141 lines
17 KiB
XML
141 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="80F222A30CC2EB7478C96B36ABBB7328" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.184963" ID-GBIF-Dataset="148d792f-e193-4ec3-8ca8-9361dd65a400" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="184963" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460049809915" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Disney, Henry L." docDate="2008" docId="546E878FFFC4FFCFFF64FA2DFF15F818" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01937p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1937" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Metopina Macquart 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="A857FFF7FFC4FFCEFFF3FF8FFFDDFFF0" masterDocTitle="Review of Oriental Metopina Macquart (Diptera: Phoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698234495397" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0E3EE3C35017DD805F4674AD71978912">
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<mods:title id="BFE80CC5F1F66FCC07193950E849DBEB">Review of Oriental Metopina Macquart (Diptera: Phoridae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="450D981ADDE6E4F4CC2BD8368EA36B8A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DF4B44305BE44520C10E80D60737F2E4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="995C5267F9BCEEC4936067FC5E6E9982">Disney, Henry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="627DF9FA539F28C3919566D80959D0DB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9E3311152DAC1456F5233470A477FE4A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AC7A0DA2067750C2CDD45AA518BA4DC9">
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<mods:date id="21CE08660952D7F6CE41A55C62C76CED">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="76C0B6F479B9E62FE3FA8AD0198C9312" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2B1425F07831E5E93E6977D819959820">1937</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5CBDAEC666BAB0B58EAA0008C85B2AA0">23</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="DF94CA46D6CC2F82EF9EC02F6A696464">38</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="756606928C0E31E78031F36FF8EA2C30">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F498ADBF3D69CB860C3B6EA67F98489F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.184963</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="604CFFB4BC6DF837F82AD26CD2B8EF4D" type="GBIF-Dataset">148d792f-e193-4ec3-8ca8-9361dd65a400</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4A9ACBF90DBE7EEF3DE6F8E7BF7D89E6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3363B021DB0352199A2FDEB0D0D8FD74" type="Zenodo-Dep">184963</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="546E878FFFC4FFCFFF64FA2DFF15F818" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6231622" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124874283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6231622" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546E878FFFC4FFCFFF64FA2DFF15F818" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/546E878FFFC4FFCFFF64FA2DFF15F818" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="94DD6512FFC4FFCEFF64FA2DFDEDFA4C" box="[151,560,1442,1468]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC4FFCEFF64FA2DFDEDFA4C" blockId="0.[151,560,1442,1468]" box="[151,560,1442,1468]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="873081F5FFC4FFCEFF64FA2DFDEDFA4C" bold="true" box="[151,560,1442,1468]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC4FFCEFF64FA2DFDEDFA4C" bold="true" box="[151,560,1442,1468]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC4FFCEFF1DFA2DFDEDFA4C" ID-CoL="5QX6" ID-ENA="92543" authority="Macquart, 1835" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[238,560,1442,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC4FFCEFF1DFA2DFEBFFA4C" bold="true" box="[238,354,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Metopina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFE9AFA2DFDEDFA4C" author="Macquart" box="[361,560,1442,1468]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Macquart, J. (1835) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Dipteres. In Roret, N. E. (editor), Collections des Suites a Buffon, Paris 2, iv, 1 - 703." type="journal article" year="1835">Macquart, 1835</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="94DD6512FFC4FFCFFF64FA63FF15F818" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC4FFCEFF64FA63FD04F9F4" blockId="0.[151,729,1516,1540]" box="[151,729,1516,1540]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC4FFCEFF64FA63FEF6F9F4" bold="true" box="[151,299,1516,1540]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<typeStatus id="037C883BFFC4FFCEFF64FA63FF12F9F4" box="[151,207,1516,1540]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC4FFCEFEC2FA62FD09F9F4" authority="Haliday, 1833: 179" authorityName="Haliday" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1833" box="[305,724,1517,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galeata">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC4FFCEFEC2FA62FE33F9F4" box="[305,494,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Metopina galeata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFE0FFA62FD10F9F4" author="Haliday" box="[508,717,1517,1540]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Haliday, A. H. (1833) Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomological Magazine 1, 147 - 180." type="journal article" year="1833">Haliday, 1833: 179</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC4FFCEFF36F9BAFE36F91F" blockId="0.[151,1436,1589,2015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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Almost three dozen species of the cosmopolitan genus
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC4FFCEFCA7F9BAFC19F9BE" box="[852,964,1589,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC4FFCEFCA7F9BAFC19F9BE" box="[852,964,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Metopina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are known. Confusion has been caused by naming species on the basis of descriptions of one sex only. Modern species descriptions should be based on both sexes or the females alone. Males alone should not be named. The discovery of polymorphism among the females of one species (
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFE10F922FD5EF937" author="Disney" box="[483,643,1709,1735]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (1988) A remarkable new species of scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) whose larvae infest chickpea root nodules in India. Journal of Natural History, 22, 611 - 116." type="journal volume" year="1988">Disney, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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) revealed that for a Neotropical species a similar morph had been assigned to a separate genus!
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC4FFCEFF36F972FC08F82F" blockId="0.[151,1436,1589,2015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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The Australasian species are covered by
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFD59F972FC8EF8E7" author="Disney" box="[682,851,1789,1815]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (2003) Tasmanian Phoridae (Diptera) and some additional Australasian species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 505 - 639." type="journal article" year="2003">Disney (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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and the Asian Palaearctic species are covered by
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFF64F8AAFDFCF8CF" author="Disney" box="[151,545,1829,1855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. & Michailovskaya, M. V. (2000) New species of Metopina Macquart (Diptera, Phoridae) from the Russian far east. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, 9, 105 - 114 (1998)." type="journal article" year="2000">Disney & Michailovskaya (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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and by
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFD72F8AAFCDFF8CF" author="Liu" box="[641,770,1829,1855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Liu, G. (2001) A Taxonomic Study of Chinese Phorid Flies Diptera: Phoridae (part 1). China: Neupress. 292 pp." type="book" year="2001">Liu (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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, who keys species from
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<collectingCountry id="A4D07609FFC4FFCEFBD7F8AAFBB0F8CF" box="[1060,1133,1829,1855]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">China</collectingCountry>
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, but overlooked a species added by
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFEFAF8C2FDDAF897" author="Yang" box="[265,519,1869,1895]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Yang, C-K. & Wang, X. (1995) Diptera: Phoridae. Insects of Baishanzu Mountain, Eastern China, 12, 522 - 524." type="journal article" year="1995">Yang & Wang (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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. Previously known Oriental species were covered by
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFB88F8C2FAF2F897" author="Schmitz" box="[1147,1327,1869,1895]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Schmitz, H. (1927) Eine neue myrmecophile Metopina, nebst anderen neuen Arten dieser Gattung. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 74, 241 - 8." type="journal article" year="1927">Schmitz (1927)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFA9AF8C2FECCF87F" author="Disney" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (1988) A remarkable new species of scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) whose larvae infest chickpea root nodules in India. Journal of Natural History, 22, 611 - 116." type="journal volume" year="1988">Disney (1988</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFEECF8FAFE81F87F" author="Disney" box="[287,348,1909,1935]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (1994) A new species and new records of Phoridae (Diptera) from New Zealand. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, 6, 93 - 8 (1992)." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFE99F8FAFE77F87F" author="Disney" box="[362,426,1909,1935]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (2003) Tasmanian Phoridae (Diptera) and some additional Australasian species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 505 - 639." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
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); with the former also recorded since from the Australasian Region and from Arabia (
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC4FFCEFF6CF812FE9DF847" author="Disney" box="[159,320,1949,1975]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (2006) Insects of Arabia scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) Part I: all genera except Megaselia. Fauna of Arabia, 22, 473 - 521." type="journal article" year="2006">Disney, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). In this paper a further eight species, based on females, are described and named, and a key to the females of all species known from the Oriental Region is provided.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC5FFCFFF36FF17FD79FE3A" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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The larvae are unusual in having the mandibles fused to the sides of the median tooth (
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<figureCitation id="44FC2A1CFFC5FFCFFB1BFF17FAECFF42" box="[1256,1329,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[210,1381,608,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[202,1385,594,1810]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Metopina. (3) M. chambersae female, abdominal tergites 4 – 6; (4) M. ciceri last instar larva, left face of cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184964/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) and the puparium possesses the respiratory-horn tubercles on the eclosion plates, complete with the central weak spot for the penetration of the respiratory horns. However, the latter are short and weakly sclerotised and fail to puncture the central weak spots. The habits of the larvae are poorly known in this genus. Some species from elsewhere feed on decaying organic materials, including vertebrate carrion, and
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<bibRefCitation id="B8564B68FFC5FFCFFBA9FEB7FAECFEA2" author="Holldobler" box="[1114,1329,312,338]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" refString="Holldobler, K. (1928) Zur Biologie der diebischen Zwergamiese (Solenopsis fugax) und ihrer Gaste. Biologisches Zentralblatt 48, 129 - 142." type="journal article" year="1928">Hölldobler (1928)</bibRefCitation>
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reported the case of kleptoparasitic trophallaxis in which
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC5FFCFFD2FFEEFFC06FE89" box="[732,987,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicomendicula">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFD2FFEEFFC06FE89" box="[732,987,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. formicomendicula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adults solicit food from the ant
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC5FFCFFA93FEEFFEF7FE51" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fugax">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFA93FEEFFEF7FE51" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Solenopsis fugax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Of the species covered below the larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC5FFCFFCC0FE07FC40FE51" box="[819,925,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ciceri">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFCC0FE07FC40FE51" box="[819,925,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. ciceri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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inhabit the root nodules of chick peas, possibly feeding on the nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC5FFCFFF35FE58FB66FE02" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,738]" box="[198,1211,471,498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFF35FE58FE7BFE01" bold="true" box="[198,422,471,497]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Review of species.</emphasis>
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The formal diagnoses are the features employed in the keys below.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC5FFCFFF35FD8FFE94FD12" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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The presence or absence of the bristles of the frons between the four, median, supra-antennal bristles (SAs) and the anterior ocellus are important taxonomically. These bristles comprise an anterior (lower) row, of the inner antials (
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<collectingCountry id="A4D07609FFC5FFCFFE92FDDFFE59FD9A" box="[353,388,592,618]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">As</collectingCountry>
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) and outer anterolaterals (ALs), and a median row (almost level with the anterior ocellus) of the inner pre-ocellars (POs) and the outer mediolateral bristles (MLs). With regard to the colour of the legs there is always a brown patch on the each mid coxa. Likewise the haltere knobs are brown in all the species covered below.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC783699FFC5FFCFFF64F821FF15F818" blockId="1.[151,1435,1966,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFF64F821FE99F836" bold="true" box="[151,324,1966,1990]" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">FIGURES 1–2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC5FFCFFEBEF821FE6EF835" box="[333,435,1966,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFEBEF821FE6EF835" box="[333,435,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Metopina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females, abdominal tergites: (1)
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC5FFCFFCEEF821FC40F835" box="[797,925,1966,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bacanae">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFCEEF821FC40F835" box="[797,925,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. bacanae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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T3-T6; (2)
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<taxonomicName id="1BC74D1AFFC5FFCFFBD2F821FB47F835" box="[1057,1178,1966,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaxteri">
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<emphasis id="EEB3EA8BFFC5FFCFFBD2F821FB47F835" box="[1057,1178,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">M. blaxteri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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T4-T7. Scale bar =
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<quantity id="1B3F9B7CFFC5FFCFFA89F821FF19F818" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |