299 lines
36 KiB
XML
299 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.413.7172" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f45c1ebe-039d-4180-bfd0-a9d772f72281" ID-PMC="PMC4086027" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-413-1" ID-PubMed="25009414" ID-ZBK="5791CE9C1CC0472095838A585DA79446" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-413-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 413" ModsDocTitle="The hyper-diverse ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Malagasy region taxonomic revision of the T. naganum, T. plesiarum, T. schaufussii, and T. severini species groups" checkinTime="1451245833965" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hita Garcia, Francisco & Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2014" docId="545BA32469D8796494E41879DFE99DF4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 413: 1-170" docOrigin="ZooKeys 413" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.413.7172" docTitle="Tetramorium rumo Hita Garcia & Fisher, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="555CD002-455A-4AE0-A404-99F38EEFF755" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="74" masterDocId="FFFAFFE7FFB3C93AB161C804401EFFC2" masterDocTitle="The hyper-diverse ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Malagasy region taxonomic revision of the T. naganum, T. plesiarum, T. schaufussii, and T. severini species groups" masterLastPageNumber="170" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1668158573061" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The hyper-diverse ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Malagasy region taxonomic revision of the T. naganum, T. plesiarum, T. schaufussii, and T. severini species groups</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hita Garcia, Francisco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>413</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>170</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.413.7172</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.413.7172</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-413-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">5791CE9C1CC0472095838A585DA79446</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5791CE9C1CC0472095838A585DA79446</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053312" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:555CD002-455A-4AE0-A404-99F38EEFF755" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/545BA32469D8796494E41879DFE99DF4" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/555CD002-455A-4AE0-A404-99F38EEFF755" authority="Hita Garcia & Fisher" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="70" pageNumber="71" start="start">Tetramorium</pageBreakToken>
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rumo Hita Garcia & Fisher
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="70" pageNumber="71">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 22B, 23D, 24D, 27A, 38, 64
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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Holotype, pinned worker, MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
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Speciale Manombo 24.5 km 228° Farafangana,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-23.01583">23.01583°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="47.719">47.719°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 30 m, lowland rainforest, collection code BLF13963, 20.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS: CASENT0073025). Paratypes, seven pinned workers with same data as holotype (BMNH: CASENT0071823; CAS: CASENT0071827; CASENT0072469; CASENT0073028; CASENT0073033; CASENT0073038; CASENT0073039).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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Figure 38.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
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holotype worker (CASENT0073025). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forestière">Forestiere</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Agnalazaha">d'Agnalazaha</normalizedToken>
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, Mahabo, 42.9 km 215° Farafangana,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-23.19383">23.19383°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="47.723">47.723°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 20 m, littoral rainforest, 19.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa, P.N. Ranomafana, Tolongoina-Ampasimpotsy 3,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.47412">21.47412°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.55742">47.55742°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 520 m, stomach contents of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mantella bernhardi" order="Anura" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernhardi">Mantella bernhardi</taxonomicName>
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Vences et al., 11.IV.2003 (V.C. Clark); Fianarantsoa,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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de Vevembe, 66.6 km 293° Farafangana,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-22.791">22.791°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.18183">47.18183°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 600 m, rainforest, transition to montane forest, 23.-24.IV.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, 6 km ESE Andasibe (=Perinet),
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-18.95">18.95°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.46667">48.46667°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 900 m, rainforest, 17.XI.1990 (P.S. Ward); Toamasina, F.C. Andriantantely,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-18.695">18.695°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.81333">48.81333°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 530 m, rainforest, 7.XII.1998 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toamasina, Ankerana, 18.4061S, 48.82029°E, 725 m, rainforest, 16.-21.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Ankerana,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.40829">18.40829°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.82107">48.82107°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 750 m, rainforest, 21.-26.I.2012 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-17.88667">17.88667°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="49.2025">49.2025°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 520 m, rainforest, 1.-3.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toamasina, F.C. Sandranantitra,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.04833">18.04833°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.09167">49.09167°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 450 m, rainforest, 21.I.1999 (H.J. Ratsirarson); Toliara,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
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. Andohahela, 10 km NW Enakara,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.56667">24.56667°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.81667">46.81667°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 420-430 m, rainforest, 15.-22.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
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. Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-24.55">24.55°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="46.8">46.8°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1250 m, montane rainforest, 30.XI.1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
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. Andohahela, 6 km SSW Eminiminy,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.73333">24.73333°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="46.8">46.8°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 330 m, rainforest, 4.II.1993 (P.S. Ward); Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Col de Tanatana, 33.3 km NW Tolagnaro,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-24.7585">24.7585°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.85367">46.85367°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 275 m, rainforest, 28.XI.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Andohahela,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.77639">24.77639°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.70528">46.70528°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 320 m, 9.XII.2007 (A. Ballerio); Toliara,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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Ivohibe, 55.0 km N Tolagnaro,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-24.569">24.569°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="47.204">47.204°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 200 m, rainforest, 2.-4.XII.2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="71" pageNumber="72" start="start">Tetramorium</pageBreakToken>
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rumo
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</taxonomicName>
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can be well recognised within the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
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species complex on the basis of the following character combination: very large eyes (OI 28-31); antennal scapes very short (SI 60-66); propodeal spines moderately long, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 22-26); propodeal spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other; petiolar node thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37-43), in dorsal view between 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156-171); mesosoma either with at least seven pairs of long, standing hairs on pronotum and mesonotum and propodeum sometimes with one pair anteriorly, or with just two pairs of long, standing hairs, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="worker measurements">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Worker measurements</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">(N=12). HL 0.47-0.55 (0.51); HW 0.43-0.49 (0.45); SL 0.26-0.32 (0.29); EL 0.12-0.14 (0.13); PH 0.21-0.24 (0.23); PW 0.34-0.39 (0.36); WL 0.56-0.67 (0.60); PSL 0.11-0.13 (0.12); PTL 0.07-0.09 (0.08); PTH 0.19-0.23 (0.21); PTW 0.12-0.15 (0.14); PPL 0.12-0.15 (0.13); PPH 0.17-0.20 (0.19); PPW 0.18-0.22 (0.20); CI 88-91 (90); SI 60-66 (64); OI 28-31 (29); DMI 58-62 (60); LMI 36-38 (38); PSLI 22-26 (23); PeNI 35-39 (38); LPeI 37-43 (41); DPeI 156-171 (162); PpNI 51-56 (54); LPpI 68-75 (72); DPpI 138-152 (146); PPI 141-152 (145).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="worker description">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Worker description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Head much longer than wide (CI 88-91); in full-face view posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct median impression. Frontal carinae very weakly developed, only feebly raised, usually ending shortly after posterior eye margin or merging with cephalic sculpture halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin. Antennal scrobes very weak to absent, very shallow and without clear and distinct posterior and ventral margins. Antennal scapes very short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 60-66). Eyes very large (OI 28-31). Mesosomal outline in profile flat to weakly convex, comparatively low and long (LMI 36-38), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove very weak to absent. Propodeal spines moderately long, elongate-triangular to spinose, and usually acute (PSLI 22-26), propodeal lobes triangular and short, always much shorter than propodeal spines, in profile spines and lobes not strongly inclined towards each other. Petiolar node thinly cuneiform and moderately squamiform, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37-43), anterior and posterior faces not parallel, anterodorsal margin usually situated higher and more strongly angled than posterodorsal margin, petiolar dorsum relatively flat to weakly convex and tapering backwards posteriorly; node in dorsal view between 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156-171), in dorsal view pronotum around 2.6 to 2.8 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 35-39). Postpetiole in profile globular, between 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than long (LPpI 68-75); in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than long (DPpI 138-152), pronotum around 1.8 to 1.9 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 51-56). Postpetiole in profile appearing shorter and thicker than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view around 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 141-152). Mandibles completely unsculptured, smooth, and shiny; clypeus weakly irregularly longitudinally rugulose, median rugula usually present but rarely fully developed, one or two mostly broken lateral rugulae present on each side; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae longitudinally rugulose with eight to eleven fine rugulae, rugulae usually running from posterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, often irregularly shaped, interrupted or with cross-meshes; scrobal area mostly unsculptured; lateral head mainly longitudinally rugulose to reticulate-rugulose, but larger areas often only weakly sculptured and appearing fairly smooth and shiny. Ground sculpture on head variable, ranging from weakly developed or absent to moderately punctate. Dorsum of mesosoma mostly longitudinally rugulose;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="72" pageNumber="73" start="start">lateral</pageBreakToken>
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mesosoma mostly unsculptured with smaller, irregularly longitudinally rugulose or reticulate-rugulose areas. Ground sculpture on mesosoma very weak to absent. Forecoxae usually unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Both waist segments and gaster fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining. Dorsum of head with several pairs of long, fine, standing hairs; pilosity on dorsal mesosoma variable: southern populations with at least seven pairs on pronotum and mesonotum, propodeum sometimes with one pair anteriorly, and northern populations with only two pairs, one on anterior pronotum and one on anterior mesonotum; waist segments and first gastral tergite without any standing hairs; first gastral tergite with short, dense, appressed (rarely decumbent) pubescence. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed to decumbent hairs. Body usually uniformly whitish yellow to light brown, very rarely darker.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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The new species is named after the fictional character
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Rumo”">"Rumo"</normalizedToken>
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from Walter
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Moers’">Moers'</normalizedToken>
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fantasy novel "Rumo and His Miraculous Adventures".
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
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is a very bright species, almost white, with distinct propodeal spines reminiscent of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Rumo”">"Rumo"</normalizedToken>
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, who is a white wolperting with short but acute horns. The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letter, thus invariable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="distribution and biology">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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The new species is another rainforest inhabitant mainly found in eastern Madagascar (Fig. 64). However, the distribution range is somewhat unusual since
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
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is found in the southeast from Andohahela to Ranomafana, and then much further north from Perinet to Betampona. The reasons for this patchy distribution are unclear.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
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was mainly sampled in rainforests, rarely montane rainforests or littoral rainforests, at elevations ranging from 20 to 1250 m. In addition,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
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appears to live in leaf litter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
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is very unlikely to be confused with the much larger species
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium freya" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freya">Tetramorium freya</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium gladius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladius">Tetramorium gladius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium myrmidon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmidon">Tetramorium myrmidon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium proximum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proximum">Tetramorium proximum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium tenuinode" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuinode">Tetramorium tenuinode</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All the latter species, except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium freya" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freya">Tetramorium freya</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also have very well developed frontal carinae, which contrast with the reduced and very weak frontal carinae seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium freya" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freya">Tetramorium freya</taxonomicName>
|
||
has weaker frontal carinae than the other four species, but in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
this species does not have any standing pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium gladius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladius">Tetramorium gladius</taxonomicName>
|
||
has very small eyes (OI 19-20) compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has very large eyes (OI 28-31). The remaining four species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex are morphologically much closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
than the five species mentioned above. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium camelliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camelliae">Tetramorium camelliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily separable from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the petiolar node shape, which is strongly squamiform and transverse in the former (LPeI 33-36; DPeI 228-238), contrasting with the highly nodiform to thinly cuneiform node of the latter (LPeI 37-43; DPeI 156-171).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium aspis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspis">Tetramorium aspis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium karthala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karthala">Tetramorium karthala</taxonomicName>
|
||
both have longer antennal scapes (SI 68-74), shorter propodeal spines (PSLI 18-22), thicker and lower petiolar nodes in profile (LPeI 46-54), and less transverse nodes in dorsal view (DPeI 146-161) compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SI 60-66; LPeI 37-43; DPeI 156-171). In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium aspis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspis">Tetramorium aspis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has propodeal spines and lobes strongly inclined towards each other, an arrangement absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium karthala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karthala">Tetramorium karthala</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only found on the Comorian island of Grand Comore while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed in Madagascar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="73" pageNumber="74" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
last species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself, is probably the closest relative of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the complex, and without careful examination they could be confused in some cases. However, both differ clearly in propodeal spine length and petiolar node shape.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
has relatively long and spinose propodeal spines (PSLI 22-26) which contrast with the much more reduced, short, and triangular teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PSLI 12-16). Also, the thinly cuneiform petiolar node of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37-43) and around 1.6 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156-171), discriminates it from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium cognatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatum">Tetramorium cognatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the node is 1.8 to 2.0 times higher than long (LPeI 49-55) and around 1.3 to 1.4 times wider than long (DPeI 129-142).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
Nonetheless, the species most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rala">Tetramorium rala</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium schaufussi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussi">Tetramorium schaufussi</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. Both species share a very similar habitus. Compared to all other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium schaufussi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussi">Tetramorium schaufussi</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, they are smaller in size, have relatively longer propodeal spines, a high nodiform to thinly cuneiform petiolar node, lack standing pilosity on the waist segments, and possess very bright body colouration. We have placed them in different species complexes on the basis of the presence (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rala">Tetramorium rala</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or absence (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) of standing pilosity on the first gastral tergite, but otherwise these two species could be easily confused. However, despite the very strong similarities, substantial differences separate these species from each other. Most obviously, the petiolar node of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thinner and stronger anteroposteriorly compressed, in profile around 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than long (LPeI 37-43), and in dorsal view between 1.5 to 1.7 times wider than long (DPeI 156-171). By contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rala">Tetramorium rala</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a node in profile is 2.0 to 2.2 times higher than long (LPeI 45-50), and in dorsal view around 1.3 to 1.5 times broader than long (DPeI 129-145). Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
has larger eyes (OI 28-31) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rala">Tetramorium rala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OI 26-28). In addition, their distribution ranges strongly overlap in central-eastern Madagascar and both species maintain their species identities without intermediate forms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
As mentioned above, there is some noteworthy variation in mesosomal pilosity in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium rumo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumo">Tetramorium rumo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The populations in the southeast from Andohahela to Vevembe and the type locality Manombo all have at least seven pairs of long, standing hairs on the pronotum and mesonotum and the propodeum sometimes has one pair anteriorly, whereas the populations further north from Perinet to Betampona all have just two pairs of long, standing hairs (one on the anterior pronotum and one on the anterior mesonotum). Nevertheless, since both population groups are widely separated geographically and other character divides them, we consider this a clear case of geographical variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |