633 lines
75 KiB
XML
633 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="E056C2FE2098B0D80DE58B958A2BBFEB" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119429" ID-ZooBank="C5BC0813-D7ED-4192-A726-7560C1BC28DC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1626875728399" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Opresko, Dennis M. & Molodtsova, Tina N." docDate="2021" docId="5441A02CB13EFFBF3EACB12EFB13522C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4999.5.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4999 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parantipathes pluma Opresko & Molodtsova 2021, n. sp." docType="treatment" docUuid="7E0195DB-65A4-4DD9-9320-C013B125012A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="420" masterDocId="A878D854B131FFAC3E3BB064FF8C5651" masterDocTitle="New species of deep-sea Antipatharians from the North Pacific (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), Part 2" masterLastPageNumber="422" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="416" updateTime="1699012000698" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B7C9FA9E533476660506CF07649D2A42">New species of deep-sea Antipatharians from the North Pacific (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia), Part 2</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DBF06A684FABA8B0097374669DEBCFF4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="38AB7FB89776AC552CB5FEED42173C09">Opresko, Dennis M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B2356FA226E681FE28B9A02331BFA093">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. dmopresko @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9946 - 1533</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3444CA173541E3BE0E4E3015FFF66CE6" type="email">dmopresko@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="23E05F24E73837229BB4FBBFE74F4F5F">Molodtsova, Tina N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC7D7513E849B4E15C2A658D1AF0CD19">P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, 36 Nakhimovsky prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2BBE77F770F4EFFC4CEFB9874F001FA0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="29B99C93C8D7570361F4625F38B7CDE3">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4AC2D72C66356CC19A84415D179E9E1C">2021-07-14</mods:number>
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<heading id="871FA656B13EFFA33EACB12EFE525734" bold="true" box="[151,478,330,357]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33EACB12EFE525734" bold="true" box="[151,478,330,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B13EFFA33EACB12EFE195734" ID-CoL="8M2TP" authority="Opresko & Molodtsova, 2021" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,405,330,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33EACB12EFE195734" bold="true" box="[151,405,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5AF7053B13EFFA33FA7B12FFE525734" box="[412,478,331,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="94F242B1B13EFFA33EACB10BFD1B57BE" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DC57113AB13EFFA33EACB10BFE8757DB" blockId="15.[151,965,330,429]" box="[151,267,367,394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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(
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<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB13EFFA33EA4B10BFE8F57DB" box="[159,259,367,394]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1627,1651]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,249,1697,1721]" captionStartId-2="18.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,220,1584]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1673]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@16.[151,1436,220,1584]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1673]" captionTargetId-2="figure-139@18.[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., holotype, USNM 1093058: A. corallum; B. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., holotype, USNM 1093058, sections of pinnules. Scale bars 0.1 mm except as indicated." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., paratype, USNM 1498742: A. corallum; B. middle sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm; C. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules; D. basal sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm. (B and D from SEM stub 510)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119447" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119449" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119451" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5119447/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5119449/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5119451/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Figs 6–8</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC57113AB13EFFA33EACB1F6FC4957FC" blockId="15.[151,965,330,429]" box="[151,965,402,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<paragraph id="DC57113AB13EFFA33EACB1B3FD1B57BE" blockId="15.[151,663,471,495]" box="[151,663,471,495]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B13EFFA33EACB1B3FEC657BE" box="[151,330,471,495]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33EACB1B3FEAB57BE" box="[151,295,471,495]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Parantipathes</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB13EFFA33F6BB1B3FD9857BE" author="Brugler, M. R. & Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C." box="[336,532,471,495]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" pagination="312 - 361" refId="ref14428" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Brugler
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33F9FB1BCFE5D57BE" box="[420,465,471,495]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">et al</emphasis>
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. 2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 7A, 7D.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="94F242B1B13EFFA33EACB279FED15562" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33EACB279FE0D5466" bold="true" box="[151,385,541,567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33FB3B279FE765469" bold="true" box="[392,506,541,568]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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<typeStatus id="0353AF98B13EFFA33FB3B279FE7E5469" box="[392,498,541,568]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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USNM 1093058 (
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||
<collectionCode id="BAF989FFB13EFFA33CF1B279FC895466" box="[714,773,541,567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">SEM</collectionCode>
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stub 503),
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33DBEB27AFC745466" box="[901,1016,541,568]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">N. Pacific</collectorName>
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,
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central
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</location>
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, S. of
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,
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33F12B226FEE6540A" box="[297,362,578,603]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Jason</emphasis>
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II, Dive
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</taxonomicName>
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95 (Field Identification Number: J
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</date>
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),
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,
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,
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</quantity>
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, coll.
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33BB8B226FF56542E" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">R. Stone</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="A85637FAB13EFFA33EDFB201FEFF542E" box="[228,371,613,640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2004-07-25">
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<collectingDate id="B812CE12B13EFFA33EDFB201FEFF542E" box="[228,371,613,640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2004-07-25">25 July 2004</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(specimen dry)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="6C801B67B13EFFA33C15B202FB0C54F2" collectingDate="2016-07-10" collectionCode="SEM" collectorName="N. Pacific & Bering Sea & Zhemchug Canyon, F & V Cape Flattery & J. Hoff" elevation="977" latitude="58.5395" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-175.064" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33C15B202FD1954D1" bold="true" box="[558,661,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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<typeStatus id="0353AF98B13EFFA33C15B202FD1954D1" box="[558,661,614,640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: USNM 1498742 (
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<collectionCode id="BAF989FFB13EFFA33D51B201FC29542E" box="[874,933,613,639]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">SEM</collectionCode>
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stub 510),
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33A1BB202FB1F542E" box="[1056,1171,613,640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">N. Pacific</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33AA6B201FA96542E" box="[1181,1306,613,639]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Bering Sea</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33B1FB201FE8154F2" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Zhemchug Canyon, F</collectorName>
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/
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33F2DB2EDFE5C54F2" box="[278,464,649,676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
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V
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<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33F09B2EEFE5C54F2" box="[306,464,649,676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Cape Flattery</emphasis>
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</collectorName>
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,
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,
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,
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<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33D3EB2EDFCDC54F5" box="[773,848,649,676]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="977.0">
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</quantity>
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, coll.
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<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33DACB2EEFC6554F2" box="[919,1001,649,676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">J. Hoff</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="A85637FAB13EFFA33DCDB2EDFB0C54F2" box="[1014,1152,649,675]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2016-07-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B812CE12B13EFFA33DCDB2EDFB0C54F2" box="[1014,1152,649,675]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2016-07-10">10 Jul 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33AB7B2EDFAB754F5" bold="true" box="[1164,1339,649,676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Other Material</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6C801B67B13EFFA33B70B2EDFBC554BA" collectingDate="2004-08-07" collectingDateMax="2106-01-07" collectingDateMin="2004-08-07" collectionCode="ROV" collectorName="N. Pacific & R. Stone" county="Bobrof Island" elevation="936" latitude="51.8924" location="central Aleutian Islands" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-177.2863" municipality="Bobrof Island Pass" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" specimenCount="1">
|
||
USNM 1093061,
|
||
<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33F31B2CAFEF35496" box="[266,383,685,712]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">N. Pacific</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="D93747E1B13EFFA33FB6B2C9FD115496" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5441A02CB13EFFBF3EACB12EFB13522C:D93747E1B13EFFA33FB6B2C9FD115496" box="[397,669,685,711]" county="Bobrof Island" latitude="51.8924" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-177.2863" municipality="Bobrof Island Pass" name="central Aleutian Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">central Aleutian Islands</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="3C338B40B13EFFA33C91B2C9FC095499" box="[682,901,685,712]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="353669B6B13EFFA33C91B2C9FCCB5496" box="[682,839,685,711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Bobrof Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
Pass
|
||
</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BAF989FFB13EFFA33DA8B2C9FC425496" box="[915,974,685,711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">ROV</collectionCode>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B13EFFA33DE3B2CAFBF05496" authority="II, Dive" authorityName="II, Dive" box="[984,1148,685,712]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Jason" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33DE3B2CAFB955496" box="[984,1049,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Jason</emphasis>
|
||
II, Dive
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
106 (Field Identification Number: J
|
||
<date id="A85637FAB13EFFA33F2BB2B5FEF454BD" box="[272,376,721,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2106-01-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B812CE12B13EFFA33F2BB2B5FEF454BD" box="[272,376,721,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2106-01-07">2106-7-1</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9DC77FDB13EFFA33FB4B2B5FD8154BD" box="[399,525,721,748]" degrees="51.8924" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" precision="5" value="51.8924">51.8924°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9DC77FDB13EFFA33C21B2B5FD2A54BD" box="[538,678,721,748]" degrees="177.2863" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" precision="5" value="-177.2863">177.2863°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33C8CB2B5FC8E54BD" box="[695,770,721,748]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.36" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="936.0">
|
||
<elevation id="57C5F609B13EFFA33C8CB2B5FC8E54BD" box="[695,770,721,748]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.36" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="936.0">936 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33D71B2B6FC3D54BA" box="[842,945,721,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">R. Stone</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="A85637FAB13EFFA33D85B2B6FBC554BA" box="[958,1097,721,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2004-08-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B812CE12B13EFFA33D85B2B6FBC554BA" box="[958,1097,721,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2004-08-07">7 Aug 2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6C801B67B13EFFA33A6DB2B5FED65562" collectingDate="2004-10" collectorName="N. Pacific & V Ocean Olympic & G. Nightengale" elevation="329" latitude="51.527" location="central Aleutian Islands" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-177.017" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" specimenCount="1">
|
||
USNM 1482130,
|
||
<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33B18B2B6FA1554BA" box="[1315,1433,721,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">N. Pacific</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="D93747E1B13EFFA33EACB291FE2E555E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5441A02CB13EFFBF3EACB12EFB13522C:D93747E1B13EFFA33EACB291FE2E555E" box="[151,418,757,783]" latitude="51.527" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-177.017" name="central Aleutian Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">central Aleutian Islands</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="CDE50818B13EFFA33F95B291FD0A555E" box="[430,646,757,783]" location="Adak Island" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">SW of Adak Island</locationDeviation>
|
||
, F/
|
||
<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33C92B291FCFF555E" box="[681,883,757,784]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
|
||
V
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33CFFB292FCFF555E" box="[708,883,757,784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Ocean Olympic</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9DC77FDB13EFFA33DBAB291FC725541" box="[897,1022,757,784]" degrees="51.5270" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" precision="5" value="51.527">51.5270°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9DC77FDB13EFFA33A31B291FB1A5541" box="[1034,1174,757,784]" degrees="177.0170" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" precision="5" value="-177.017">177.0170°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33A9FB291FB615541" box="[1188,1261,757,784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.29" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="329.0">
|
||
<elevation id="57C5F609B13EFFA33A9FB291FB615541" box="[1188,1261,757,784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.29" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="329.0">329 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="711D74ECB13EFFA33B0AB291FF6F5562" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">G. Nightengale</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="A85637FAB13EFFA33ED5B37DFED65562" box="[238,346,793,819]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2004-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="B812CE12B13EFFA33ED5B37DFED65562" box="[238,346,793,819]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" value="2004-10">Oct 2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94F242B1B13EFFA33EFCB359FD615229" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB13EFFA33EFCB359FD615229" blockId="15.[151,1437,541,2008]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33EFCB359FEB65506" bold="true" box="[199,314,829,855]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Tall colonies, monopodial, unbranched or sparsely branched to the second order. Stem and branches pinnulate. Pinnules mostly simple, up to
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33C52B305FD23552D" box="[617,687,865,892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, arranged bilaterally along the stem, and, in varying degrees of regularity within and between colonies, with two to three rows on each side of axis, and in alternating semispiral groups typically consisting of two or three, and very rarely four pinnules. Pinnular density very variable depending on specimen, location on corallum, number of pinnules per group, and spacing of pinnules within and between groups; commonly 13–16 total per cm, but ranging from about 10 to 19 per cm. Pinnular spines usually simple (rarely with apical lobes), smooth, perpendicular to the axis, with 4–5 spines per mm; polypar spines mostly
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33B17B471FF4F5205" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.07" valueMax="0.08" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall (maximum about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33FFBB45DFDA55205" box="[448,553,1081,1108]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
); abpolypar spines
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33D38B45DFC265205" box="[771,938,1081,1108]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.05" valueMax="0.06" valueMin="0.04">0.04–0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Polyps on pinnules estimated to be
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33B73B45DFF4F5229" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter with 2.5–3 polyps per cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94F242B1B13EFFBF3EFCB4E5FA845240" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB13EFFA33EFCB4E5FB3E5186" blockId="15.[151,1437,541,2008]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B13EFFA33EFCB4E5FE6452CA" bold="true" box="[199,488,1153,1179]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B13EFFA33F40B4E5FE6852CA" box="[379,484,1153,1179]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B13EFFA33FCAB4E5FDD552CA" box="[497,601,1153,1179]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM 1093058,
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB13EFFA33D0CB4E5FC1C52CD" box="[823,912,1153,1180]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1627,1651]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[151,1436,220,1584]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., holotype, USNM 1093058: A. corallum; B. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119447/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) monopodial, without branches, but pinnulate with simple pinnules in multiple rows along the axis. Holdfast and lower unpinnulated section of stem missing; stumps of pinnules present to bottom of remaining part of stem. Apical section of corallum retained. Remaining section of stem
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33F73B489FE175359" box="[328,411,1261,1288]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="cm" value="104.0">104 cm</quantity>
|
||
long (in three broken pieces). Stem diameter
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33DA0B489FC7D5359" box="[923,1009,1261,1288]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
at broken off basal end. Pinnules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB13EFFA33B4EB489FF35537D" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1627,1651]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[151,1436,220,1584]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., holotype, USNM 1093058: A. corallum; B. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119447/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Fig 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
) simple, elongate, arranged bilaterally with two or three rows on each side of the axis, and also in groups of two or three pinnules, one from each row. Spacing of pinnules within each group very irregular both along the axis and around it; therefore, the groups of pinnules are often not in clearly defined semispirals. Pinnules within a group mostly
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33ED7B519FEC753C9" box="[236,331,1405,1432]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart, and a clearly defined semispiral group of three pinnules covers an axial distance of about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33EACB5C5FF7D53ED" box="[151,241,1441,1468]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Pinnules are
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33FB5B5C5FE7153ED" box="[398,509,1441,1468]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="cm" value="12.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="11.0">11–13 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33C55B5C5FD7A53ED" box="[622,758,1441,1468]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.5" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter near the base, and inclined distally (distal angle 40–60°). Pinnules subequal in length in all rows. Pinnular density very variable, but commonly 11–13 total per cm (range 9–16 per cm). Pinnules in only 4 rows at bottom of stem, with 10 pinnules total per cm. Pinnular spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB13EFFA33B54B58DFF2A5079" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="17.[151,249,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1673]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., holotype, USNM 1093058, sections of pinnules. Scale bars 0.1 mm except as indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119449/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) are smooth, triangular in lateral view, mostly standing nearly perpendicular to the axis, but with some inclined distally and a few inclined basally (relative to the direction of the pinnule). The apex can be acute or rounded. On sections of pinnules where the axis is
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33C01B631FD505021" box="[570,732,1621,1648]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3999999999999995" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.33999999999999997" valueMax="0.37" valueMin="0.31">0.31–0.37 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (excluding spines), the polypar spines are typically
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33EACB61DFEB650C5" box="[151,314,1657,1684]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.075" valueMax="0.08" valueMin="0.07">0.07–0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall (maximum about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33C08B61DFD1750C5" box="[563,667,1657,1684]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and the abpolypar spines are usually
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33A76B61DFB7C50C5" box="[1101,1264,1657,1684]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.05" valueMax="0.06" valueMin="0.04">0.04–0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall (maximum about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33EE5B6F9FEC450E9" box="[222,328,1693,1720]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
). On sections of pinnules where the axis is
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33D00B6F9FC5350E9" box="[827,991,1693,1720]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.215" valueMax="0.23" valueMin="0.2">0.20–0.23 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (excluding spines) and the spines are more compressed laterally, the polypar spines are mostly
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33DABB6A5FC78508D" box="[912,1012,1729,1756]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall and the abpolypar spines are only slightly smaller. The spines are arranged in axial rows, six or seven of which can be seen in lateral view, and within the rows there are 4–5 spines per mm. On some sections of the pinnules the rows of polypar spines often appear very crowded together when compared to the rows of abpolypar spines. Often the base of the spines extends out along the axis distally and basally forming axial ridges. The polyps are in a very poor state of preservation (colony dry). They are uniserially arranged on the pinnules, often on the upper or lower side such that those on adjacent pinnules on the same side of the corallum tend to face towards each other. The transverse diameter of the polyps is estimated to range from
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33F0CB7D9FE595189" box="[311,469,1981,2008]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.8">2.8 to 3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, but is mostly close to
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB13EFFA33CEDB7D9FC955189" box="[726,793,1981,2008]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with 2.5 to 3 polyps per centimeter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="889741B2B121FFBC3EACB63FFD9350C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119447/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" startId="16.[151,250,1627,1651]" targetBox="[151,1436,220,1584]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB121FFBC3EACB63FFD9350C6" blockId="16.[151,1436,1627,1687]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3EACB63FFE9F5022" bold="true" box="[151,275,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B121FFBC3F21B63FFE635022" authority="Opresko & Molodtsova, 2021" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,495,1627,1651]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3F21B63FFE635022" box="[282,495,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3FCEB63FFDA35022" bold="true" box="[501,559,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5AF7053B121FFBC3FCEB63FFDA35022" box="[501,559,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, holotype, USNM 1093058:
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3D6CB63FFCE55022" bold="true" box="[855,873,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">A</emphasis>
|
||
. corallum;
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3DE6B63FFC625022" bold="true" box="[989,1006,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">B</emphasis>
|
||
. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB121FFBE3EFCB6A1FDE2570E" blockId="16.[151,1436,1733,2048]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,150,352]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3EFCB6A1FD57508E" bold="true" box="[199,731,1733,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B121FFBC3F41B6A1FE7C508E" box="[378,496,1733,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
and other material
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The specimen selected as a
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B121FFBC3A1CB6A2FB0B50B1" box="[1063,1159,1734,1760]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B121FFBC3A94B6A1FA10508E" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[1199,1436,1733,1759]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B121FFBC3A94B6A1FA10508E" box="[1199,1436,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 1498742) is an almost complete monopodial colony, without branches, but is only half the size of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B121FFBC3B5AB68DFF4B5179" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB121FFBC3EEEB769FEA25176" box="[213,302,1805,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-139@18.[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., paratype, USNM 1498742: A. corallum; B. middle sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm; C. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules; D. basal sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm. (B and D from SEM stub 510)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119451/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The stem is
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB121FFBC3FFFB769FD8B5179" box="[452,519,1805,1832]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" unit="cm" value="55.0">55 cm</quantity>
|
||
long (in four broken pieces) and has a basal diameter of 3 by
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB121FFBC3A91B769FB725179" box="[1194,1278,1805,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
just above the holdfast. Pinnulation begins about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB121FFBC3C25B755FDE6511D" box="[542,618,1841,1868]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
above the holdfast. As in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B121FFBC3D82B755FB92511A" box="[953,1054,1841,1867]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the pinnules are arranged bilaterally, with three rows on each side of the stem, and they are subequal in length in all rows. The longest pinnules are
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB121FFBC3BBAB731FF3551C5" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and have a basal diameter of about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB121FFBC3CBEB71DFD5251C5" box="[645,734,1913,1940]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Pinnules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB121FFBC3D63B71DFC2251C2" box="[856,942,1913,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-139@18.[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., paratype, USNM 1498742: A. corallum; B. middle sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm; C. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules; D. basal sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm. (B and D from SEM stub 510)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119451/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) are mostly in alternating semispiral groups of three on each side of the axis (very rarely four per group). The pinnular density along most of the stem is about five groups of three pinnules per cm, but because of varying interpinnular distances and the overlap of pinnules on each side of the axis, the total number of pinnules per cm ranges from 14 to 19 per cm, compared to a typical range of 11–13 per cm in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B120FFBD3FE0B68CFDCD5153" box="[475,577,1768,1794]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The semispiral groups of three pinnules cover a distance of
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB120FFBD3AE4B68CFAEB5153" box="[1247,1383,1767,1794]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2 to 2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The pinnules on lowest part of stem are in groups of two. In places along the stem the pinnular arrangement in rows and semispiral groups becomes very distorted as in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B120FFBD3CE9B749FCB45116" box="[722,824,1837,1863]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The pinnules in all rows are inclined distally such that the distal angle they form with the stem is close to 45°, but nearer the top of the stem this increases to about 60°. The interior angle formed between the two posterior rows of pinnules is about 180°; that of lateral and anterior rows is around 120°. The pinnular spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB120FFBD3C08B7F1FD0551FE" box="[563,649,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-139@18.[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., paratype, USNM 1498742: A. corallum; B. middle sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm; C. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules; D. basal sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm. (B and D from SEM stub 510)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119451/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
) are similar to those in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B120FFBD3D82B7F1FB9751FE" box="[953,1051,1941,1967]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in being triangular in lateral view, standing nearly perpendicular to the axis. They have an acute to rounded apex. On sections of pinnules
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB120FFBD3B1FB7DCFF4F51A4" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="0.26" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.2">0.2 to 0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, the polypar spines are
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB120FFBD3C6AB7BEFC9B51A4" box="[593,791,2010,2037]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.800000000000001" metricValueMax="8.599999999999998" metricValueMin="7.000000000000001" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="0.078" valueMax="0.086" valueMin="0.07">0.07 to 0.086 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall, and slightly larger than the abpolypar spines (
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB120FFBE3B76B7BEFE8C56E0" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="419" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="0.055" valueMax="0.07" valueMin="0.04">0.04 to 0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Four or five rows of spines are visible in lateral view, and there are 4–5 spines per mm in each row. On the lower part of some pinnules (
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB123FFBE3C3CB0DDFDFF5685" box="[519,627,185,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
above base) the sclerenchyme becomes thickened and the spines on one side of the axis have multiple (usually 2–4) conically-shaped, apical lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44D30DBFB123FFBE3DDAB0B8FBB756A7" box="[993,1083,220,246]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-139@18.[151,1436,373,1865]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Parantipathes pluma n. sp., paratype, USNM 1498742: A. corallum; B. middle sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm; C. close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules; D. basal sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm. (B and D from SEM stub 510)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119451/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the lower part of the stem, the spines are up to about
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB123FFBE3FFAB09BFDAA5748" box="[449,550,255,281]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall and appear to be in clusters, although these spines may have originated as single spines with multiple apical lobes as those on the lower sections of some of the pinnules. Polyps are too poorly preserved to estimate their size or density.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="889741B2B120FFBD3EACB6C5FA1A50E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119449" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119449" box="[151,1430,1697,1722]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119449/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" startId="17.[151,249,1697,1721]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1673]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB120FFBD3EACB6C5FA1A50E8" blockId="17.[151,1430,1697,1722]" box="[151,1430,1697,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B120FFBD3EACB6C5FE9D50EB" bold="true" box="[151,273,1697,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B120FFBD3F2CB6C5FE6B50E8" authority="Opresko & Molodtsova, 2021" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[279,487,1697,1721]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B120FFBD3F2CB6C5FE6B50E8" box="[279,487,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B120FFBD3FD5B6C6FDA950EB" bold="true" box="[494,549,1698,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5AF7053B120FFBD3FD5B6C6FDA950EB" box="[494,549,1698,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, holotype, USNM 1093058, sections of pinnules. Scale bars 0.1 mm except as indicated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="889741B2B123FFBE3EACB707FDA15192" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119451" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119451/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" startId="18.[151,250,1891,1915]" targetBox="[151,1436,373,1865]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB123FFBE3EACB707FDA15192" blockId="18.[151,1437,1891,1988]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3EACB707FE81512A" bold="true" box="[151,269,1891,1915]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B123FFBE3F22B700FE61512D" authority="Opresko & Molodtsova, 2021" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[281,493,1892,1916]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3F22B700FE61512D" box="[281,493,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3FC8B700FDA0512D" bold="true" box="[499,556,1892,1916]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5AF7053B123FFBE3FC8B700FDA0512D" box="[499,556,1892,1916]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paratype, USNM 1498742:
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3D6BB707FCE5512A" bold="true" box="[848,873,1891,1915]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">A.</emphasis>
|
||
corallum;
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3DEDB700FC61512D" bold="true" box="[982,1005,1892,1916]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">B.</emphasis>
|
||
middle sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3EF7B7E3FF6851CE" bold="true" box="[204,228,1927,1951]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">C.</emphasis>
|
||
close-up view of middle section of corallum showing arrangement of pinnules;
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B123FFBE3A37B7ECFBA951F1" bold="true" box="[1036,1061,1928,1952]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">D.</emphasis>
|
||
basal sections of pinnules, scale bars 0.2 mm. (B and D from SEM stub 510).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB122FFBF3EFCB0F3FCFE574C" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6C801B67B122FFBF3EFCB0F3FCE2574C" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" specimenCode="USNM 1093061, USNM 1482130" specimenCount="1">
|
||
The other
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAEEDAB3B122FFBF3F02B0F3FE5256E0" box="[313,478,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
assigned to this species (
|
||
<specimenCode id="8C4EB941B122FFBF3CC8B0F3FC2256E0" box="[755,942,151,177]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="Museum">USNM 1093061</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode id="8C4EB941B122FFBF3DD8B0F3FB1256E0" box="[995,1182,151,177]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="Museum">USNM 1482130</specimenCode>
|
||
) are similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B122FFBF3B57B0F3FA1056E0" box="[1388,1436,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">type</typeStatus>
|
||
in having pinnules up to
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3F9CB0DFFE635684" box="[423,495,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
; pinnules in semispiral groups of mainly two or three; and with spines
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3AC0B0DEFA115684" box="[1275,1437,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="7" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="0.06" valueMax="0.07" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EF3B0BBFE8256A9" box="[200,270,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
photos of USNM 1093061 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB122FFBF3C70B0BBFCB756A8" author="Brugler, M. R. & Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C." box="[587,827,223,249]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" pagination="312 - 361" refId="ref14428" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C92B0BBFD5556A8" box="[681,729,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013: 7
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
A) indicate that the colony was very sparsely branched to the second order; however, only a single branch was collected
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB122FFBF3EFCB142FAE15734" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EFCB142FEEF5710" bold="true" box="[199,355,294,321]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Genetic data</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6C801B67B122FFBF3F4DB143FAEB5734" accessionNumber="KF054491, KF054637, KF054384, KF054490, KF054644" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
GenBank Acc. Nos.: USNM 1093058,
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B122FFBF3D7AB143FC2F5710" box="[833,931,295,321]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
[
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C3BB8CD9B122FFBF3D8EB142FBBC5710" box="[949,1072,294,321]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054491" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">KF054491</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3A7FB143FBF05711" box="[1092,1148,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">igrW</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C3BB8CD9B122FFBF3AA3B142FA9C5710" box="[1176,1296,294,321]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054637" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">KF054637</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3B1EB143FAD45711" box="[1317,1368,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">igrN</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C3BB8CD9B122FFBF3EACB12EFE835734" box="[151,271,330,357]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054384" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">KF054384</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3F24B12FFE105734" box="[287,412,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">cox3-cox1)</emphasis>
|
||
]; USNM 1093061 [
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C3BB8CD9B122FFBF3C40B12EFD7A5734" box="[635,758,330,357]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054490" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">KF054490</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3D3DB12FFCB25735" box="[774,830,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">igrW</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C3BB8CD9B122FFBF3D6EB12EFC415734" box="[853,973,330,357]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054644" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">KF054644</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3DE5B12FFB9D5735" box="[990,1041,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">igrN</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="C3BB8CD9B122FFBF3A63B12EFB435734" box="[1112,1231,330,357]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054384" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">KF054384</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3ADBB12FFAD05734" box="[1248,1372,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">cox3-cox1)</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB122FFBF3EFCB10BFECD5430" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
DNA sequencing studies using the mt gene regions listed above (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB122FFBF3D8BB10BFB0257D8" author="Brugler, M. R. & Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C." box="[944,1166,367,393]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" pagination="312 - 361" refId="ref14428" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3A2BB10BFBCE57D8" box="[1040,1090,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as those using
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EACB1F7FE9D57FC" box="[151,273,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">nad5-nad1</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB122FFBF3F1AB1F7FE6357FC" author="Chery, N. & Parra, K. & Evankow, A. & Stein, D. & Distel, D. & Appiah-Madson, H. & Ross, R. & Sanon, E. & Alomari, N. & Johnson, R. & Vasovic, A. & Horowitz, A. & Popa, H. & Short, B. & Kourehjan, D. & Vasquez, D. M. & Rodriguez, E. & Opresko, D. M. & Brugler, M. R." box="[289,495,403,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" refId="ref14506" refString="Chery, N., Parra, K., Evankow, A., Stein, D., Distel, D., Appiah-Madson, H., Ross, R., Sanon, E., Alomari, N., Johnson, R., Vasovic, A., Horowitz, A., Popa, H., Short, B., Kourehjan, D., Vasquez, D. M., Rodriguez, E., Opresko, D. M. & Brugler, M. R. (2018) Partnering with the Ocean Genome Legacy to advance our understanding of black corals (Order Antipatharia). 15 th Deep-Sea Biology Symposium, Monterey, California, 9 - 14 September 2018. poster presentation. [preprint available from M. Brugler at https: // tidalmarshtaskforce. wixsite. com / uscb / publications]" type="url" year="2018">
|
||
Chery
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3F4BB1F7FE2857FC" box="[368,420,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), revealed that all haplotypes of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B122FFBF3DA8B1F7FC7957FC" box="[915,1013,403,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3A25B1F7FB0957FC" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[1054,1157,403,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3A25B1F7FBA357FD" box="[1054,1071,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3A04B1F7FB0957FC" box="[1087,1157,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 1093058) were identical to those of other Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3C27B1D3FD375780" authorityName=", Opresko" authorityYear="2002" box="[540,699,439,465]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C27B1D3FD375780" box="[540,699,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, and to Pacific specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3AB7B1D3FA885780" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2002" box="[1164,1284,439,465]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Lillipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3AB7B1D3FA885780" box="[1164,1284,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Lillipathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3B05B1D3FE5C57A4" authority="Opresko, 2002" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2002" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Dendrobathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3B05B1D3FE9257A4" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Dendrobathypathes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB122FFBF3F1DB1BFFE5C57A4" author="Opresko, D. M." box="[294,464,475,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" pagination="411 - 442" refId="ref15375" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2002) Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), Part II, Schizopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 76, 411 - 442." type="journal article" year="2002">Opresko, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Atlantic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3C88B1BFFCDE57A4" authorityName=", Opresko" authorityYear="2002" box="[691,850,475,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C88B1BFFCDE57A4" box="[691,850,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3DE9B1BFFB4557A4" authority="(Esper, 1790)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[978,1225,475,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3DE9B1BFFC6F57A5" box="[978,995,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3DC9B1BFFBAB57A4" box="[1010,1063,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">larix</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB122FFBF3A0DB1BFFB4D57A4" author="Esper, E. J. C." box="[1078,1217,475,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" pagination="147" refId="ref14667" refString="Esper, E. J. C. (1790) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen, Pflanzenthiere 1, Lieferung 5, Raspe, Nurnberg, pl. 4. [see also 1792, Pflanzenthiere 2, p. 147] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118730" type="journal article" year="1790">Esper, 1790</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, fell into a separate subclade. These results suggest either a polyphyletic origin of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3DC2B19BFB145448" authorityName=", Opresko" authorityYear="2002" box="[1017,1176,511,537]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3DC2B19BFB145448" box="[1017,1176,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphotype, or a relatively high degree of genetic change and possibly interchange following the isolation of the populations in separate oceanic basins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB122FFBF3EFCB20EFA845240" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EFCB20EFEEA54D5" bold="true" box="[199,358,618,644]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3F4FB20FFDEC54D4" authority="Opresko & Molodtsova, 2021" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[372,608,619,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3F4FB20FFDEC54D4" box="[372,608,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C53B20FFD2B54D4" bold="true" box="[616,679,619,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5AF7053B122FFBF3C53B20FFD2B54D4" box="[616,679,619,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs from most of the hitherto known species of the genus by its very long pinnules which are typically more than
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3C87B2EBFC8C54F8" box="[700,768,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. The new species is superficially similar to the Atlantic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3ECBB2D7FE47549C" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[240,459,691,717]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3ECBB2D7FE47549C" box="[240,459,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the maximum length of the pinnules (
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3DACB2D7FB8A549C" box="[919,1030,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="cm" value="12.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="11.0">11–13 cm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3A0EB2D7FB1B549C" box="[1077,1175,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="cm" value="9.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="6.0">6–13 cm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3A87B2D7FA9C549C" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[1212,1296,691,717]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3A87B2D7FB41549D" box="[1212,1229,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3AE0B2D7FA9C549C" box="[1243,1296,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), number of rows of pinnules (4–6), and in the size of the polypar spines on the pinnules (up to
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3A7DB2B3FB2754A0" box="[1094,1195,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs. up to
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3B20B2B3FAF354A0" box="[1307,1407,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3EACB29FFF615544" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[151,237,763,789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EACB29FFF245545" box="[151,168,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3E83B29FFF615544" box="[184,237,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but differs in the larger size of the polyps (
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3CD7B29FFCFA5544" box="[748,886,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3D9DB29FFBBC5544" box="[934,1072,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and in the lower density of the pinnules (mostly 11–13 per cm vs. 21 per cm). In addition, the distal angle of the pinnules is 80–90° in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3B27B37BFAE15568" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[1308,1389,799,825]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3B27B37BFAE15568" box="[1308,1389,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and much less in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3F11B327FE00550C" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[298,396,835,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3F11B327FE00550C" box="[298,396,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (40–60°), the number of rows of spines seen in lateral view is greater (6–7 vs. 3–4), and the spines can be distinctly curved distally in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3C5FB303FD3F55D0" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[612,691,871,897]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C5FB303FD3F55D0" box="[612,691,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are more at right angles to the axis in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3A45B303FB5255D0" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[1150,1246,871,897]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3A45B303FB5255D0" box="[1150,1246,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As noted above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3EACB3EFFF7B55F4" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,247,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EACB3EFFF7B55F4" box="[151,247,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3C11B3EFFDF555F4" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[554,633,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larix">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C11B3EFFDF555F4" box="[554,633,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The one other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3DACB3EFFBBA55F4" authorityName=", Opresko" authorityYear="2002" box="[919,1078,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3DACB3EFFBBA55F4" box="[919,1078,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the northern Pacific,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3BBFB3EFFF7D5598" authorityName="Pasternak" authorityYear="1958" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="euantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3BBFB3EFFA1955F5" box="[1412,1429,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EACB3CBFF7D5598" box="[151,241,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">euantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8796CCBB122FFBF3F17B3CBFD0C5598" author="Molodtsova, T. N. & Pasternak, F. A." box="[300,640,942,969]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" pagination="169 - 179" refId="ref15237" refString="Molodtsova, T. N. & Pasternak, F. A. (2005) Redescription of Parantipathes euantha (Pasternak, 1958) (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Invertebrate Zoology, 2 (2), 169 - 179." type="journal article" year="2005">Molodtsova & Pasternak 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for redescription), which was described from a relatively small colony, differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3F1EB3B7FD9D55BC" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[293,529,979,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3F1EB3B7FD9D55BC" box="[293,529,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Parantipathes pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having shorter pinnules (up to
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3DB4B3B7FC5255BC" box="[911,990,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="cm" value="3.8">3.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
) and smaller polyps (
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3AEAB3B7FAD255BC" box="[1233,1374,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="0353AF98B122FFBF3EACB393FF4B5240" box="[151,199,1015,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3F66B393FE5F5240" authorityName="Pasternak" authorityYear="1958" box="[349,467,1015,1041]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Bathypathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="euantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3F66B393FE5F5240" box="[349,467,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">P. euantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was preserved in Bouin fixative, so it is not available for genetic studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94F242B1B122FFBF3EFCB47FFE665208" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB122FFBF3EFCB47FFE665208" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EFCB47FFEC45264" bold="true" box="[199,328,1051,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Species name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3C3DB47FFDC05264" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[518,588,1051,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3C3DB47FFDC05264" box="[518,588,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is derived from the Latin “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BE86AB9B122FFBF3DB4B47FFC595264" authorityName="Opresko & Molodtsova" authorityYear="2021" box="[911,981,1051,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Parantipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pluma">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3DB4B47FFC595264" box="[911,981,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">pluma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, meaning “feather”, in reference to the general shape of the corallum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94F242B1B122FFBF3EFCB406FB13522C" box="[199,1183,1122,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC57113AB122FFBF3EFCB406FB13522C" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1149]" box="[199,1183,1122,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE9CCD28B122FFBF3EFCB406FED5522D" bold="true" box="[199,345,1122,1148]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Known only from the North Pacific at depths ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="1B10BCDFB122FFBF3A38B407FB16522C" box="[1027,1178,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.529999999999999" metricValueMax="9.77" metricValueMin="3.29" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" unit="m" value="653.0" valueMax="977.0" valueMin="329.0">
|
||
329 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAEEDAB3B122FFBF3A6BB407FB16522C" box="[1104,1178,1123,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="420" type="generic">977 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |