A" bold="true" box="[264,394,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Both color morph of
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<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19140CF46FDC614C0B32CFA2A" box="[626,832,1439,1462]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509140CF46FDC614C0B32CFA2A" box="[626,832,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Botryllus eilatensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F4D8E72B9140CF46FCF214C1B3EEFA2A" box="[838,898,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="DD2086429140CF47FE8C14B5B207FDBA" blockId="2.[264,1324,1514,1900]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1324,284,830]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">
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The zooids are perpendicular to the colony surface, in a single layer. The largest ones measure three millimeters in length. The body wall contains sparse, round, brown and white pigmented cells in fixed specimens. Musculature is weak. The oral siphon is short and wide (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79140CF46FE3F173DB1B4F9E0" box="[395,472,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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A, B; 4A) with a plain edge or six very shallow lobes. Three orange pigment spots can be seen at the base of the siphon, one at the top of the endostyle, and one on each side. The oral sphincter is weak. The atrial aperture is wide and exposes the whole branchial sac in fully developed zooids. The dorsal lip forms a hood over the opening (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79140CF46FB431785B17AF880" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="13">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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A; 6). Its size varies, sometimes being as long as the zooids. The posterior edge of the atrial opening is also produced out forming concavity in the posterodorsal part of the atrial cavity. Fine muscles are present around the margin of the atrial aperture when the muscles on the oral siphon and the thorax are not conspicuous. The 12 oral tentacles are short and well spaced (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79141CF47FDAD101BB209FEC2" box="[537,613,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,330,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,308,1253]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. A, young zooid with fully developed branchial sac; B, internal side of the gut and testes; C, external side of the stomach; D, first order bud with gonads and second order bud. Scale bar: A, B, C: 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173086/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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A, 5A). The peripharyngeal band is bent in a deep V shape. The buttonlike dorsal tubercle opens in a vertical slit. The branchial sac is particularly large with 15 to 18 rows of stigmata and, halfway down the thorax (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79141CF47FB8610CBB417FE32" box="[1074,1147,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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; 4A), about 20 stigmata are in each half row. The second row is incomplete, and does not reach the dorsal line (fig. 4A). The three longitudinal vessels are equidistant, running the whole length of the branchial sac (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79141CF47FE681353B245FDBA" box="[476,553,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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; 5A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD2086429141CF47FE8C136BB1BBFCA2" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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The gut is small, mostly located behind the branchial sac (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79141CF47FC4E136BB42AFDD2" box="[1018,1094,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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A,B; 4A; 5A). The first loop is narrow, the secondary loop is variable, the plain anus opens at the third row of stigmata counted from the base of the thorax; The stomach has nine folds with the proximal part flaring out into protruding ampullae (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79141CF47FCD913F3B3D6FD5A" box="[877,954,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,330,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,308,1253]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. A, young zooid with fully developed branchial sac; B, internal side of the gut and testes; C, external side of the stomach; D, first order bud with gonads and second order bud. Scale bar: A, B, C: 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173086/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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B,C; 5C). A very small buttonlike caecum is hardly visible without staining. The pyloric gland forms a ring of vesicles around the intestine at stomach level (
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<figureCitation id="45A49AC79141CF47FD7613A3B36BFC8A" box="[706,775,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[280,1294,494,1736]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1317,486,1761]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. stained with hemalum. A, zooid opened along the ventral line; B, first order bud; C, digestive tract. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173087/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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C). The stomach and a segment of the intestine are orange in life.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="89E0D6CA9141CF47FEBC164EB2C1F8D2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="DD2086429141CF47FEBC164EB2C1F8D2" blockId="3.[264,1323,1809,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509141CF47FEBC164EB1E0F8B5" bold="true" box="[264,396,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19141CF47FE21164DB209F8B5" box="[405,613,1810,1833]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509141CF47FE21164DB209F8B5" box="[405,613,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Botryllus eilatensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F4D8E72B9141CF47FDDA164EB2C0F8B5" box="[622,684,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509141CF47FDDA164EB2C0F8B5" bold="true" box="[622,684,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">n. sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="89E0D6CA9146CF40FEBC15B6B3C5FADA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173086/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[272,1315,330,1249]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="DD2086429146CF40FEBC15B6B3C5FADA" blockId="4.[264,1323,1257,1350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509146CF40FEBC15B6B1E3FA9D" bold="true" box="[264,399,1257,1281]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19146CF40FE2F15B5B201FA9D" box="[411,621,1258,1281]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509146CF40FE2F15B5B201FA9D" box="[411,621,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Botryllus eilatensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F4D8E72B9146CF40FDCC15B6B2D4FA9D" box="[632,696,1257,1281]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="EFEB5A509146CF40FDCC15B6B2D4FA9D" bold="true" box="[632,696,1257,1281]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">n. sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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A, young zooid with fully developed branchial sac; B, internal side of the gut and testes; C, external side of the stomach; D, first order bud with gonads and second order bud. Scale bar: A, B, C: 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429146CF41FE8C1425B3AAFE32" blockId="4.[264,1323,1402,1868]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In the few colonies that contained gonads, the male gonads appeared first. In these specimens (except in a single colony), the nourishing zooids have only testes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45A49AC79146CF40FB7614FDB57CFA20" box="[1218,1296,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 5A), and the ovaries appear only in buds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45A49AC79146CF40FCBE1495B334FA78" box="[778,856,1482,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,330,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,308,1253]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. A, young zooid with fully developed branchial sac; B, internal side of the gut and testes; C, external side of the stomach; D, first order bud with gonads and second order bud. Scale bar: A, B, C: 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173086/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D; 5B). The testis consists of rounded, branched follicles crowded into a spherical mass on each side of the body, just anterior to the gut lop (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45A49AC79146CF40FE281745B185F9A8" box="[412,489,1562,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[278,1295,887,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1317,886,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. Two nourishing zooids stained with hemalum: A, without gonads; B, with testes. Scale bar: 1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173085/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 4B; 5A). One bud on each side is rapidly isolated from the parent zooid and develops in the deepest part of the colony. These buds acquire gonads at a small size, no more than 0.6mm. The testes appear first. The ovaries are small with one or two oocytes in the most developed buds which protrude from the body wall above the gut (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45A49AC79146CF40FB4F17CDB174F948" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,330,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,308,1253]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. A, young zooid with fully developed branchial sac; B, internal side of the gut and testes; C, external side of the stomach; D, first order bud with gonads and second order bud. Scale bar: A, B, C: 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173086/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D; 5B). A secondary bud grows above the gonads in the firstorder buds, whose atrial opening is not yet differentiated but whose branchial sac and longitudinal vessels are similar to those of the adults. The stomach is not fully developed at this stage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="45A49AC79146CF40FB771655B561F8B8" box="[1219,1293,1802,1828]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,330,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,308,1253]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Botryllus eilatensis n. sp. A, young zooid with fully developed branchial sac; B, internal side of the gut and testes; C, external side of the stomach; D, first order bud with gonads and second order bud. Scale bar: A, B, C: 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173086/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
d). Ovaries were found in only one colony collected in August. An ovary with a single oocyte (0.25 to 0.3 mm diameter) is on each side of the zooid, lateral to the testis and slightly extruding from the body wall. In this colony almost all zooids had ovaries and testes, with very small buds located deep close to the substrate. No embryos and no larvae were found in any of the various colonies collected in different seasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="89E0D6CA9147CF41FEBC17B8B45BF8B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173087/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[280,1294,494,1736]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429147CF41FEBC17B8B45BF8B9" blockId="5.[264,1322,1767,1829]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509147CF41FEBC17B8B1E0F963" bold="true" box="[264,396,1767,1791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19147CF41FE2217B8B20AF962" box="[406,614,1767,1790]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509147CF41FE2217B8B20AF962" box="[406,614,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Botryllus eilatensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509147CF41FDDA17B8B2C1F963" bold="true" box="[622,685,1767,1791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F4D8E72B9147CF41FDDA17B8B2C1F963" box="[622,685,1767,1791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
stained with hemalum. A, zooid opened along the ventral line; B, first order bud; C, digestive tract. Scale bars: A,1 mm; B,C, 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429144CF42FEBC12F2B42AFC58" blockId="6.[264,1094,941,965]" box="[264,1094,941,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FEBC12F2B1EEFC59" bold="true" box="[264,386,941,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">FIRURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FE2412F2B230FC58" box="[400,604,941,964]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FE2412F2B230FC58" box="[400,604,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Botryllus eilatensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F4D8E72B9144CF42FDD012F2B2F3FC59" box="[612,671,941,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FDD012F2B2F3FC59" bold="true" box="[612,671,941,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Zooid with ovaries. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9585D5C99144CF42FE8C12A7B4F2FA3E" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429144CF42FE8C12A7B4DEFB16" blockId="6.[264,1324,1016,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FEC012A7B194FB8E" box="[372,504,1016,1042]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Botryllinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are common worldwide but have not been well described. It is difficult to determine whether the new species is native to the Gulf of Aqaba or an invader as it has colonized harbor structures as well as natural substrates. Further investigations and collections in more southern parts of the Red Sea may answer this question.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429144CF42FE8C15C7B4F2FA3E" blockId="6.[264,1324,1016,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FE8C15C7B1A4FB2D" box="[312,456,1176,1201]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FE8C15C7B1A4FB2D" box="[312,456,1176,1201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">B. eilatensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a very successful competitor for space in the northern Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), overgrowing dead coral skeletons and rapidly colonizing artificial substrates. This may be partly the result of increased anthropogenic activity, particularly eutrophication (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FE72144FB221FAB6" author="Loya" box="[454,589,1296,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="18" refString="Loya, Y. (2004) The coral reefs of Eilat - past, present and future: Three decades of coral community structure studies. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y Coral Health and Disease. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 1 - 34." type="book chapter" year="2004">Loya 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) occurring in this area. This environment creates favorable conditions for filterfeeding organisms such as ascidians, providing an advantage in competition for space with reefbuilding corals. It is therefore imperative to continue monitoring its populations and further study ecological aspects of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9585D5C99144CF42FEBC1487B1DFF97E" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429144CF42FEBC1487B1DFF97E" blockId="6.[264,1324,1496,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FEBC1487B1EDFA6E" bold="true" box="[264,385,1496,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This new species has some characters in common with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FBB81487B18FF986" authority="Saito & Watanabe, 1985" authorityName="Saito & Watanabe" authorityYear="1985" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FBB81487B484FA6D" box="[1036,1256,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Botrylloides lentus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FB5A1487B18FF986" author="Saito" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" refString="Saito, Y. & Watanabe, H. (1985) Studies of Japanese compound styelid ascidians IV. Three new species of the genus Botrylloides from the vicinity of Shimoda. Publications of the Seto marine biological Laboratory, 30, 227 - 240." type="journal article" year="1985">Saito & Watanabe, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A588C6D29144CF42FD9B175FB21AF986" box="[559,630,1536,1562]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
: numerous stigmata rows, large atrial apertures, and similar number of stomach folds. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FD061777B32DF9DD" box="[690,833,1576,1601]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eilatensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FD061777B32DF9DD" box="[690,833,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">B. eilatensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a smaller gastric caecum, the ovary is lateral to the testis rather than beneath it; and; the opacity and color of the tunic are distinctive.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FE261727B31FF90E" authority="Herdman, 1886" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" box="[402,883,1656,1682]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicuum">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FE261727B2DFF90D" box="[402,691,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Botrylloides perspicuum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FD0F1727B31FF90E" author="Herdman" box="[699,883,1656,1682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="18" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1886) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part 2. Report on the scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 14, 1 - 399." type="journal article" year="1886">Herdman, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also numerous rows of stigmata, but the ovary is anterior to the testis.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FD6B17FFB41FF926" authority="Oka, 1927" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[735,1139,1696,1722]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FD6B17FFB384F925" box="[735,1000,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FC4017FFB41FF926" author="Oka" box="[1012,1139,1696,1722]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" refString="Oka, A. (1927) Zur kenntnis der japanischen Botryllidae. Proceedings of the imperial Academy of Japan 8, 303 - 305." type="journal article" year="1927">Oka, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has much less stigmata rows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9585D5C99144CF43FE8C17AFB233FE32" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD2086429144CF43FE8C17AFB233FE32" blockId="6.[264,1324,1496,1882]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FEE817AFB251F895" box="[348,573,1776,1801]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FEE817AFB251F895" box="[348,573,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Botrylloides lentus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the larva is incubated in a brood pouch hanging beneath the testis, as is characteristic of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FD671647B401F8AE" authority="Milne Edwards, 1841" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[723,1133,1816,1842]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEB5A509144CF42FD671647B30EF8AD" box="[723,866,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Botrylloides</emphasis>
|
||
Milne
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FC0E1647B401F8AE" author="Edwards" box="[954,1133,1816,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="18" refString="Milne-Edwards, H. (1841) Observations sur les ascidies composees des cotes de la Manche. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 18, 217 - 326." type="journal article" year="1841">Edwards, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FB191647B19CF8C6" author="Hartmeyer" pageId="6" pageNumber="18" refString="Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928) Ascidiae diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Sudwest-australiens, 5, 251 - 460." type="journal article" year="1928">Hartmeyer & Michaelsen 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and other authors).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39144CF42FD6F161FB474F8C6" author="Saito" box="[731,1048,1856,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" refString="Saito, Y. & Okuyama, M. (2003) Studies on japanese Botryllid ascidians. IV. A new species of the genus Botryllus with a unique colony shape, from the vicinity of Shimoda. Zoological Science, 20, 1153 - 1161." type="journal article" year="2003">Saito and Okuyama (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19144CF42FB2E161FB547F8C6" box="[1178,1323,1856,1882]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Botrylloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19145CF43FE891043B225FEAA" authority="Pallas, 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[317,585,284,310]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Botryllus Pallas, 1766</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. They concluded that morphological and life history characteristics are not good reasons for distinguishing these genera. We have adopted this interpretation and assigned the new species to the senior synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9FFDC19145CF43FBF21033B4DFFE1A" box="[1094,1203,364,390]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Botryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90EFBB39145CF43FEBC10CBB23EFE32" author="Monniot" box="[264,594,404,430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" refString="Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987) Les ascidies de Polynesie francaise. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, ser. A, 136, 1 - 143." type="journal article" year="1987">Monniot and Monniot 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |