584 lines
63 KiB
XML
584 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document id="1987396A781F8A107CE234D9ECDEA296" ID-CLB-Dataset="280014" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.24799" ID-GBIF-Dataset="151ad543-b596-43d0-bfac-a0df7c86043f" ID-PMC="PMC6110155" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-779-27" ID-PubMed="30166895" ID-ZooBank="XXXXXXXXXXXX" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-779-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 779" ModsDocTitle="Hippocampusjapapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H.pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" checkinTime="1533294696429" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Short, Graham, Smith, Richard, Motomura, Hiroyuki, Harasti, David & Hamilton, Healy" docDate="2018" docId="5533D6632D7FBB8C75F60704E37E9415" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 779: 27-49" docOrigin="ZooKeys 779" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.24799" docTitle="Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter 2008" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="A86E9457FFBAFFCF1C0FFFB28C00FFCE" masterDocTitle="Hippocampusjapapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H. pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1701385423462" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8F40CEF7E936A1B66922BDE0D4F9477E">Hippocampusjapapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H. pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89357385B9FD8D95CC924922B917EA87">Short, Graham</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E815B2359E5E44393BBDB47552696391">Smith, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8120DE50CBB3E94F50971B6736C4B183">Motomura, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E59B4932149D8FE5BD0032FC7442141">Harasti, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3FBB6974B9E468412725C39217EB79A9">Hamilton, Healy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7D68A473663DDA3F48B4ACD15045AC8C">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A2D4136692D343867A64A94E82EC3719">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6ADAE85E90880AA7874D6A8D05098CA7">779</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="11C21C15F3CDE2AFE6C583A51672637F">27</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="AD45A59BDB1ACE01AD9861F9C03A68F1">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.24799</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="84EA0FFEAE5DD45B057F0446298075D6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8D3AC2325D8077B2EAB75A51CD61C31D" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.24799</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="65EA4B833B2F01353B43D77941586AF7" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-779-27</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="ACD307D8CAC4764A22B8AB60926556D9" type="ZooBank">XXXXXXXXXXXX</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5533D6632D7FBB8C75F60704E37E9415" ID-GBIF-Taxon="146771402" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5533D6632D7FBB8C75F60704E37E9415" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5533D6632D7FBB8C75F60704E37E9415" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="D005A5DFCB6137F2B716C18444327BC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2A371BCBB0150D342B71A61F1891586D" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="8F1D5F8A810A872199DB147EC9F2635F" ID-CoL="3LZNS" LSID="http://zoobank.org/853548F1-CEF4-47CD-8A15-7F225B73BCFC" authority="Lourie & Kuiter, 2008" authorityName="Lourie & Kuiter" authorityYear="2008" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008</taxonomicName>
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Figures 6, 7, 8, 10, Table 1, 2
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<normalizedToken id="C6632901F688DD0A5F8C729F1DE23CC3" originalValue="Pontoh’s">Pontoh's</normalizedToken>
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Pygmy Seahorse
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AF4D50C2F33A5284F1581AF18E81071E" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="FAD8A9A59F7A9F64C79A7B527D01EAF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="840CB6C470C83013EC5FF81A09B297C1" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
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||
Lourie & Kuiter, 2008: figs. 2B-4B (Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia); Reijnan et al. 2011: fig. 2B (Siladen I, SE Siladen).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F7C056EAA1439A39C065D2CBEEF9EE49" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="EE4EF12FC14138F960B3E16283177D68" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7FF8B446F872A96314D752C31B70225" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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AMS I.47833-001. 13.9 mm SL, GenBank accession number KY066111, Cape Kri, Raja Ampat, Indonesia.
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0°33
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S
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<geoCoordinate id="E1F838A2F44DB9A0708E2003F8417F30" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="130.69028">
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130°41
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<normalizedToken id="B9D56EE769C7D979AFFB2EC08AB6D798" originalValue="’25.0”">'25.0"</normalizedToken>
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E
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, depth 6 m, collected by Otto Awom, Gerry Allen, and Mark Erdmann using hand net in small clump of algae and hydroids on vertical surface, 1 January 2007. Mitochondrial COI sequence data and corresponding Genbank accession numbers for additional vouchered specimens of
|
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<taxonomicName id="DC4C5075880CCBA0636373BBEE94901E" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
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(Table 2).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="186F9E9850E085BB7629E73E206F7A59" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="2B12D6959F30C95988E3C3E0E3B10C3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Table 2. List of pygmy seahorse specimens, including species, collection locality, voucher number, and COI GenBank accession numbers.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<th id="795A451C1DD0F147DD2E81B10F73F011" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">Species</th>
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<th id="75D02963CA79830ED5A6929446AF9695" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">Locality</th>
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<th id="416273EA8C738BC02C88803BB22A40C3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">Voucher</th>
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<th id="B61B5573B15A86E032E35CD436F9F763" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EERAG" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">COI</abbrev>
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Genbank no.
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</th>
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<taxonomicName id="571A9912C45A173FF23D4A46134A9881" genus="Hippocamus" lsidName="Hippocamus pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocamus pontohi</taxonomicName>
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||
</td>
|
||
<td id="BBFCCF7A6CDDFF542943C4EE6CC82535" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645129</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0CE197C7E172F79753688B33493A1426" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="4FB31A3567BFF30DA625F8FE0A37606D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B658BA37CCB4BC2401A5C81A08F8AC8" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="526F69CE510E871FFF36B9B4F162EBCC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645130</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1E9C3B44BD2FA5DF58FB5DB7D8FC7A5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="04607C05FC5B32D8845516AD70B7B506" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BBD5F279145BA4CF554D263A69A2774" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="0584F4CBAC8582A58096636439DC03F7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645131</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="987F9BAAA67BB776F5C42B9AAEEA2E08" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="A3B7287BE8444F4B89F09B28D0A88B8D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A673E65F4CF5B7673D2FF92706BF0CB" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="885B486634DEB551166C66E27348EF40" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645132</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="394AD097534584598494EC731E7EC814" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="D7052D4CD2007879C2B05AD34763368D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="008A50EBCB295E4A39B1D8B6510E8484" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="CB3C5E3E9532FE175EB7543F9490D808" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645133</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E614A26E1A3947B913877C40B76A3E14" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="055FD046FE54C590A22BC7F0FB179D3A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0AC706003616A91627BEFA11DB486148" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="E87B77F58360CD2E901701D39678C7FC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645134</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="9CB5F22CE5886F32FD28E7FC8B1EA230" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="AB8B98AC808ABD93327490BACDD6E4E9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D69F1F742321FBA4A592F715621ED9A8" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="D2626E80A64E52C1BE6D304F9CA6B78F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645135</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="67278A3D36AFE2FEA2964338A34CFC1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="F4E40186BBBA190CA3C5067681927382" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80DDA579AA608A6F66C2B2FA2A5CA012" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus severnsi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">Hippocampus severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="4213AA82CD34E6AA8086F7D68FABF669" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">MH645136</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CFF1D850BB3AC72CC6AB86AB2972BB12" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="154254FDB50B3CC3BD26CD8FCD2BCAF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94F643797E3C92DC50FD4251CD186BC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D496248373512312A782B81C45C06ABC" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from its congeners by the following combination of characters: subdorsal rings 4; two pairs of bilaterally wing-like protrusions formed by a pair of large truncate spines projecting laterad on both first and second superior trunk ridges; laterodorsal surface flat on the third and fourth trunk rings; tail rings 28; dorsal fin rays 12; pectoral fin rays ten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57891033F28F35D90A24F7D1BF5940BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3DD30AEB6FFED77AE0E56A6E26FBDC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2D718DE8EC37686A0335D5A14B3836DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">General body shape as in Figure 6. Morphometric characters listed in Table 1. Head length 21.6% in SL, head depth 64.4% in HL; snout length 24.1% in HL, bulbous tip absent, snout depth 89.0% in SnL; post-orbital 50.9% in HL; distinct, angular coronet, coronet height 46.2% in HL, unbranched dermal appendage attached to anterior part of coronet; single gill-opening on midline behind coronet supported by elevated cleithral ring; dorsal fin 14 rays; pectoral-fin rays nine; anal fin rays four; trunk rings 12, trunk length 33.0% in SL, trunk depth just anterior to dorsal fin base 14.4% in SL; dorsal fin base strongly raised posterodorsad; subdorsal rings four, dorsal fin base starting immediately posterior to ninth trunk ring and ending immediately posterior to first tail ring; no external pouch visible; tail rings 28, tail length 45.3% in SL. Body ornamentation: prominent spine dorsal of eye, small spine ventroposterior to eye; lateral head spine ventral of coronet; two moderately large spines on cleithral ring, upper spine at level of last pectoral fin ray, lower spine at ventral extent of ring; snout spine on midline between eyes; nape spine absent; subdorsal spines four, superior trunk ridge ending with three rounded spines protruding laterad, the posterior spine greatly enlarged on 12th trunk ring; superior trunk ridge with large bilaterally paired truncate spines projecting laterad on first and second trunk rings, laterodorsal surface flat on second, third, and fourth trunk rings, large bilaterally paired spines on fifth trunk ring, and small pair of spines dorsally on sixth trunk ridge; lateral trunk ridge with small spine on fifth trunk ring and large spine on eighth trunk ring; inferior trunk ridge with spines of moderate size beginning on fifth trunk ring and and ending on 11th trunk ring; superior tail ridge spines well developed anteriorly, becoming smaller posteriorly, with enlarged spines on fifth and ninth tail rings; inferior tail ridge spines absent; caudal fin absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C7961F9F3086DE7DB3FC87CEACB2CBEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="30E8CE8F22D8E22C2224C94FCA08045A" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA01D4D9AFF95C7E32A975476A263680" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMS I.47833-001, preserved male non-type, 13.9 mm SL, Cape Kri, Raja Ampat, Indonesia (photograph Graham Short).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1550B122EEB47AEE7DC82CF651FC9513" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="03FE25C9F903AC8255431A8B63682BF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="551666F3EB5434D2F377648A5FF6AFFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4AD85BD6334C77E0FFB5E46F937A1553" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A730939CFB9D5C56B9F147A3080A3F6" lsidName="H. severnsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="severnsi">H. severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
primarily by features of coloration (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="777CE948EF0B72EE0CD4B84C786F3E89" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 68" title="Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)." volume="1963" year="2008">Lourie and Kuiter 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), meristic, morphometric, and diagnostic morphological characters in the original description did not support the separation of these seahorses into two species. The invalidity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2412BD283FFB301A38E0EACDD38A1F7" lsidName="H. severnsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="severnsi">H. severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was subsequently recognised due to the unreliability of employing coloration as a useful diagnostic character in order to distinguish between species of seahorses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7BB86C52F7043ED1231199BC49D441D1" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 66" title="A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research." url="http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1" volume="4146" year="2016">Lourie et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here we further support the synonymization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DA69659612860571FD3E28ED8F4451E" lsidName="H. severnsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="severnsi">H. severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49C2119EAD85B3238A5738343082BAB3" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on partial mitochondrial COI genetic data collected from additional 21 vouchered specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F793145CFCAC2B93DFFB99F105FEF26" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and those referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB1E99033654FC0CD1F81A8C33BC32D8" lsidName="H. severnsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="severnsi">H. severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 2). Genetic distance analysis (uncorrected p distances) failed to discriminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7AEE2AD07F114769B23D84F9231EA65" lsidName="H. severnsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="severnsi">H. severnsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D5D53A5CC4FAB3F39A28E2930831772" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suppl. material 1), which revealed an average intraspecific divergence of 0.2%. A neighbour joining tree of the COI sequence data, including COI data from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D2EE0E4BDB600059FDD48BAFF362EE1" lsidName="H. bargibanti" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="bargibanti">H. bargibanti</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="648B14B70F0481118E15CBA171DE5F64" lsidName="H. denise" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="denise">H. denise</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93E2A912B0F13486BD77FC37BA36AB78" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is supplied here as Suppl. material 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4347E98F618C3F7C35B2E475D1F979C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="comparative remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C9D05E1A45686F658AED711315D0B94" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Comparative remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="68610DE3291E981E30FEC60F2E738C76" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The combination of characters provided in the diagnosis that distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30173010110A0DF9881400F5BE807ED4" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all congeners are presented in Table 3 and summarized below. The new species is unique in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1EA50EFFE6CCDED3EB25CD24B924234B" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in possessing a distinct elevated dorsal ridge internally formed by triangular bony mounds in the anterodorsal area of the trunk directly posterior to the head, which we propose as an apomorphy for this species. All currently recognized seahorse species, including the pygmy seahorse congeners, differ in the absence of triangular bony mounds and the presence of typical flat surfaces dorsally on the second to fourth superior trunk rings.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AA4AA3612F0F82C649A9E2E7AE9441F" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33818E7AD5A64AC14ED3CC0052CFCDE4" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 8, Table 3) in meristics, overall body ornamentation, and the presence of a distinct coronet. They differ primarily on the basis of bilaterally paired wing-like protrusions directly posterior to the head, which are internally formed by a single connected pair of large, truncate spines projecting dorsolaterad on the first superior trunk ridge in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1C54245D27C0ED7F0A5983B43877CA3" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as opposed to a double pair of large truncate spines projecting strongly laterad on both the first and second superior trunk ridges in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B63869129FB448F1C927F7BAA4388D36" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additional distinctions include patterns of the anterodorsal trunk rings (elevated dorsal ridge formed by triangular bony mounds dorsad on the second to fourth trunk rings in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CFC31D982B4949653142979EDBA56D4" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, laterodorsal surface flat on the third and fourth trunk rings in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8EA65C9F5F3D7433014FBB8766A76AC0" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); eighth lateral trunk ridge spine (very large and prominent spine projecting laterad in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="495041ACBAEC98F2CFF7A220A8284461" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, small in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CBDAD635FF2256AA4F893EFE691ECBB" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); color pattern (brown with white reticulation, thin red line tracing the superior trunk ridge anterior to dorsal fin base in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3476A3BC6A212E37FB211E6E28B8344B" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, white, brown, or black color with elliptical markings, each outlined with thin red lines, tracing the entire superior trunk ridge and extending ventrally around the fifth superior and eighth lateral trunk ridge spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0AF25E6BC92DFB7892C3256ED911664B" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0BD189F833DCE2C22CDC0C15B979857" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92A57B6E42B92C77456EAB099369F977" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be further be distinguished by the number of tail rings (28 vs. 28-30), dorsal fin rays (14 vs. 12), and pectoral fin rays (9 vs. 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="697462F61292575E78E6825C730E10DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="39F0BDDFFA5FF7C81B42B4AC833DC38A" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Table 3. Comparison of morphological characters in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A03DE333263603971A2E55F95CD56A69" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB48BF4250BF0A51EE09BB1D561D8DD3" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B07892027BC7875941277ED58DFCB98B" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5EB153414F4CB8AD0DA7F55A53DF6BF6" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="937FA6034E631B192244984AA9484DF1" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="ECBBF5D8577C8666B86A545E97E25FC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<table id="CA43D233D1D91DF25FADF49B5A99DC6E" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<tr id="08229BDAAEE9A77674C8AF55965CDC86" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th id="004CDACD16BCDBD2F3A4A0A7135DD96F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C055E4D9E9F5B408D7378F4670AB6DB" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="53E8DDE5F64AADAA107FFA341B42D21B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C45F780ABD98053E2116F7672B29D7F1" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="9A0250D11C4BC62798143FEEF16DC893" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F29029E3FA958E151ECEDAEE6F7D70C" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="0157E380F8A2AD39FEEEF553FDA3BBDD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06EFB3B9E63FB2C4EC3E4E1A2DCF6CD2" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="DC931A3822F30D9194F20F7DF0D096F0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E646F7B6ADE2F2A8146DEA31B67119C8" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="4172090784C9A719C5E5627B0C2FC9B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="BED9FEDA92E6127E234DFB4F39202DF6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="93CF88316BC1D395C959F8291A8E31F4" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 68" title="Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)." volume="1963" year="2008">Lourie and Kuiter 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="8F94661FB650796E72153A42D477C097" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F24BCEC3A836BA495223350EDB203933" author="Kuiter, RH" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="113 - 116" title="A new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island." url="http://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1382" volume="55" year="2003">Kuiter 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="BDACA495B1CA4918E4276C88D2EBBA38" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF6459F67A05578D9E5164475896A4D7" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 68" title="Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)." volume="1963" year="2008">Lourie and Kuiter 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="E60F1A03EB4DEDA2630BB85292D8A2B7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="31D90FB0522B7FB0BDD358BCAE6DB6A3" author="Gomon, MF" journalOrPublisher="Aqua" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="37 - 44" title="Two new pygmy seahorses (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Indo-West Pacific." volume="15" year="2009">Gomon and Kuiter 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D1C8E423CEE16C033D2D2103A5792147" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td id="7EA3CD569AE548EF7AC34432F35622E8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">th</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6482C5F9E3402C76A2A346C515CBE325" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="ABFFC79D38D256628AA47F58FC9607BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figure 7. Comparison of live specimens of A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F40B2021D778E5EEAAEC5714C870C348" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
photographed off Hachijo-jima Island, Japan (Richard Smith), and its most similar congener B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68A8EF6A807D734238D5518AED4F9649" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
photographed off Tomia Island, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia (Richard Smith). Note the differences in the anterodorsal area of the trunk in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43153D6F80E996EB83CF2E52B6CDB285" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="660DE8DF55F5DE9B060642741C8A1460" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
: single vs. double pair of bilaterally paired wing-like protrusions behind the head, raised dorsal ridge vs. laterodorsal flat surface, and large and prominent vs. small eighth lateral trunk ridge spine. Abbreviations: SP-WP, single pair of bilaterally paired wing-like protrusions; DP-WP, double pair of bilaterally paired wing-like protrusions; DR, raised dorsal ridge; FS, flat dorsal surface; P-8LTR, prominent eighth lateral trunk ridge spine; S-8LTR, small eighth lateral trunk ridge spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A149EEC3DB20C0F32AD8B88D0BCA4905" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="F56576640C7F987317D4CA20DC64D089" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figure 8. Comparison of the lateral view of reconstructed
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F082BE71A02B43D494196DCB2E6C881A" originalValue="μCT">μCT</normalizedToken>
|
||
scans of skeletons of A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="366A3C2CDC14D1521EB152BCBFA7CF65" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, UW 157506, preserved male holotype, 16.33 mm SL, Hachijo-jima Island, Japan, and its most similar congener B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFBEEF339496ECBF501B62970A8D1B9D" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMS I.47833-001, preserved male non-type 13.9 mm SL, Cape Kri, Raja Ampat, Indonesia (photographs Graham Short).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A4801F64C48220CFB438AC7F5A325B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Several other pygmy seahorse species are morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="703745CAC0E2EEFA38B4952A65B21145" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="722588069F62E9DD5127735483E74F9C" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE832169BD953A0281BBACB01CA64AF3" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68C25A487A461165316593FA7831C432" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The following characters support the distinctions among these species: number of tail rings (28 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C00A4C63D631E882CB40646645F1BD04" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 26 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F43C25E4F62F72B18D03C1FD497759FA" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 27-28 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="770122058D9F7E66FE04802E343DC911" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 32 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43D10A59BC1AC45349B8E17A972D8F9E" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); dorsal fin rays (14 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA0753B72964E873F8BEC34716EAE299" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 13 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73F529CA6AA62FF0C36668D74DDFEC4E" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B601FC4BFBE8AEF978C3D86307112276" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); coronet (distinct in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50BD60D258D5F174353CFD57BCB60FAC" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. low and rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="110B5C5AFFBB619263A602BA858C3351" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
, low double mound in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1941675C69D6EF4F43DE98B0DBFCDAC8" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); cleithral ring spines (at pectoral fin base and ventral of head in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE54BF9643DABBCFF1E71827E9FA171E" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. pectoral fin base in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C404DA7771C5CBA3288EB7A344A93213" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); eye spine dorsally (double spine in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="130C0B24A8F502F13A91443642C8458A" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), eye spine ventrally (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="445AAF2FAB7AEE7EFD4C119158E0D857" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); superior tail ridge spines (fifth, ninth, 12th vs. absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C4574EA6FB81CA19FE514412635A377" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fourth, eighth, 12th in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50CE8E60BF450912AA00590E1D7DE2AA" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); inferior tail ridge spines (absent vs. present on last 28 tail rings in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35DCE3F0180EDEA59CFB4C80F458D370" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A86998EDABD91E6F2A1857E44944569" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3224622A6D0D35329607AFF2B06445E" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D91FABEA620CE31E84B3D9BB4667B368" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="342F3A543546BFD11E6F735898133ED2" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="228BF7B24063DF6E8728DA571F9D03AF" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE679FA3A5BFBC9DB85A860EB0C33E7B" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
12 trunk rings, strongly raised continuous cleithral ring, and presence of diagnostic body ornamentation (snout spine, eye spines, two cliethral spines, lateral head spine, large spine on fifth superior trunk ridge, large spine on eighth lateral trunk ridge, small spine on fifth lateral trunk ridge, Table 2), including wing-like-protrusions immediately posterior to the head. Based on careful visual examinations of in situ underwater photographs, x-rays, and type material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ADF5E9154755FE04CDE3B6123B70C03D" author="Kuiter, RH" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="113 - 116" title="A new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island." url="http://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1382" volume="55" year="2003">Kuiter 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="67BEB14E88C1C75FCBC4BEA0D31D614C" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 68" title="Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)." volume="1963" year="2008">Lourie and Kuiter 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A960C589C12A5FBBC5841F8A5D0A6CE8" author="Gomon, MF" journalOrPublisher="Aqua" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="37 - 44" title="Two new pygmy seahorses (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Indo-West Pacific." volume="15" year="2009">Gomon and Kuiter 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF71C1EAAC2EC989A804DBC0807AA80A" author="Smith, R" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" url="http://oceanrealmimages.com/pygmy-seahorses/species/" year="2017">Smith 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it appears
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA7294DE718253D658F8DFA03A5F2F0" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="589F84431D7E399D6E9D032BA89AAED1" lsidName="H. waleananus" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="waleananus">H. waleananus</taxonomicName>
|
||
a single pair of bilaterally paired wing-like protrusions (vs. double pair in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2CB9FF8D0D77AF9EA226F9CA31D2F83" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C459927B1A9F7DFD176C92A5DDB790AF" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4648B0E4D4D22999E61995B63B23C8F0" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kuiter, 2003), the number of trunk rings was diagnosed as 11, however in our comparative analysis of trunk ring counts, we detected the presence of 12 trunk rings in the x-ray of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91309BB69E19270AE2DC9E9C81C6581B" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gomon & Kuiter, 2009, AMS I.41181-001, fig. 3B). Furthermore, we noted 4 subdorsal rings (three trunk and one tail rings) via
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A42D19D3FA124F2EE322D9D88198BEFB" originalValue="μCT">μCT</normalizedToken>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E31123E9213B90B6D7BD2AF92EFBACE8" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the non-type
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97201B996ACF22F89AE0A7CC5D1DE4FF" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and similarly four subdorsal rings in our examination of the radiographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAA16552583571CAC6D0F8312751CA6C" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29BED50A6AD4E6575753DE33361E3170" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F62B5B48A96876C65B478D45FBD19C0" lsidName="H. satomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="satomiae">H. satomiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E320068182B2CFCF7FA54A28873A3621" author="Kuiter, RH" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="113 - 116" title="A new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island." url="http://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1382" volume="55" year="2003">Kuiter 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 3B;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="970361DFA81692BC6F685019E465E837" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 68" title="Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)." volume="1963" year="2008">Lourie and Kuiter 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs 2A,C;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6802394F7DE7F136C993174FD5D39CE" author="Gomon, MF" journalOrPublisher="Aqua" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="37 - 44" title="Two new pygmy seahorses (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Indo-West Pacific." volume="15" year="2009">Gomon and Kuiter 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 3B). In contrast, three subdorsal trunk rings were noted in the original diagnoses of these pygmy seahorses.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6012C2C143B0157E5390789F254BBD68" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FC7C76335B444CFAD7E3E7025F9A7E1" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
retain the ring and ridge structure of larger seahorses, and with
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C8F2BD855171AA61A6A53F2B4D52324F" originalValue="μCT">μCT</normalizedToken>
|
||
scans, we can detect well-developed ossification of the skeleton, including the strong ossification of the inferior and ventral trunk area (Figs 8-10). Similarly, Gomon & Kuiter (2009, fig. 3B) detected a well-formed skeleton in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A42B29232614F26DFF76BA270600BC19" lsidName="H. colemani" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="colemani">H. colemani</taxonomicName>
|
||
via x-ray. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B7E0E539B260748F06593575AFF0E09" lsidName="H. bargibanti" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="bargibanti">H. bargibanti</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9465F4D995C895DAC8926713161D3AD" lsidName="H. denise" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="denise">H. denise</taxonomicName>
|
||
reveal incomplete ossification of the inferior and ventral trunk ridges anteriorly, the ridges reduced to star-shaped dermal ossifications (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF47E08A249E4463F2612AC0EB14B1F5" author="Gomon, MF" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="245 - 253" title="A remarkable new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Southeastern Australia, with a redescription of H. bargibanti Whitley from New Caledonia." url="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1997.56.10" volume="56" year="1997">Gomon 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="37651D6C52E649438F83956365D97C33" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="284 - 291" title="A new pygmy seahorse, Hippocampusdenise (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the Indo-Pacific." volume="42" year="2003">Lourie and Randall 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D1656DA41DF68B0ADE70E3784857CDF" author="Gomon, MF" journalOrPublisher="Aqua" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="37 - 44" title="Two new pygmy seahorses (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Indo-West Pacific." volume="15" year="2009">Gomon and Kuiter 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0183895608EE55641722058889F9E520" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="BCE3E6DD8C74B221D05D6D9ACF7FF7B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figure 9. Computed tomography scanned anterior trunk area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9ECE06D3637DC9D1195CA5977240EA3B" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, UW 157506, male holotype, 16.33 mm SL, Hachijo-jima Island, Japan (photograph Graham Short). A Anterolateral view B Lateral view. Note the pair of spines projecting dorsolaterad on STrR1 and triangular bony mounds arched dorsad on STrR2, STrR3, and STrR4. Abbreviations: CL, cliethral ring; STrR1, first superior trunk ridge; STrR2, second superior trunk ridge; STrR3, third superior trunk ridge; STrR4, fourth superior trunk ridge; STrR5, fifth superior trunk ridge; STrR6, sixth superior trunk ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="138EFE00777F1BC3EF3A493F7593F3FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="72F0B5C933C355C33AFAC012E7DC7980" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figure 10. Computed tomography scanned anterior trunk area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C36A5E514BA5D055051205C2E3DF1F9" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus pontohi" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pontohi">Hippocampus pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMS I.47833-001, preserved male non-type, 16.33 mm SL, Cape Kri, Raja Ampat, Indonesia (photograph Graham Short). A Anterolateral view B Dorsal view. Note the double pair of spines projecting dorsolaterad on STrR1 and STrR1, respectively, and laterodorsal surface flat on STrR3, and STrR4. Abbreviations: CO, coronet; CL, cliethral ring; STrR1, first superior trunk ridge; STrR2, second superior trunk ridge; STrR3, third superior trunk ridge; STrR4, fourth superior trunk ridge; STrR5, fifth superior trunk ridge; STrR6, sixth superior trunk ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0B907A7887D2837D5621477F507389AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="genetic comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="326E8831FE6244ADEFA7D26F221D3A76" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Genetic comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="17EC03820D2DFB15BA4BA9E90C32DFE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Suppl. material 1 shows genetic distance analysis at the COI gene (uncorrected p distances) between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2341F12BE939D399F9C20A77CA6CB913" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
and previously sequenced non-type specimens of the pygmy seahorses
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81F66582C4AE039C29C5F22E52592AB7" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4A99F2B4B0CF61A459B41E2E4DA38CE" lsidName="H. bargibanti" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="bargibanti">H. bargibanti</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="346ADBC1D93221157CC8564B4EC1DA29" lsidName="H. denise" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="denise">H. denise</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E0251E2F773070F9E6A9DAE8F3912375" author="Hamilton, H" journalOrPublisher="Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="388 - 403" title="Molecular phylogeny and patterns of diversification in Syngnathid fishes." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.003" volume="107" year="2017">Hamilton et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and additional vouchered specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC37451EBFC3415E61E4FC21DBF633A9" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89B9B1E14C9B3C2852571AA46DC4445C" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB3EDDEDC9FE8B3C45A91FC7A70A6FA0" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
by 10.1%, from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="822ECF523D565E1F258908BBB6A58FC9" lsidName="H. bargibanti" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="bargibanti">H. bargibanti</taxonomicName>
|
||
by 13.0%, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64D3D9C48CF5720E2DAFA201ABA7B62D" lsidName="H. denise" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="denise">H. denise</taxonomicName>
|
||
by 10.1%. Reported mtDNA clock rates of approximately 1.2% per million years in marine teleosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DAE7BEC01DFD11BD4E58E57B7291A127" author="Reece, JS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="829 - 835" title="Molecular phylogenetics of moray eels (Muraenidae) demonstrates multiple origins of a shell-crushing jaw (Gymnomuraena, Echidna) and multiple colonizations of the Atlantic Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.013" volume="57" year="2010">Reece et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicate divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="941CE95EAEEF47671F82DE95939D6653" lsidName="H. japapigu" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="japapigu">H. japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="103A8F547FF061C359FF7D92D9BA6545" lsidName="H. pontohi" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="pontohi">H. pontohi</taxonomicName>
|
||
approximately 8.4 million years ago.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A89412CD6675B041BFD7C9AB4A96E31B" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="0482A2EFE6A44F9028E773B0F71BD234" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E821779262F45FC3C8AF6733618465F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAADBF680F29F98A12AA3732BFFE9A78" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is only known to occur in Japan, from scattered localities including Kashiwa-jima Island, Sukumo Bay; Kushimoto, Kii Peninsula; Osezaki, Izu Peninsula; the Izu Islands of Miyake and Hachijo; Sagami Bay; and Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands. The specimens described herein were found off the northwest coast of Hachijo-jima Island at a depth of 10-13 m, and have been anecdotally reported elsewhere at 5-22 m by local divers. Owing to its diminutive size and extraordinary crypsis, this species may have a wider distribution within Japan. The new taxon is not associated with a particular host, and has been observed in association with mixed soft coral, the coralline algae
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5BB8A21E07E50464C0FC3A3A7F05B64" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Halimeda" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Halimeda</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., and hydroids on rocky reef walls and large boulders in both exposed and semi-sheltered locations. During 15 dives initially spent searching ad hoc for this species by the second author in July 2013, 13 individuals were observed in an approximately 100 m stretch of rocky reef. These ranged in depth from 10 to 20 m and water temperature fluctuated between 19-24°C over 6 days. When one individual was discovered, another was often found in close proximity and appeared to represent male-female pairs. Returning in June 2015 with a larger group of experienced dive guides, with 10 dives searching for the species, only a single individual was found, possibly suggesting fluctuations in the abundance of the species. Several pregnant males were observed in July 2013, but it is unknown whether reproduction occurs seasonally or year-round.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F41BCF8B394C0433DBE2D2065297E1EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="29F50237B7572F9C4AD97C72389F761B" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="925EF195BD563E3D3CEBB15A395B2290" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The specific epithet is from the colloquial Japanese name of the new species, Japan Pig, Japapigu, or
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8389E813DBA4B0DF749826761AC78F7C" originalValue="日本のピグミ">日本のピグミ</normalizedToken>
|
||
ータツノオトシゴ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0A97209A93A47B7798F3DD59AE72F290" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph id="7EDD7AB646FB369593D52EF9EC373D2E" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Common name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA8F066FDEA3FC5CFCD62DCD452B4982" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
New common English and Japanese names, Japanese Pygmy Seahorse and Hachijo-tatsu, respectively, are proposed here for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4F1AF3AC58C982287118D5038E7A6E0" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus japapigu" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japapigu">Hippocampus japapigu</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |