treatments-xml/data/54/15/C7/5415C76BFF90FFAB9BEED5A0FDCD51CF.xml

<document id="6A27E6F344A624BC8E98952F3D8CAC01" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10114686" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630443207186" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Carr, Robert K. &amp; Hlavin, William J." docDate="2010" docId="5415C76BFF90FFAB9BEED5A0FDCD51CF" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Dunkleosteus raveri Carr &amp; Hlavin 2010, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="204" masterDocId="A82CBF13FF95FFA29B3ED355FFD55403" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)" masterLastPageNumber="222" masterPageNumber="195" pageNumber="200" updateTime="1700039058763" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BA00DF847B029A9FCE12710A4A0F44CC">Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="29516F0D44CA2D181B0B3B7120C3E27B">Carr, Robert K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1EC67202A0E4FC5B7963DF5EC31E5F42">Hlavin, William J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5415C76BFF90FFAB9BEED5A0FDCD51CF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5415C76BFF90FFAB9BEED5A0FDCD51CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5415C76BFF90FFAB9BEED5A0FDCD51CF" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<subSubSection id="94A625F6FF90FFA79BEED5A0FD0B5308" box="[208,734,1781,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF90FFA79BEED5A0FD0B5308" blockId="5.[208,734,1781,1803]" box="[208,734,1781,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<heading id="874BC111FF90FFA79BEED5A0FD0B5308" box="[208,734,1781,1803]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" reason="4">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF90FFA79BEED5A0FD885309" bold="true" box="[208,605,1781,1802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF90FFA79BEED5A0FE3A530A" authority="Carr &amp; Hlavin, 2010" authorityName="Carr &amp; Hlavin" authorityYear="2010" box="[208,495,1781,1802]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="5" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raveri" status="sp. nov.">DUNKLEOSTEUS RAVERI</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5FB1714FF90FFA79AC6D5ADFD885309" box="[504,605,1781,1802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF90FFA7994ED5A0FD035308" box="[624,726,1781,1803]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionStartId-1="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionStartId-2="8.[144,223,954,973]" captionTargetBox-0="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetBox-1="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetBox-2="[144,760,198,924]" captionTargetId-0="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetId-1="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetId-2="figure-649@8.[143,761,198,924]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-2="Figure 5. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Dermal ornamentation on postorbital plate. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132135" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10132135/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">FIGS 3–5</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="94A625F6FF90FFAB9B9AD449FDCD51CF" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF90FFA79B9AD449FB8550C6" blockId="5.[164,779,1820,1903]" lastBlockId="5.[826,1441,1138,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF90FFA79B9AD449FECE5332" box="[164,283,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
A 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF90FFA79A7DD449FDE35331" box="[323,566,1820,1842]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF90FFA79A7DD449FE0F5332" box="[323,474,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Dunkleosteus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
possessing transverse articular facets on the prehypophysial region of the parasphenoid, retention of fine punctate tubercles for dermal plate ornamentation, and an anterior position of the anterior triple point (PrO/PtO/C plate junction) over the orbit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF90FFA79804D7BAFB04519D" blockId="5.[826,1441,1263,1438]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<materialsCitation id="6CD47C20FF90FFA79804D7BAFB04519D" accessionNumber="MCZ 13277" collectionCode="MCZ" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF90FFA79804D7BAFC715107" box="[826,932,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<typeStatus id="0307C8DFFF90FFA79804D7BAFC4B5107" box="[826,926,1263,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="BAADEEB8FF90FFA79887D7BAFC245107" box="[953,1009,1263,1284]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
13277 (
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF90FFA79F59D7BAFB1F5106" box="[1127,1226,1263,1285]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionStartId-1="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionStartId-2="8.[144,223,954,973]" captionTargetBox-0="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetBox-1="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetBox-2="[144,760,198,924]" captionTargetId-0="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetId-1="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetId-2="figure-649@8.[143,761,198,924]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-2="Figure 5. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Dermal ornamentation on postorbital plate. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132135" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10132135/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Figs 3–5</figureCitation>
), an incomplete, uncrushed skull roof lacking the nuchal and left paranuchal plates, and much of the right paranuchal plate, and possessing an associated parasphenoid bone (in ventral view). The 
<typeStatus id="0307C8DFFF90FFA79FB5D63FFB395183" box="[1163,1260,1386,1408]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
represents the only recognized available material.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF90FFA79804D69DFBCD51FE" blockId="5.[826,1441,1480,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF90FFA79804D69DFC6D51DE" box="[826,952,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Etymology:</emphasis>
Named after the collector, Clarence Raver of Wakeman, 
<collectingRegion id="1E78B89FFF90FFA798E5D6B2FBC051FE" box="[987,1045,1511,1533]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Ohio</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF90FFA49804D572FE4551C1" blockId="5.[826,1441,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="6.[144,759,1299,1474]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF90FFA79804D572FB5F523F" box="[826,1162,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Occurrence and stratigraphy:</emphasis>
Recovered from a shale pit south-west of the intersection of Route 2 and Rye Beach Road, and between Sawmill Creek and Rye Beach Road, Huron Township, Erie County, 
<collectingRegion id="1E78B89FFF90FFA79E55D5D6FA74529A" box="[1387,1441,1667,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Ohio</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF90FFA7987CD5F4FC4D52B4" box="[834,920,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,818,837]" captionTargetBox="[164,1449,215,788]" captionTargetId="graphics-373@5.[684,1449,215,787]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Regional geography and stratigraphic relationships. A, geography and depositional basins for the USA mid-continent (modified from Elliott et al., 2000). Fossil localities: 1, Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (northern Ohio); 2, Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (Kettle Point, Ontario); 3, Dinichthys herzeri (western Ohio). Structural features (thick dashed lines): a, Algonquin Arch; c, Cincinnati Arch; f, Findlay Arch. State boundaries, dot double-dash lines; Canadian boundary, dotted lines. Concentric lines of basinal deposition, thin dashed lines. Great Lakes (grey). B, generalized stratigraphic columns for the Appalachian and Michigan basins. Modified and updated from Elliott et al. (2000). A Famennian age for the entire Ohio Shale Formation is based on Over &amp; Rhodes (2000). The presence of the Chagrin Shale Member in central Ohio is based on subsurface g-ray profiles (Walker &amp; Babcock, 1999). Fossil localities as in A. Hiatuses in grey. O.b. = Olmsted bed in the Cleveland Shale Member." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132129/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). The shale pit has subsequently been covered by commercial development; however, laterally equivalent sediments are exposed in Sawmill Creek. Collected from the basal 
<quantity id="1B44DB98FF90FFA79F92D5A8FAD35311" box="[1196,1286,1789,1811]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" unit="m" value="2.25" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3 m</quantity>
of the Huron Shale Member (
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF90FFA79F30D449FBB65331" box="[1038,1123,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,818,837]" captionTargetBox="[164,1449,215,788]" captionTargetId="graphics-373@5.[684,1449,215,787]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Regional geography and stratigraphic relationships. A, geography and depositional basins for the USA mid-continent (modified from Elliott et al., 2000). Fossil localities: 1, Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (northern Ohio); 2, Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (Kettle Point, Ontario); 3, Dinichthys herzeri (western Ohio). Structural features (thick dashed lines): a, Algonquin Arch; c, Cincinnati Arch; f, Findlay Arch. State boundaries, dot double-dash lines; Canadian boundary, dotted lines. Concentric lines of basinal deposition, thin dashed lines. Great Lakes (grey). B, generalized stratigraphic columns for the Appalachian and Michigan basins. Modified and updated from Elliott et al. (2000). A Famennian age for the entire Ohio Shale Formation is based on Over &amp; Rhodes (2000). The presence of the Chagrin Shale Member in central Ohio is based on subsurface g-ray profiles (Walker &amp; Babcock, 1999). Fossil localities as in A. Hiatuses in grey. O.b. = Olmsted bed in the Cleveland Shale Member." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132129/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
), 
<collectingRegion id="1E78B89FFF90FFA79FB8D449FB695331" box="[1158,1212,1820,1842]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="5" pageNumber="200">Ohio</collectingRegion>
Shale Formation (Famennian, 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF90FFA798EAD46FFB1F5353" author="Over DJ &amp; Rhodes MK" box="[980,1226,1850,1872]" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" pagination="101 - 112" refId="ref19415" refString="Over DJ, Rhodes MK. 2000. Conodonts from the Upper Olentangy Shale (Upper Devonian, central Ohio) and stratigraphy across the Frasnian-Famennian boundary. Journal of Paleontology 74: 101 - 112." type="journal article" year="2000">Over &amp; Rhodes, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), which rests upon on the Middle Devonian Prout Limestone (
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF90FFA49E77D40CFF1F512A" author="Hoover KV" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="5" pageNumber="200" refId="ref18213" refString="Hoover KV. 1960. Devonian - Mississippian shale sequence in Ohio. Information Circular No. 27. State of Ohio Division of Geological Survey." type="book" year="1960">Hoover, 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Found within a large carbonate concretion typical of the Huron Shale. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF93FFA49ADDD667FD1F514B" authority="Carr &amp; Hlavin, 2010" authorityName="Carr &amp; Hlavin" authorityYear="2010" box="[483,714,1330,1352]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raveri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF93FFA49ADDD667FD1F514B" box="[483,714,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Dunkleosteus raveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5FB1714FF93FFA499E8D667FF685165" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is further distinguished from the only other 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF93FFA49BAED63AFE575186" box="[144,386,1391,1413]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF93FFA49BAED63AFEF25187" box="[144,295,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Dunkleosteus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
within the 
<collectingRegion id="1E78B89FFF93FFA4992BD63AFD9E5186" box="[533,587,1391,1413]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Ohio</collectingRegion>
Shale Formation (
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF93FFA49BEFD6DBFE8151A0" baseAuthorityName="Newberry" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[209,340,1422,1443]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrelli">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF93FFA49BEFD6DBFE8151A0" box="[209,340,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Du. terrelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by its lower and non-overlapping stratigraphic position.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC03767DFF93FFA49BAED709FD8A50CB" blockId="6.[144,1421,1116,1224]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF93FFA49BAED709FD80506C" bold="true" box="[144,597,1116,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">
Figure 3. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF93FFA49A3AD709FE27506C" authority="Carr &amp; Hlavin, 2010" authorityName="Carr &amp; Hlavin" authorityYear="2010" box="[260,498,1116,1135]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raveri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF93FFA49A3AD709FE27506C" bold="true" box="[260,498,1116,1135]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Dunkleosteus raveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5FB1714FF93FFA49AC2D709FD80506C" box="[508,597,1116,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF93FFA49A38D555FD555216" blockId="6.[262,640,1536,1557]" box="[262,640,1536,1557]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">SKULL ROOF AND PARASPHENOID</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF93FFA49BAED572FAFD514B" blockId="6.[144,759,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="6.[806,1421,1299,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">
The skull roof (
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF93FFA49A73D572FE5B523E" box="[333,398,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), in terms of individual plate shape and sensory line pattern, is comparable with that of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF93FFA49BCDD530FEAC527A" baseAuthorityName="Newberry" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[243,377,1636,1658]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrelli">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF93FFA49BCDD530FEAC527A" box="[243,377,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Du. terrelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, it is preserved only incompletely, with portions of ten dermal plates present (parts of five paired and three median plates). The internasal, postnasal, postmarginal, gnathals, and cheek plates are not preserved. The plates are covered by a fine punctate tuberculation. The sensory line grooves follow a typical arthrodiran pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF93FFA49BA9D46FFEF9534C" author="Heintz A" box="[151,300,1850,1872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" pagination="115 - 224" refId="ref18032" refString="Heintz A. 1932. The structure of Dinichthys a contribution to our knowledge of the Arthrodira. Bashford Dean Memorial Volume-Archaic Fishes 4: 115 - 224." type="journal article" year="1932">Heintz, 1932</bibRefCitation>
, figs 42, 43). Internally, the skull roof is reinforced by lateral thickening (an occipital thickening is not preserved, with only a small portion of the nuchal thickening remaining, th.n; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF93FFA49FF8D667FAC9514B" box="[1222,1308,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF93FFA49801D604FCAF52B4" blockId="6.[806,1421,1299,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">
The preparation of the external surface is incomplete in some areas, and in other areas the removal of matrix has resulted in the loss of the most superficial layers. Additionally, many fractures are present as a result of the expansion of calcitic matrix during concretion growth. These diagenetic and preparatory features result in a loss of information concerning the visibility of plate boundaries. The contact surfaces between adjacent plates are denoted as either a contact face on the visceral surface or an overlap area on the external surface (after 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF93FFA49FF3D5D6FCBB52B4" author="Dennis KD &amp; Miles RS" pageId="6" pageNumber="201" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref17231" refString="Dennis KD, Miles RS. 1979 a. A second eubrachythoracid arthrodire from Gogo, Western Australia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1979">Dennis &amp; Miles, 1979a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF93FFA59801D595FE5751C0" blockId="6.[806,1421,1299,1903]" lastBlockId="7.[164,779,1422,1903]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">
The rostral plate (R; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF93FFA49F0BD595FB5C52D5" box="[1077,1161,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="201">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) is T-shaped, with the anterolateral region overlapping the preorbital plate. A posterior fragment of the rostral plate overlies the pineal plate, suggesting that the rostral plate overlapped the pineal plate, although a distinct overlap area is not clear on the latter plate. Internally, an anterior thickening is not discernible (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF92FFA599EED6DBFF0851C1" author="Carr RK" pageId="7" pageNumber="202" pagination="349 - 390" refId="ref16769" refString="Carr RK. 1991. Reanalysis of Heintzichthys gouldii, an aspinothoracid arthrodire (Placodermi) from the Famennian of northern Ohio, U. S. A. with a review of brachythoracid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103: 349 - 390." type="journal article" year="1991">Carr, 1991</bibRefCitation>
, a.th, fig. 4A).
</paragraph>
<caption id="88C326F5FF92FFA59B9AD674FE2A5151" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202" startId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" targetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF92FFA59B9AD674FE2A5151" blockId="7.[164,1441,1313,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF92FFA59B9AD674FDB75137" bold="true" box="[164,610,1313,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">
Figure 4. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF92FFA59A27D674FDD15137" authority="Carr &amp; Hlavin, 2010" authorityName="Carr &amp; Hlavin" authorityYear="2010" box="[281,516,1313,1332]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="7" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raveri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF92FFA59A27D674FDD15137" bold="true" box="[281,516,1313,1332]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Dunkleosteus raveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5FB1714FF92FFA59935D674FDB75137" box="[523,610,1313,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="202" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF92FFA59B82D69EFDF0529A" blockId="7.[164,779,1422,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">
The pineal plate (P; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59A8ED69EFDD651E2" box="[432,515,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) is narrow, being over three times longer than wide (length/width of exposed plate is ~3.3). The pineal plate is overlapped by the adjacent rostral, preorbital, and central plates, thereby separating the preorbital plates posteriorly. Internally, a pronounced ridge (r; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59913D531FD555279" box="[557,640,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) posteriorly bounds the internal pineal fossa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF92FFA59B82D5F4FA745279" blockId="7.[164,779,1422,1903]" lastBlockId="7.[826,1441,1422,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">
The preorbital plate (PrO; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59ACDD5F4FDB252B4" box="[499,615,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) is crossed by a supraorbital sensory line groove (soc; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA5994AD595FD1C52D5" box="[628,713,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). The orbit is bounded anteriorly by a pronounced dermal preorbital process (d.prp; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59ADBD5A8FDEA5311" box="[485,575,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA5996AD5A8FDA25310" box="[596,631,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">4A</figureCitation>
). Internally, thickenings of the dermal preorbital process form the anterior border of the supraorbital vault (suo.v; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59B9AD40CFF2F536C" box="[164,250,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Mesially, a channel for the neurocranial preorbital process (ch.pro.pr; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59F4FD6DBFB1151A7" box="[1137,1220,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) is bounded laterally by the steep face of the supraorbital vault, and anteriorly by the supraethmoid crista (cr.seth; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59804D6BFFC455203" box="[826,912,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). This crista extends only to the edge of the rostral plate. Along the anterolateral part of the dermal preorbital process are contact faces for the suborbital and postnasal plates (cf.SO and cf.PN, respectively; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA598ECD531FBF2527A" box="[978,1063,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
; ss, pns of 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF92FFA59F97D531FAEA527A" author="Heintz A" box="[1193,1343,1636,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="202" pagination="115 - 224" refId="ref18032" refString="Heintz A. 1932. The structure of Dinichthys a contribution to our knowledge of the Arthrodira. Bashford Dean Memorial Volume-Archaic Fishes 4: 115 - 224." type="journal article" year="1932">Heintz, 1932</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 13).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF92FFAA986DD5D6FDB25203" blockId="7.[826,1441,1422,1903]" lastBlockId="8.[144,759,1085,1903]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">
The postorbital plate (PtO; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59FADD5D6FAD2529B" box="[1171,1287,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) is traversed by three sensory line grooves: the central, postorbital and otic branches of the infraorbital sensory line (csc, ioc.pt, ioc.ot, respectively; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59F5BD58BFB0F52F7" box="[1125,1242,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Branches of the infraorbital line meet at an angle of ~95°. A dermal postorbital process (pto.pro; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59FB0D449FB325332" box="[1166,1255,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF92FFA59FC7D449FACE5332" box="[1273,1307,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="202">4A</figureCitation>
, associated with the postorbital branch of the infraorbital line groove) forms the posterior boundary of the orbit. Internally, the supraorbital vault is continued, and is bounded posteriorly by the posterior supraorbital crista (cr.pso; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9A7AD72FFE4E5092" box="[324,411,1146,1169]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). The supraorbital vault is deeper in its posteromedial corner, where there is a distinct dermal ventral postocular process (pt.o.pr; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9BAED783FF3C50E8" box="[144,233,1238,1260]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9BC4D783FEC850E8" box="[250,285,1238,1259]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">4A</figureCitation>
; or the neurocranial process of 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9DFFAA999DD783FF1C5109" author="Heintz A" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" pagination="115 - 224" refId="ref18032" refString="Heintz A. 1932. The structure of Dinichthys a contribution to our knowledge of the Arthrodira. Bashford Dean Memorial Volume-Archaic Fishes 4: 115 - 224." type="journal article" year="1932">Heintz, 1932</bibRefCitation>
; 
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9DFFAA9BE6D7A0FEF55109" box="[216,288,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">contra</emphasis>
the presence of a simple thickening, as seen in 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9DFFAA9BD7D646FD27512A" authority="Miles &amp; Dennis, 1979" authorityName="Miles &amp; Dennis" authorityYear="1979" box="[233,754,1299,1321]" class="Pteraspidomorphi" family="Arandaspididae" genus="Harrytoombsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arandaspidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9DFFAA9BD7D646FE3A512B" box="[233,495,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Harrytoombsia elegans</emphasis>
Miles &amp; Dennis, 1979
</taxonomicName>
, and the 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9DFFAA9BD3D667FD645144" authority="Dennis &amp; Miles, 1979 a" authorityName="Dennis &amp; Miles" authorityYear="1979" box="[237,689,1330,1352]" class="Placodermi" family="Camuropiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Camuropiscidae 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9DFFAA9A92D667FD645144" author="Dennis KD &amp; Miles RS" box="[428,689,1330,1352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref17231" refString="Dennis KD, Miles RS. 1979 a. A second eubrachythoracid arthrodire from Gogo, Western Australia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1979">Dennis &amp; Miles, 1979a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; character 4, Appendix 2). Posterior to this dermal ventral postocular process, the lateral consolidated arch continues as the inframarginal crista (cr.inf; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9944D6DBFD0551A7" box="[634,720,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). A shallow anterior depression in the crista denotes the location of the anterior postorbital neurocranial process (
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9DFFAA9BCAD6BFFE5E51FC" author="Goujet D" box="[244,395,1514,1536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" refId="ref17926" refString="Goujet D. 1984. Les Poissons Placodermes du Spitsberg. Arthrodires Dolichothoraci de la Formation de Wood Bay (Devonien Inferieur). Paris: Cahiers de Paleontologie, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique." type="book" year="1984">Goujet, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: pr.poa, figs 6, 10).
</paragraph>
<caption id="88C326F5FF9DFFAA9BAED0EFFF1D500B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132135" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10132135" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132135/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" startId="8.[144,223,954,973]" targetBox="[144,760,198,924]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9DFFAA9BAED0EFFF1D500B" blockId="8.[144,759,954,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9DFFAA9BAED0EFFD8C57CE" bold="true" box="[144,601,954,973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">
Figure 5. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9DFFAA9A3AD0EFFE2157CE" authority="Carr &amp; Hlavin, 2010" authorityName="Carr &amp; Hlavin" authorityYear="2010" box="[260,500,954,973]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raveri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9DFFAA9A3AD0EFFE2157CE" bold="true" box="[260,500,954,973]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Dunkleosteus raveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5FB1714FF9DFFAA9AC0D0EFFD8C57CE" box="[510,601,954,973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(MCZ 13277). Dermal ornamentation on postorbital plate. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9DFFAA9B96D55DFC8A5648" blockId="8.[144,759,1085,1903]" lastBlockId="8.[806,1422,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">
The central plate (C; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9A9AD55DFDCD521D" box="[420,536,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) outline is difficult to discern. Anteriorly, the outline of the plate is transverse, with the preorbital plate forming a shallow embayment. Laterally, the postorbital plate forms an embayment, although it appears to be shallow on the left and more deeply notched on the right. Anteriorly, the central plates are separated by the pineal plate for ~40% of their midline length. The posterior margin is incomplete. The supraorbital and central sensory line grooves cross the central plate, with both grooves ending at the level of the ossification centre. A contact between the central and the marginal plates is visible, although the total length of the contact is not clear. Internally, the pre-endolymphatic thickening (th.pre; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9F37D256FB89551A" box="[1033,1116,259,281]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) extends from the lateral consolidated arch to the nuchal thickening (th.n; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9818D215FCA95555" box="[806,892,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), and shows a central depression. The preendolymphatic thickening forms a distinct anteromedial boundary for the parabranchial chamber (f.pb; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9818D2C9FCA955B2" box="[806,892,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
; cucullaris depression of 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9DFFAA9F96D2C9FA9255B1" author="Stensio EA" box="[1192,1351,412,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 419" refId="ref19608" refString="Stensio EA. 1963. Anatomical studies on the arthrodiran head. Part I. Preface, geological and geographical distribution, the organisation of the head in the Dolichothoraci, Coccosteomorphi, and Pachyosteomorphi. Taxonomic appendix. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 9: 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="1963">Stensiö, 1963</bibRefCitation>
; refer to 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9DFFAA987AD2EEFB6455D3" author="Carr RK &amp; Johanson Z &amp; Ritchie R" box="[836,1201,443,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" refId="ref16952" refString="Carr RK, Johanson Z, Ritchie R. 2009. The phyllolepid placoderm Cowralepis mclachlani: Insights into the evolution of feeding mechanisms in jawed vertebrates. Journal of Morphology DOI: 10.1002 / jmor. 10719: 1 - 30." type="book" year="2009">Carr, Johanson &amp; Ritchie, 2009</bibRefCitation>
, for a discussion of the terminology applied to this region). A radiating pattern is present on the internal thin portion of the central plate (the ‘ossification rays’ of 
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9DFFAA9FCED143FC875648" author="Heintz A" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" pagination="115 - 224" refId="ref18032" refString="Heintz A. 1932. The structure of Dinichthys a contribution to our knowledge of the Arthrodira. Bashford Dean Memorial Volume-Archaic Fishes 4: 115 - 224." type="journal article" year="1932">Heintz, 1932: 135</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9DFFAA9801D101FAFC577E" blockId="8.[806,1422,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">
The marginal plate (M; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9F52D101FB33566A" box="[1132,1254,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) contacts the central plate. The otic branch of the infraorbital sensory line groove continues until the ossification centre of the marginal plate. The main sensory line groove (lc; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA989BD19BFBCF56E0" box="[933,1050,718,740]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) continues onto the paranuchal plate. A postmarginal sensory line groove (pmc; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9818D05EFC4F5722" box="[806,922,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) is present and ends before the edge of the plate. Internally, a pronounced inframarginal crista continues to the edge of the plate, and apparently onto the postmarginal plate (cr.inf; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9FF9D032FAC8577E" box="[1223,1309,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9DFFAA9801D0D3FC0C5036" blockId="8.[806,1422,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">The postmarginal plate, which is not preserved, should form the posterolateral corner of the skull roof. The arrangement of the marginal and paranuchal plates suggests that the marginal plate would form the larger overlap for these two plates on the postmarginal plate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9DFFAA9801D768FC2E5186" blockId="8.[806,1422,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">
The paranuchal plate (PNu; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9FBDD768FB235050" box="[1155,1270,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
), incomplete, is crossed by the continuation of the main lateral line groove. The marginal plate seems to form an embayment of the paranuchal plate in the area of the main lateral line, thereby forming a broad posterolateral process that overlaps the postmarginal plate. A descending face along this process forms part of the subobstantic area (soa; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9F6DD646FB7D512B" box="[1107,1192,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[355,1211,201,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-332@6.[705,1234,613,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
; see also Dennis- Bryan, 1987: soa, fig. 5). The transverse occipital thickening and articulations with the thoracic armour are not preserved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9DFFAA9801D6DBFC75536C" blockId="8.[806,1422,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">
The parasphenoid (Psp; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9F41D6DBFB1551A7" box="[1151,1216,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) is exposed in ventral view and is displaced. Distinct anterior superognathal articular surfaces (art.ASG; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9E0CD69EFA5351E2" box="[1330,1414,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) are visible on the transverse anterior margin of the parasphenoid. These surfaces form shallow depressions separated medially by small dorsal and ventral processes, and an intervening ridge. The orientation and shape of the articular surfaces are comparable with the condition observed in 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9DFFAA9E0FD5D6FC8152B5" baseAuthorityName="Newberry" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="8" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrelli">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9DFFAA9E0FD5D6FC8152B5" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Du. terrelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The paired buccohypophysial foramen (f.bhy; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9818D595FCAC52D5" box="[806,889,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) is visible in ventral view, with the prehypophysial region (pre.reg; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9F67D58BFB7952F7" box="[1113,1196,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) being longer than the posthypophysial region (post.reg; 
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9DFFAA9FCAD5A8FA9C5311" box="[1268,1353,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1313,1332]" captionTargetBox="[375,1231,200,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-262@7.[390,1233,230,1283]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
; ~1.5 times longer in an anterior–posterior direction). Both the pre- and posthypophysial regions are wider than long.
</paragraph>
<caption id="88C326F5FF9CFFAB9B9AD0EFFBD4500B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132137" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10132137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132137/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" startId="9.[164,243,954,973]" targetBox="[375,1231,196,923]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9CFFAB9B9AD0EFFBD4500B" blockId="9.[164,1441,954,1032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9CFFAB9B9AD0EFFD1857CE" bold="true" box="[164,717,954,973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">
Figure 6. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9CFFAB9A27D0EFFDB957CE" authority="Carr &amp; Hlavin, 2010" authorityName="Carr &amp; Hlavin" authorityYear="2010" box="[281,620,954,973]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amblyodoratus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9CFFAB9A27D0EFFDB957CE" bold="true" box="[281,620,954,973]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5FB1714FF9CFFAB994BD0EFFD1857CE" box="[629,717,954,973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(UM 101105). A, B, nuchal and paranuchal plates, and reconstruction, in internal view. C, external reconstruction. Dotted lines indicate incomplete edges; dashed lines indicate the reconstruction of the posterolateral corner of the nuchal plate. Scale bars: 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC03767DFF9CFFAB9B82D712FDCD51CF" blockId="9.[164,779,1095,1484]" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">
The ornamentation of the skull roof consists of a fine, evenly spaced ornament of punctate tubercles (
<figureCitation id="44876AF8FF9CFFAB9B92D7D1FF3B5099" box="[172,238,1156,1178]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[144,223,954,973]" captionTargetBox="[144,760,198,924]" captionTargetId="figure-649@8.[143,761,198,924]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Dermal ornamentation on postorbital plate. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10132135" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10132135/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). D. Goujet (pers. comm.) suggests caution in using the presence or absence of ornamentation as a phylogenetic character. This is based on the presence of both ornamented and unornamented forms of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9CFFAB9B9AD7AAFD655116" authority="(Eastman, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Eastman" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[164,688,1279,1301]" class="Placodermi" family="Coccosteidae" genus="Plourdosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trautscholdii">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9CFFAB9B9AD7AAFE0C5117" box="[164,473,1279,1300]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">Plourdosteus trautscholdii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B82D0B8CFF9CFFAB9ACCD7AAFD7D5116" author="Eastman CR" box="[498,680,1279,1301]" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" pagination="19 - 44" refId="ref17704" refString="Eastman CR. 1897. On the relations of certain plates in the dinichthyids, with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University 31: 19 - 44." type="journal article" year="1897">Eastman, 1897</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
within the same locality. However, a review of all of the specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9CFFAB9A7FD669FE0D5152" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1956" box="[321,472,1340,1361]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9CFFAB9A7FD669FE0D5152" box="[321,472,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">Dunkleosteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Cleveland Shale Formation curated at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History supports the presence of distinct stratigraphic distributions of ornamented and unornamented 
<taxonomicName id="1BBC0DFEFF9CFFAB9A1ED6E3FDCD51CF" box="[288,536,1462,1484]" class="Placodermi" family="Dunkleosteidae" genus="Dunkleosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrodira" pageId="9" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="EEC8AA6FFF9CFFAB9A1ED6E3FE6251C8" box="[288,439,1462,1483]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="204">Dunkleosteus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>