509 lines
77 KiB
XML
509 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1177-3" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F898831BDC095D819591A1707E77BEB6" ID-ZooBank="E867FD681EF149FC8DE7ACC73F837CA8" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1177-3" checkinTime="1693470133858" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lee, Chi-Feng & Chen, Jung-Chan" docDate="2023" docId="54EFA1B673A95EE8A1E9962D8A0F495D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1177: 3-21" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1177" docPubDate="2023-08-30" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854" docTitle="Demarchus hsui Lee & Chen 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6F1961AF-38D3-4C8D-AE84-B2E5127098AB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="F898831BDC095D819591A1707E77BEB6" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="F898831BDC095D819591A1707E77BEB6" masterDocTitle="Demarchus hsui (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini), a new species from Taiwan, with notes on immatures and biology" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="3" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1693470133858" updateUser="pensoft">
|
||
<mods:mods id="C23974372C0A717A9854D71B2D248E3B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="539C994D2338CFD718B2F3A3FE740124">
|
||
<mods:title id="BDECCC3DB84DC60A83B1F6DE0074B0D5">Demarchus hsui (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini), a new species from Taiwan, with notes on immatures and biology</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="12B79003F27E3587C21848D88F23BFF1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F13683BE45BFFA6F5BF73D224DA0829A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="DD33004C6ED216DB1914BCBF37A21E6E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="328BB4194B832CBC898FFB4251785B9B">Lee, Chi-Feng</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BE12116027B0961EEBC6D4EF084AE96F" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-0557</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="7F25F0519C2ADACFC2BB94F9FCB37C0A">Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9729BBD7088559B8D676EC2F620F7427" type="email">chifeng@tari.gov.tw</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F6A3DD03E55FBB774637D1C855033513" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E9DBDE44A8C22AFFCA63E1148C17E858">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="410CECF1BA9B60464280882B8D7631A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="72A9F4E70374404D31BB050A251C40F7">Chen, Jung-Chan</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="C0388F19F3E13516DABBBF9D2F15C42A">No. 16, Lane 75, Shengli East Road, Pingtung City, Pingtung County 900, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="18B461747F5B673B41BC08A2E98B7444">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="2D9F5B676971B24C7A46A679EAC95E44" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F2146FED708884204BEDE23B876E924F">
|
||
<mods:title id="858A0AF95592D6C367EAF8ADED829764">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="5E22858F7C801BB11F88EBF97914DD02">
|
||
<mods:date id="60A748F8E54D3E73C9AFB436CFA56770">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="769C26D389E1DBEACBFFB61B1F811E8B" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="1D01A8FFC1386AC98A57388378BE7A46">2023-08-30</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="58AEC1862488591855AA4A94959FC347" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="77615020974311B2D17F2D9B9072C145">1177</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="06E867EF7F4574232D93DF0AF5387C1E" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="760A1D78EE84885BFF5BD02155B6A7BF">3</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="E508EA137C071F087D6F321F06AC6E53">21</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="C5E25F51CE0D9EA75D217F26F5528F61">
|
||
<mods:url id="0EB9FA016396748898B5110D947235C1">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="EAFA61E4FFC48059F312A8D7B89C7993">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0A28483A35C8580723D7C29ADB5C3E9D" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E57864A6F83D70EC352672F4A57C02C8" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1177-3</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9788C52BBB4112A7C2A45462D09A3B97" type="ZooBank">E867FD681EF149FC8DE7ACC73F837CA8</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2BEFC32CAC9A77247763BC2368B914C5" type="Pensoft-UUID">F898831BDC095D819591A1707E77BEB6</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="54EFA1B673A95EE8A1E9962D8A0F495D" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6F1961AF-38D3-4C8D-AE84-B2E5127098AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/54EFA1B673A95EE8A1E9962D8A0F495D" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<subSubSection id="72FB2E20CC883483091A78E8759FEDAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="436396041726C1AD057910E06F2D2651" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C9D313B2AE6D078EEED03AD2808F2E3" LSID="https://zoobank.org/6F1961AF-38D3-4C8D-AE84-B2E5127098AB" authority="Lee & Chen, 2023" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui" status="sp. nov.">Demarchus hsui</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C7B0F74A11885DD59B9117A39D08DD33" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="968F5502F15A0A7BD2837682D1DB56DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FE8CB6755CECD88E2B0D999F637E2F5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<figureCitation id="60A128963192CC3065B17627AFCA3970" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. female A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898425" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="E86EC0E733FF4EF3108A776E8D8D8007" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">, 2</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="C6886236FC773FB4D5CC6007BFE9204E" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">, 3</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CEE5F9A1F022A1B5900A312396C7376" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="90FD3AD3597956A7FBB2C47788E62532" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Field photographs taken from the type locality, Pilu (碧綠) A host plant, Taxillus rhododendricolus (indicated by arrows) B close-up and another angle of T. rhododendricolus C branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows) and larvae (indicated by red arrows) D branch of T. rhododendricolus with young larvae (indicated by arrows) mining leaves E branch of T. rhododendricolus with older and younger larvae (indicated by red arrows) mining leaves F branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898429" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">, 5</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="05C0F84006FDA847EC034FE5A1AB381C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A typical distribution of egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. on underside of leaf B egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows C egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow) D backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">, 6</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1C3FD143EFB7AC8C730A8AE6FEF94FD" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">, 7</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="14B5BE1A3C9A8DC4501BCBF57AB208B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="42853D929EC019E7FF0C1AD6BC208AC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="12C5D7072C2548BBDD1E8683685724E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="846F201D0A0A69553319048591EED9B7" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
♂ (TARI, The Insect Collection, Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan): Taiwan. Hualien: Pilu (碧綠), 20.VI.2022, leg. Y.-F. Hsu. Paratypes: 7♂, 10♀ (3♂, 3♀: BMNH; 4♂, 7♀: TARI), data same as holotype; 4♂, 4♀ (TARI) same locality as holotype, 13.VII.2022, leg. Z.-I. Chen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2E92A532F2BF35459657C5B2E6CD5CF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A57BC0D887DE2D273948B08BF612C69F" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="682698CBAE747D07EE35C135E1FF7ED4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="BC3009D1B115263B8A48C8F4C7D372F4" collectingDate="2022-09-20" collectorName="Y. - F. Hsu." specimenCount="1">
|
||
Five mature larvae (TARI), same locality as holotype,
|
||
<collectingDate id="92AC0503588AC968630B2504FF87AE1D" value="2022-09-20">20.IX.2022</collectingDate>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="F2F9C98FCB37502070885893DFEC08C0">Y.-F. Hsu.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1E0FF8973263AC344E8B8D379A1535F" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B97FB5CA079DD3003D943CB5FA60817" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EC53613DE4AACC044A978DC122CE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="0F6BFE292FCC089A44826E968B018850" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Adults.</emphasis>
|
||
Colour (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2F7E94C0BEB48274538F66D151049520" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. female A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898425" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">1A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
) reddish brown, head black, but antenna dark brown or black, prothorax pale yellow, legs yellow with outer margins blackish brown. Pronotum transverse, 2.0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="79618E5E58008B8E2D42C2697CAFB2E4" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long, disc convex and with lateral fovea, disc with sparse, coarse punctures, lacking antebasal transverse groove; lateral margin rounded, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin slightly convex. Elytra slightly wider posteriorly, with shallow transverse impression, widest at apical 1/3, apex convergently rounded, 1.5-1.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D4C398B7E103FF8F1357668C5E76F754" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide, disc with dense, fine punctures and dense pubescence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F9D9B49803D7E71849E5A730AD833331" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898425" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph id="31FBEBD26E0CD1557E010E2BC4D8E874" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="4500962794548273E442871F4B2BF887" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5F42245BB178BBECCE5411557060973" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB2D2C9148B5DBA9F0342D8BE024012D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. female
|
||
<emphasis id="2CC7EA9A7703589C50718D9924802EE9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="766279241C29A8F62CB7A5F7A159ADE5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="F2AAF08FA763C88E92174CE3041552F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE91372337DBABC7C965D255A0B78E1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBABE7D4BFD668A861EF0D87FADBC36" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Length 4.8-5.5 mm, width 2.2-2.5 mm. Antenna filiform (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A0A6F971F324092CF53F9E5BEE882141" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), ratio of length of antennomeres I to XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.8: 0.8: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.9; ratio of length to width of antennomeres I to XI 3.0: 2.4: 3.1: 3.0: 3.2: 3.3: 3.4: 3.6: 3.2: 3.2: 3.9. Aedeagus (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="38A28E8EC43B26091A2BE88A5F10FD2D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2C-E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with apical 1/2 lanceolate, apex narrowly rounded, basally narrowed; strongly curved in lateral view, slightly recurved near base; tectum slightly sclerotised, with median, longitudinal, strongly sclerotised area from basal margin; endophallic sclerites absent. Apex of abdominal ventrite V (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="21863456B5FAF026DF7A491492070F02" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2I</figureCitation>
|
||
) with median, angular notch, internally covered by flattened sclerite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="297E2B8D84AC2A52865A6FDB0AE051EB" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph id="7EA2F47220ADCD927E947224AA1C2977" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="A22EFB892BED5310D65F1FB5D6C740F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FE576DCBBFA499B26DB6602D2E7DE97" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="92720E37606120D9595B6B0576730227" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. adult
|
||
<emphasis id="0AA7B7F8D06AD929C452296E57F0BE3E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
antenna, male
|
||
<emphasis id="E74840D746C83C3334EF24586C97D903" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
antenna, female
|
||
<emphasis id="96CB5F9F433467DC17EC9794117CEFDA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
apex of aedeagus, front view
|
||
<emphasis id="3056D8451D16937812C4F8EFFCBEDE8E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
base of aedeagus, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="40D5189C029C54D97ACD87E3400395E7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">E</emphasis>
|
||
aedeagus, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="B88E81CA9D2BF77415F4931B26F382B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">F</emphasis>
|
||
abdominal ventrite VIII, female
|
||
<emphasis id="EF3534ADFDFADE2F16BDE6D024AFD2CE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">G</emphasis>
|
||
spermatheca
|
||
<emphasis id="6F5E89FDE03DE202F80A07D70A3D4A4A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">H</emphasis>
|
||
gonocoxae
|
||
<emphasis id="BB62E746D18F01C73258ABB4374DA171" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">I</emphasis>
|
||
abdominal ventrite V, male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A710F1FE7C8C21E18170F20695C6322C" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32D13A5F24AD0C9296CA4012F7FC11F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Length 5.1-6.0 mm, width 2.4-3.0 mm. Antenna (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0E0657C05DF15E30A2114359E0889379" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
) similar to males, ratio of length of antennomeres I to XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.9; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI 3.6: 2.6: 2.7: 3.7: 3.6: 3.5: 3.7: 3.4: 3.5: 3.0: 4.5. Ventrite VIII (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="07C6188D2DDC8A910E938C64D21591A3" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2F</figureCitation>
|
||
) weakly sclerotised, T-shaped, with dense, short setae along apical margin, apical margin irregular, spiculum short. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BE57D8290ED3B34E3188674404ABD378" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2G</figureCitation>
|
||
) slightly swollen; pump long and strongly curved, apex widely rounded; spermathecal duct short, shallowly projecting into receptaculum. Gonocoxae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="CEF14555C1EB98CE6A6C136FC5414F1E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. adult A antenna, male B antenna, female C apex of aedeagus, front view D base of aedeagus, dorsal view E aedeagus, lateral view F abdominal ventrite VIII, female G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, male." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898426" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">2H</figureCitation>
|
||
) short and widely conjoined at base, each gonocoxa widest at apical 1/3, with dense setae along apical areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0B6E3E4769B8A2263F040EFD39D101E" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6E65CCF9300DA31B932C517C9CF0B78" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9FB5400552940ABF4038CD2CF7D63A36" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Adults of this new species are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6852AB6BEE44CB77A516717559594E30" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nigriceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6613380848E903B9FEE71B8252EE9A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in colour pattern, but differ in possessing black antennae and outer margins of tibiae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D3F73EF401650E550FFFF69EC501782" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. female A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898425" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">1A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
) (yellow antennae and tibiae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F1CF78684CCA08F7192ACEC6415DA8D" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nigriceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="5F4BF615D03C96B265FEC056BDC05314" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBBF3771EFC9F39CA9EBB3C2C44BC424" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Diagnostic characters of Demarchus pubipennis Jacoby, non-type male from Sri Lanka; D. javanus Bryant, non-type adult from Java; D. nigriceps Chen & Wang, holotype. Dorsal view: A D. pubipennis B D. javanus C D. nigriceps; lateral view: D D. pubipennis E D. javanus F D. nigriceps; head and pronotum: G D. pubipennis H D. javanus I D. nigriceps." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898435" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">11C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
)), pronotum without antebasal transverse groove (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F03FB8773132EDD58ED7EF844F4FF6A4" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. female A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898425" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (pronotum with antebasal transverse groove in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA74636D949CBF620573F607F700CDA5" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nigriceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="0E13582A65DDFE9EF70AB403E2951ABD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7CE3CE3A9450A9E2D7ADCE38F07D20C7" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Diagnostic characters of Demarchus pubipennis Jacoby, non-type male from Sri Lanka; D. javanus Bryant, non-type adult from Java; D. nigriceps Chen & Wang, holotype. Dorsal view: A D. pubipennis B D. javanus C D. nigriceps; lateral view: D D. pubipennis E D. javanus F D. nigriceps; head and pronotum: G D. pubipennis H D. javanus I D. nigriceps." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898435" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">11C</figureCitation>
|
||
)), elytra with transverse impression (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="004FFAA5E5960CFB868962D30A5AD4E6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. female A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898425" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (elytra without transverse impression in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="985C62268431D53AE9252526D4655DAB" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nigriceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="6785A4F4EB6CEB42932BEEFD5DA3F1FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C6532AEA71C7FB5A8A7978C06E3543C6" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Diagnostic characters of Demarchus pubipennis Jacoby, non-type male from Sri Lanka; D. javanus Bryant, non-type adult from Java; D. nigriceps Chen & Wang, holotype. Dorsal view: A D. pubipennis B D. javanus C D. nigriceps; lateral view: D D. pubipennis E D. javanus F D. nigriceps; head and pronotum: G D. pubipennis H D. javanus I D. nigriceps." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898435" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">11C</figureCitation>
|
||
)), antennomeres IV-VII subequal in length and longer than antennomere III (IV-VII subequal in length and shorter than antennomere III in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0907006D336B9079C0E825364862CF58" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nigriceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="7A668BAA39A40F3462748578B0970B2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), antennomeres VIII-X subequal in length and shorter than antennomere XI (antennomere VIII-XI subequal in length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ABC131739E9A385EF7F27B3BD3CFFB4" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nigriceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCB38949F086FA86EFE62CF11858F8B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F02BA51B847BBFF122DDBFCE9DFD8C41" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="mature larvae">
|
||
<paragraph id="23BB780D841A73632C04785F2E416D5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Mature larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C532DF5FC631DA9EF5BB89B56E0663D" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Length 9.5-9.6 mm, width 2.5-2.6 mm. Live specimens (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="25E94F5A584532B46F73EDD63FD28D70" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7E</figureCitation>
|
||
): body form elongate, flattened; pale yellow, head and legs blackish brown; prothoracic and abdominal tergite IX with large sclerotised patches; thoracic tergites with small, longitudinal, curved sclerotised patches at sides; thoracic ventrites with small rounded sclerotised patches medially; lateral margins of meso- and metathoracic, and abdominal segments I-VIII expanding outwards, abdominal segments I-VIII each bearing one small process at lateral margins. body bearing tiny setae, the latter sometimes reduced to pores. Spiracles present on mesothorax and abdominal segments I-VIII (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="794CD2DCB1492E484B942FF327E4EEC3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="70915309AC0C13555DA46055729BD5DF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph id="D683D4CBCAEF75802B36D437C18FE74F" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="A777E216BF9EEE5D8E3F0D954CAD3DFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6613C8128A7C04E18EEAC4F08BCA720" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="4E85584569C2F810431B58568BFD4202" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. mature larva.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B8C065AEBAD6A26BA54397AB856DF4D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="3C0B81AAFFFB34270C5FBE8BF0ABE611" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
pro-mesothorax, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="FDC0B3ADC35558D4BF1B5DC2406F6B99" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
abdominal segment I, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="BB3F1EEE2ED8A5ECDE5882FBEBDFF43C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
pro-mesothorax, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="79BC83BC10B21B5D8DE556DAE8A31F41" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">E</emphasis>
|
||
abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F39B89AC044BD2B2148EF4C5E4B1B08" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Head (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C6BE015697BEDE7647D8A8083094D51C" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Flattened, narrower than prothorax, partly retracted into prothorax; frontal sutures (Frs) V-shaped, epicranial suture (Eps) short; endocarina (En) wide. Stemmata absent. Epicranium (Ep): with six pairs of short setae (e1-7) and nine pairs of pores (p1-9); e4-6 situated at posterolateral part of epicranial halves. Frons (Fr): with three pairs of short setae (f1-3) and one pair of pores. Clypeus (Cly): transverse, with three pairs of tiny setae near base. Clypeus and frons devided by apistomal sulcus. Labrum (Lbr): transverse, with one pair of short setae near midline; apical edge rounded. Epipharynx (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2E8FCC9893B52ECBFCB2F611508B5F7A" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
): densely setose anteriorly; with four or five large setae on each side; sensilla arranged in one pair of transverse rows. Mandibles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D6E27FE5C4215239F3AB55D68C92A8C" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
): symmetrical, palmate, each mandible with four sharp teeth, without penicillus. Antennae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E53F6B1106A72E26B631E425F86B6191" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
): weakly sclerotised, two segmented, attached to membranous area at end of frontal suture; first antennomere partly membranous, bearing one small conical sensory papilla and several sensilla; second antennomere small, without sensilla. Maxilla (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AB391B0119E159F6484FB781771ED85" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
): Stipes (St) elongate, bearing one pair of long setae and two pairs of short setae near lateral margin; with a long, curved sclerotisation (Scl). Mala with galea (Gal) and lacinia (Lac) not fused; galea wide, bearing six stout setae and numerous hair-like setae at apex; apical part of lacinia with dense hair-like setae; maxillary palpus (Mxp) three-segmented, second palpomere bearing two setae, one and third palpomeres each bearing one sensilla. Labium (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B2CB7EB679B8FD43846C9917EEAC60B9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
): submentum (Smen) trapezoid, bearing two pairs of long setae at sides; mentum not well defined; prementum short and transparent, with horseshoe-shaped mental sclerite (Mens), bearing one pair of setae at base; ligula (Lig) membranous, not separated from prementum, anterior edge broadly concave, bearing numerous hair-like setae; labial palpi (Lbip) small, two segmented; with three pairs of sensilla near labial palpi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B4A7FCCF9C41346E4FA6DF8B9E7C89E7" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="D852E7F34681F520B27CFAC9646953AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="F86CF12131992383A673BF60C1678BB6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0C9D303443187DBD1882E34436779BB" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9FF760D03576234ECDBEEA8C3A34056" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. mature larva
|
||
<emphasis id="8438B81D729F1DC1F58B11AA3406483C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
head
|
||
<emphasis id="4E40A17D0B9D5C5BB3EF99761378F41A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
maxilla and labium
|
||
<emphasis id="486E4181B554614A36D6F16C2B374734" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="A876ABB56724D0352F471559753FE3DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
mandible
|
||
<emphasis id="07991E2FBFDB41AB1601638322EA2A67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">E</emphasis>
|
||
epipharynx
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8AD3E79681D0C6ABEC4B9C7EAA874E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">F</emphasis>
|
||
middle leg
|
||
<emphasis id="7659350EAC4F183B4EC3E4808F1AD203" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">G</emphasis>
|
||
abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e1-e6-epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f1-f3-frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p1-p9-epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E02A1F975E62ABBBD219C606A1EE447" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Thorax. Prothorax: dorsum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AD76556CCD3EECB7526C3B4D7629D063" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one pair of pores and two pairs of short setae at basal areas of sclerotised patches; two pairs of short setae near base halfway between sclerotised patches and bases of lateral process; three pairs of short setae at sides. Sternal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="783AE35060F31808985CBC58CEECE2B1" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one small, sclerotised patch medially, two pairs of short setae at anterior and posterior parts of sclerotised patch respectively. Mesothorax: dorsal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DAF3A938E0D71BF8491715BAA1F8E94D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) with pores and short setae arranged into two transverse rows, anterior row with two pairs of pores and one pair of setae, posterior row with four setae; lateral longitudinal, sclerotised patches bearing three short setae. Sternal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="507F1E393AFCFEAF8218E4AF9F2312E2" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one very small, sclerotised patch, one pair of short setae and one pair of pores at anterior and posterior parts outside sclerotised patch. Metathorax: same pattern as mesothorax, except for absence of spiracle. Legs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="946E4FEBB7925F11F565160487B313CF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4F</figureCitation>
|
||
): five segments; trochantin (Tn) triangular, without setae or pores; coxa (Co) transverse, bearing several pores at basal half, and two short setae near apical margin; trochanter (Tr) triangular, lacking setae but with several pores; femur (Fe) small, with one long seta on mesal margin, and one small setae at inner face; tibia (Ti) enlarged at base decreasing toward apex, bearing seven short setae at apical 1/2; tarsungulus sclerotised, falciform, bearing one basal setae; pulvillus (Pu) bladder-like, as long as tarsungulus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FDFB02A46551B8725BBF10767E9B273A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Abdomen. Segments I-VIII: dorsal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C7DADB45134D13D147D59A69FB55EFBF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
) lacking setae, pores arranged into two transverse rows, bearing three pairs of pores at anterior and posterior row respectively, and three pairs of pores on lateral process; sternal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2A77B11C086D6463BFA9B098282731CC" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva. A dorsal view. B pro-mesothorax, dorsal view C abdominal segment I, dorsal view D pro-mesothorax, ventral view E abdominal segment I, ventral view. Abbreviations: Co-Coxa; Sp-spiracle; Tn-Trochantin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898427" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">3E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with pores arranged into three transverse rows, one pair of pores in anterior row, four pairs of pores in middle row, and two pairs of pores in posterior row, three pairs of pores on lateral process. Segment IX (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8785A6C4C3DBE7A9AEA8C7B903D4DFE2" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Demarchus hsui sp. nov. mature larva A head B maxilla and labium C antenna D mandible E epipharynx F middle leg G abdominal segment IX, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cly-clypeus; Co-coxa; e 1 - e 6 - epicranial setae; En-endocarina; Ep-epicranium; Eps-epicranial suture; f 1 - f 3 - frontal setae; Fe-femur; Fr-frons; Frs-frontal suture; Gal-galea; Lac-lacinia; Lbip- labial palpus; Lig-ligula; Mens-mental sclerite; Mxp-maxillary palpus; p 1 - p 9 - epicranial pores; Pu-pulvillus; Scl-sclerotisation; Senp-sensory papilla; St-stipes; Ti-tibia; Tn-trochantin; Tr-trochanter." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898428" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">4G</figureCitation>
|
||
): pygidium moderately sclerotised; disc with pores arranged into two transverse rows, three pairs of pores in anterior and posterior rows respectively; three pairs of short setae along lateral margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26EDF0FF5527035D582C7F4BD60BF73E" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E7D42E5460545F16F609FEE651539B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Host plant.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8EF5AF02A2C760605EC55C0FE29BE7C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A3E6D246A052A9A96CD2DC7B47E3BE6" authorityName="Jacoby" authorityYear="1887" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="695E0BD585844089234C63A0569A8D5F" authorityName="S.T.Chiu" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Hayata" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Taxillus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Taxillus rhododendricolus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76BB4DC6C66E3A3B4CB30E690D4ABC50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Taxillus rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hayata) S.T. Chiu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AA744C22133E7631E09D6C6D64FA655B" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="324D87D9A477324024894C5DE4EBC365" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="92BB00FA6D2E2F0DBBC36EE7AE2CEB7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Larvae are leaf miners of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="762C0E561F9BD1D0CFFA83B32BEB9C6A" authorityName="S.T.Chiu" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Hayata" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Taxillus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Taxillus rhododendricolus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4A4960A0ABFC0259AA0999DC07F6DEE8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Taxillus rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a hemiparasite. More than 20 larvae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="FC8F6EE4A8EED47E62A126454ADC6F04" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Field photographs taken from the type locality, Pilu (碧綠) A host plant, Taxillus rhododendricolus (indicated by arrows) B close-up and another angle of T. rhododendricolus C branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows) and larvae (indicated by red arrows) D branch of T. rhododendricolus with young larvae (indicated by arrows) mining leaves E branch of T. rhododendricolus with older and younger larvae (indicated by red arrows) mining leaves F branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898429" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">5C-E</figureCitation>
|
||
) were collected from branches (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7EA0B36F7344E57638ED46C9296B6CCA" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Field photographs taken from the type locality, Pilu (碧綠) A host plant, Taxillus rhododendricolus (indicated by arrows) B close-up and another angle of T. rhododendricolus C branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows) and larvae (indicated by red arrows) D branch of T. rhododendricolus with young larvae (indicated by arrows) mining leaves E branch of T. rhododendricolus with older and younger larvae (indicated by red arrows) mining leaves F branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898429" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) cut from the host tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84482032B38B7113913F16EF3E59D0E9" authority="Hayata var. fulvopubescens" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix fulvopubescens subsp. var. var. fulvopubescens" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="fulvopubescens" subSpecies="var." variety="fulvopubescens">Salix fulvopubescens Hayata var. fulvopubescens</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hayata (褐毛柳) at a height of approximately six meters during late August 2020. Forest type is mixed coniferous, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="066CDA77C27E9A81D0E88FFE1AC2D47A" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea asperata" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="asperata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9DF505A461B59C1742DCEE39614B382A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Picea asperata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mast.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50CA1521EC0B69751FA468AEB8006D31" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tsuga chinensis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BA6EB85D0EDB95A2204900467E7137C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Tsuga chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Franch.) Pritzel ex Diels., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C23984C0434D65554D724B50B319509" class="Coniferopsida" family="Taxodiaceae" genus="Cunninghamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cunninghamia konishii" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="konishii">
|
||
<emphasis id="6F8469D446455F77C8269A96176103A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Cunninghamia konishii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hayata, with some evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous trees. During 2022, 18 adults were collected using sweep nets from the same plant on June 20 by Dr. Hsu (see types). Eight additional adults were collected from the host plant on trees of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="795DDA109331169CFA6FDB427C291B27" authorityName="Hayata" authorityYear="1916" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Betulaceae" genus="Carpinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carpinus rankanensis" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="rankanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8939342CFC5072AD9CDB356544625C86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Carpinus rankanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hayata on July 13. Some other collecting trips were carried out during different months. These collecting events indicated that adults appear during June and July, egg masses during early August, and larvae only during late August and September, no life stages were found after October, and it is clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C327BA697D3C0759BFC838500024B79" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="3E869BEA30AB3EB76B2C68ECDE139116" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is an univoltine species. By contrast, populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53CE6EF6B2A8E7971EEEA1668CE5B7BA" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. pubipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="pubipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="08B71D45C64554061D37BDD7A9F870B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. pubipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Pakistan are multivoltine, with up to four generations a year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2FC1CA7C983287AA72689EB29404C740" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377512" author="Mushtaque, M" journalOrPublisher="Entomophaga" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" pagination="73 - 81" refId="B10" refString="Mushtaque, M, Baloch, GM, 1979. Possibilities of biological control of mistletoes, Loranthus spp., using oligophagous insects from Pakistan. Entomophaga 24 (1): 73 - 81, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377512" title="Possibilities of biological control of mistletoes, Loranthus spp., using oligophagous insects from Pakistan." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377512" volume="24" year="1979">Mushtaque and Baloch 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B2862F1EDB9213B6640C4095EF7F4A03" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898429" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="18674D292E2A532ABFCC33303AD4A974" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E201D1EF1D5FFA12547EDF650DCF39A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Field photographs taken from the type locality, Pilu (碧綠)
|
||
<emphasis id="8BA07B244B9A8FF63C77EA5D7524E1C0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C31A4D837714D493AEAE7821EBED182A" authorityName="S.T.Chiu" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Hayata" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Taxillus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Taxillus rhododendricolus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8DD55E4063E84CA7346C604A9177BD00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Taxillus rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(indicated by arrows)
|
||
<emphasis id="FB30D1A0FEAD87BD733268E482E0258A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
close-up and another angle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="788D61CBA57C335554982C0E72AE7A56" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE6A7199EB7A44D7EE3E67FC98EF5D37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="053BA1EB34C8984BECC5DE1C90CE0C25" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
branch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64CB5B8ADD720C1B27E87352F4213DD6" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9E90E370B75ABB3391F5B38F543575" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with egg masses (indicated by black arrows) and larvae (indicated by red arrows)
|
||
<emphasis id="A8E7EA06714A986094D45ACE8FEC241D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
branch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0602E2683539C1F2B82C631127844352" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4B9620EF5EA9017ED2A37331AB1FA1B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with young larvae (indicated by arrows) mining leaves
|
||
<emphasis id="FCC3CE1333250E22D16214CB2B42799D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">E</emphasis>
|
||
branch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE59AA1E9ED9A2B5DA9FE7D6E51025C9" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CE540DBCCAF802C1F3548BC6AF80C43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with older and younger larvae (indicated by red arrows) mining leaves
|
||
<emphasis id="D7DC9F8B5B8DC55843694A11D79C82A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">F</emphasis>
|
||
branch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8B5A9C268C9C587D79DC711412E0F67" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6122F4D00AF482C4D9343018A96475DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with egg masses (indicated by black arrows).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF2EAC6AE47315D213BA09C8453F1A12" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Egg masses were deposited at some distance from each other on undersides of leaves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8187AA1E7163D0AC71E972F436C86283" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A typical distribution of egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. on underside of leaf B egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows C egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow) D backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females scratched the leaf surface several times (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="305B4802D11838180828FFB1C39F01FA" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A typical distribution of egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. on underside of leaf B egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows C egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow) D backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
) so that neonate larvae could burrow into the leaves easily. Then four or five eggs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="77310C1F0AB01BAB281A3C8CCB4387C0" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A typical distribution of egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. on underside of leaf B egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows C egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow) D backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) were laid and covered by faeces. Usually only one larva hatched successfully from each egg mass (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0FCB51CF846C2EBF36E3339CE3E754BF" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A typical distribution of egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. on underside of leaf B egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows C egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow) D backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and began mining leaves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="02A4255E4587A23D9FF145F1724C4704" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph id="104863C758ECFE71F0159D3665E13B4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE23851E9B3B1BCE806DA740158FF9F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Egg masses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1196862C92F7B55A47AF2C5D4D99585" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="128224A26295FC8A465325BC4C164F82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="0CF4751E97AECD7B3E186EB0DF0CAE84" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
typical distribution of egg masses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="914D53AD4F549FF78ECBB8556306BD73" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EF8E42D8290FCC840440576F60AEC1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. on underside of leaf
|
||
<emphasis id="6BB05B82CAA8BEA3A1E93C9809B9E8D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows
|
||
<emphasis id="42C4D6D54C3732372CA43FED50EAAC1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow)
|
||
<emphasis id="36C54184780D1D2753F50A75E91AC04D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8416C4C68863F020DCD703CAA4080143" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CE6D1824C18D8C52A0C252C1A72831" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="614A620F74003C661069535DD10B1562" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
decayed as soon as larvae constructed tunnels (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="47CE0CC0B2AEBFB9A681F1D9A8A3AA50" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tunnels made by larvae were always transverse and turned towards the leaf apex (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="109E517E1409A851C516BBC26261B361" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae turned tunnels basally when conditions were not suitable to maintain the apical direction. Such a feeding pattern caused the entire leaf to decay from apex to base (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="E4C0A4DC2EA32C8D08C39D63EB9FE23D" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Field photographs taken from the type locality, Pilu (碧綠) A host plant, Taxillus rhododendricolus (indicated by arrows) B close-up and another angle of T. rhododendricolus C branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows) and larvae (indicated by red arrows) D branch of T. rhododendricolus with young larvae (indicated by arrows) mining leaves E branch of T. rhododendricolus with older and younger larvae (indicated by red arrows) mining leaves F branch of T. rhododendricolus with egg masses (indicated by black arrows)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898429" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">5D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="5552A2605024F87DCF2451B19D70D421" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A typical distribution of egg masses of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. on underside of leaf B egg mass removed from point where it was deposited, scratch marks indicated by arrows C egg mass from a different angle with eggs exposed (indicated by arrow) D backlit image with tunnels constructed by the new hatched larvae indicated by arrows." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898430" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="948B5D638A05AAC32AA9D3CAF4475F58" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae exited tunnels when conditions deteriorated and searched for more suitable leaves. They were able to tunnel into newly selected leaves and continue development (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D5B6423603F13FA04553297E874C4FF2" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mature larvae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="253EFE7CCC18836F1C21193F135A5490" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7E</figureCitation>
|
||
) emerged from tunnels and walked or fell to the ground, mainly falling when disturbed. They burrowed into soil and built underground chambers for pupation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="66251BD358D78D89628FD1B04F79B481" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF7F9C48DEA91F5D2993DE407B69BA39" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="9539BFE62F0A03F61E892C3BC2339581" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae and adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B315579BB36D4FFE3C01C028770F92" authorityName="Lee & Chen" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Demarchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Demarchus hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="C232F13749422FDB20CF774CF4E08764" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Demarchus hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="3067606AFB2268D1DCB50AF8D46EEC1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
|
||
young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf
|
||
<emphasis id="410458D44EE517416178E5DB687DE169" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
|
||
larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows)
|
||
<emphasis id="E4D9112D34A8DD1BA1A96F458005AEF0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
|
||
diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E36EA40EAB0FF15CAB2D5A7F575B2054" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Diagnostic features of adults of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A elytron, ventral view B metafemora spring C base of elytra, lateral view D hind wing. Abbreviations: cu-cubital vein; dl-dorsal lobe; ea-extended arm; j-jugal vein; m-medial vein; r-radial vein; re-recurved part of epipleuron; rt-sector of radial vein; vl-ventral lobe." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898433" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">9B</figureCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="661DA18C81C0A686AE1F844DED149010" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
older larva starting to mine leaf
|
||
<emphasis id="D16FB526083D8E791FDD562A66309598" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">E</emphasis>
|
||
mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel
|
||
<emphasis id="6CDA8BA74AC242CA43C69D720AB6B662" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">F</emphasis>
|
||
adult feeding on leaf.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F8D2000C0BD26BFEE164FCB60A0BB85C" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Adults on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6B1A6AE077E44B5CCB7862B67238ED8" lsidName="T. rhododendricolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="rhododendricolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CA6A6BE1454CC4A6CFCF1A21587C28A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">T. rhododendricolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were active during the day (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2703DA5D2A76EB657111825191E6E3D2" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7F</figureCitation>
|
||
). They fed on the upper surface of leaves, leaving round feeding scars (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4923D396A09A294D9581B8314CCC1A03" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Larvae and adult of Demarchus hsui sp. nov. A young larva (indicated by arrow) mining leaf B larval tunnels and feeding marks made by adults on leaf (indicated by arrows) C diagrammatic illustration of larval tunnels for Fig. 9 B D older larva starting to mine leaf E mature larva that emerged from larval tunnel F adult feeding on leaf." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.97854.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898431" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">7B, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3C6199FA9040EA3568A42F00221A5CFE" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="C3C156D64C3364760ECB25A5BB0C0244" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D772B9502421EFB3D378A659285DD27" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A299098E6AA73D720B2859A5506954E7" class="Insecta" family="Loranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hsui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="hsui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B99158A19D1B5F565A60455662952456" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">D. hsui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. exhibit unusual characters that are typical for leaf miners (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB16E7029A8FACC38B9F866FF8DE3AB2" author="Takizawa, H" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana, New Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" pagination="187 - 206" publicationUrl="https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/10530" refId="B16" refString="Takizawa, H, 2005. Supra-generic subdivisions of the subfamily Alticinae based on larval characters, with descriptions of larvae of Hispaniolan species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insecta Matsumurana, New Series 62: 187 - 206, https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/10530" title="Supra-generic subdivisions of the subfamily Alticinae based on larval characters, with descriptions of larvae of Hispaniolan species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." url="https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/10530" volume="62" year="2005">Takizawa 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including flattened body and head, head with vertex incised in a U- or V-shape posteriorly, and body surface without setae or tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4C422B168FF74763B5E42B1B75F39A7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="900CF9F4A037264911A4A20BBD642C2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2B61DF5FFE037C596DAE59732A118E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">This new species is named for Dr. Yu-Feng Hsu (徐堉峰), who is a well-known butterfly expert and the first person to collect specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F63328E5EE22894C221DF94D0D51E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E628D5182E414E0B650D8E8CA98128A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3CB56C7245E1AE91E7A03BA4E62A71D" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The new species is only recorded from the type locality -- Pilu (碧綠), in Hualien County, East Taiwan. It is located at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CD819219D7279D6A889273E1E8185311" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="51.3" value="24.180916">24°10'51.3"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0F6DAB0ABF107901E22153107AE182" degrees="121" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.6" value="121.40322">121°24'11.6"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2150 m MSL, and protected by the Taroko National Park (太魯閣國家公園). This locality seems to be the biodiversity hotspot. The rarely collected chrysomeline
|
||
<taxonomicName id="814289ABA69B1B13A7A22214588D99BB" authorityName="Kimoto & Osawa" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ambrostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrostoma chinkinyui" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinkinyui">
|
||
<emphasis id="87783496540A7DC058EB23123E95D7D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Ambrostoma chinkinyui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kimoto & Osawa, 1995 is also only known from this locality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82BEB6AE96F4C1C23588AD6351028DE2" author="Kimoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" pagination="15 - 16" publicationUrl="http://coleoptera.sakura.ne.jp/ERJ/ERJ50(1)1995.pdf" refId="B7" refString="Kimoto, S, Osawa, S, 1995. Description of a new species of the genus Ambrostoma Motschulsky from Taiwan, China (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae). Entomological Review of Japan 50 (1): 15 - 16, http://coleoptera.sakura.ne.jp/ERJ/ERJ50(1)1995.pdf" title="Description of a new species of the genus Ambrostoma Motschulsky from Taiwan, China (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae)." url="http://coleoptera.sakura.ne.jp/ERJ/ERJ50(1)1995.pdf" volume="50" year="1995">Kimoto and Osawa 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as multiple undescribed species (unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |