427 lines
57 KiB
XML
427 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="EC08C8D1BD5658293526B1E8BAF274EC">Taxonomic issues related to biological control prospects for the ragweed borer Epiblema strenuana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F37AF9006A60DC43E43BA466ECC3CFD">Gilligan, Todd M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E5988CF0B735C07F19F500D2B19E21A4">Wright, Donald J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EC8FA7142055E8B22518E7E8657CE63">Brown, Richard L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C74F05B6FF5237657722B3D78286E87D">Augustinus, Benno A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="22FE74D2EF7E357313DF007695E400B4">Schaffner, Urs</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DC499B9C3AF690AA6AA6DB795EE28E11">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="21F8DF5E4EF3C7B80E1CBEAB72F24364">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="540387EDB120FFC6FF46C084FEC6F90E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161926339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:540387EDB120FFC6FF46C084FEC6F90E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/540387EDB120FFC6FF46C084FEC6F90E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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<subSubSection id="94B06570B120FFC4FF46C084FDEAF952" box="[151,587,1737,1764]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C084FDEAF952" blockId="5.[151,587,1737,1800]" box="[151,587,1737,1764]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="875D8197B120FFC4FF46C084FDEAF952" bold="true" box="[151,587,1737,1764]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C084FDEAF952" ID-CoL="93ZB9" authority="(Walker, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,587,1737,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C084FDEAF952" bold="true" box="[151,587,1737,1764]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C084FE2DF952" bold="true" box="[151,396,1737,1764]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Epiblema strenuana</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FE4DC084FDE3F952" author="Walker, F." box="[412,578,1737,1763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="287 - 561" refId="ref8945" refString="Walker, F. (1863) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part XXVIII. Tortricites & Tineites. British Museum (Natural History), London, 287 - 561 pp." type="book chapter" year="1863">Walker, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="94B06570B120FFC4FF16C0A0FE7DF8B9" box="[199,476,1773,1800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF16C0A0FE7DF8B9" blockId="5.[151,587,1737,1800]" box="[199,476,1773,1800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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(
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<figureCitation id="44912A7EB120FFC4FF1EC0A0FEF6F8B6" box="[207,343,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–16" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[180,1406,260,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2–16. Adults. 2–9, E. minutana (2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16, E. strenuana (10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Figs. 10–16</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="44912A7EB120FFC4FEB2C0A0FE75F8B9" box="[355,468,1773,1800]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1892,1917]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[155,1432,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17–26. Genitalia. 17–18, E. minutana (17, Ohio, TMG782; 18, Ohio, USNM152256). 19, E. strenuana (Iowa, USNM152286). 20–23, E. minutana (20, Kentucky, TMG781; 21, New Mexico, USNM152260; 22, Kansas, USNM152258; 23, Israel, TMG784). 24–26, E. strenuana (24, TMG778; 25, Kansas, USNM152287; 26, Ohio, USNM152288)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632789/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">19, 24–26</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="94B06570B120FFC4FF46C17CFD8FF8FB" box="[151,558,1841,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C17CFD8FF8FB" blockId="5.[151,1007,1841,2019]" box="[151,558,1841,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C17CFD8BF8FB" ID-CoL="9727R" authority="Walker 1863: 383" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="383" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,554,1841,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C17CFED3F8F8" box="[151,370,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Grapholita strenuana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FEA9C17CFD8BF8FB" author="Walker, F." box="[376,554,1841,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="287 - 561" refId="ref8945" refString="Walker, F. (1863) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part XXVIII. Tortricites & Tineites. British Museum (Natural History), London, 287 - 561 pp." type="book chapter" year="1863">Walker 1863:383</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C11DFD8AF8D9" blockId="5.[151,1007,1841,2019]" box="[151,555,1871,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C11DFD87F8D9" ID-CoL="6L2XV" authority="Walker 1863: 383" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="383" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,550,1871,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exvagana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C11DFECEF8D9" box="[151,367,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Grapholita exvagana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FEA4C102FD87F8D9" author="Walker, F." box="[373,550,1871,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="287 - 561" refId="ref8945" refString="Walker, F. (1863) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part XXVIII. Tortricites & Tineites. British Museum (Natural History), London, 287 - 561 pp." type="book chapter" year="1863">Walker 1863:383</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C122FDDDF836" blockId="5.[151,1007,1841,2019]" box="[151,636,1902,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C122FDD9F836" authority="Clemens 1865: 238" authorityName="Clemens" authorityPageNumber="238" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,632,1902,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Steganoptycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocellana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C122FE11F836" box="[151,432,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Steganoptycha flavocellana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FE67C123FDD9F836" author="Clemens, B." box="[438,632,1902,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="133 - 147" refId="ref7270" refString="Clemens, B. (1865) North American Micro-Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 5, 133 - 147." type="journal article" year="1865">Clemens 1865:238</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C1C0FD90F817" blockId="5.[151,1007,1841,2019]" box="[151,561,1933,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C1C0FD8CF817" ID-CoL="B66BG" authority="Zeller 1875: 318" authorityName="Zeller" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,557,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subversana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C1C0FE20F814" box="[151,385,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Grapholita subversana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FE59C1C0FD8CF817" author="Zeller, P. C." box="[392,557,1933,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="205 - 360" refId="ref9192" refString="Zeller, P. C. (1875) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamericanischen Nachtfalter, besonders der Microlepidopteren. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 25, 205 - 360." type="journal article" year="1875">Zeller 1875:318</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C1E1FC4EF875" blockId="5.[151,1007,1841,2019]" box="[151,1007,1963,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
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||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C1E1FDE7F875" authority=": Walsingham 1879: 52" authorityName=": Walsingham" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,582,1963,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Paedisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C1E1FEFFF875" box="[151,350,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Paedisca strenuana</emphasis>
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||
: Walsingham 1879:52
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FD81C1E6FD5BF875" author="Fernald, C. H." box="[592,762,1963,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref7445" refString="Fernald, C. H. (1882) A synonymical catalogue of the described Tortricidae of North America north of Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 10, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1882">Fernald 1882:40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Walsingham 1884:140.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB120FFC4FF46C186FC3FF852" blockId="5.[151,1007,1841,2019]" box="[151,926,1994,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B120FFC4FF46C186FD82F852" authority=": Fernald 1903: 458" authorityName="Fernald" authorityPageNumber="458" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,547,1994,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eucosma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
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||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B120FFC4FF46C186FEFFF853" box="[151,350,1995,2018]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Eucosma strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB120FFC4FEBDC187FD82F852" author="Fernald, C. H." box="[364,547,1994,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" pagination="448 - 489" refId="ref7481" refString="Fernald, C. H. (1903 [1902]) Family Tortricidae. In: Dyar, H. G. (Ed.), A list of North American Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 52. pp. 448 - 489." type="book chapter" year="1903">Fernald 1903:458</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; Barnes and McDunnough 1917:170.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB123FFC7FF46C6D4FC41FF5F" blockId="6.[151,1264,152,238]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B123FFC7FF46C6D4FD93FF00" ID-CoL="93ZB9" authority=": Heinrich 1923: 140" authorityName=": Heinrich" authorityPageNumber="140" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,562,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
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<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B123FFC7FF46C6D4FEC2FF01" box="[151,355,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">Epiblema strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FEA1C6D5FD93FF00" author="Heinrich, C." box="[368,562,152,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref7997" refString="Heinrich, C. (1923) Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 123, 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1923">Heinrich 1923:140</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 257, 258; McDunnough 1939:48;
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<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B123FFC7FC19C6D5FB97FF00" box="[968,1078,152,177]" country="United Kingdom" name="Darlington" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">Darlington</collectingRegion>
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1947:95; Miller 1972:214; Powell 1983:35;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FE30C6FAFD5BFF7E" author="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G." box="[481,762,183,208]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref8631" refString="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G. (1984) Ragweed borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini): Taxonomic implications of an allometric analysis of adult characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 227 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 77.3.227" type="journal article" year="1984">Miller and Pogue 1984:227</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FCD4C6FAFC01FF61" author="Miller, W. E." box="[773,928,183,208]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" refId="ref8588" refString="Miller, W. E. (1987) Guide to the olethreutine moths of Midland North America (Tortricidae). United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 660, 104 pp. [Miller and Hodges 1990]" type="book" year="1987">Miller 1987:56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FC7AC6F5FBF8FF61" author="Brown, J. W." box="[939,1113,183,208]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" refId="ref7112" refString="Brown, J. W. (2005) World catalogue of insects. Volume 5: Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 741 pp." type="book" year="2005">Brown 2005:286</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FBB2C6FAFB51FF7E" author="Gilligan, T. M. & Wright, D. J. & Gibson, L. D." box="[1123,1264,183,208]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" refId="ref7608" refString="Gilligan, T. M., Wright, D. J. & Gibson, L. D. (2008) Olethreutine moths of the midwestern United States, an identification guide. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, 334 pp." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Gilligan
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B123FFC7FB6DC6F5FB51FF7E" box="[1212,1264,183,207]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94B06570B123FFC7FF16C69BFC41FF5F" box="[199,992,213,238]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" type="description">
|
||
2008:121; Horak 2008:310;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FE36C698FCA0FF5F" author="Powell, J. A. & Opler, P. A." box="[487,769,213,238]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" refId="ref8803" refString="Powell, J. A. & Opler, P. A. (2009) Moths of Western North America. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 369 pp." type="book" year="2009">Powell and Opler 2009:135</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB123FFC7FCDDC698FC7DFF5F" author="Pohl, G. R. & Landry, J. - F. & Schmidt, B. C. & Lafontaine, J. D. & Troubridge, J. T. & Macaulay, A. D. & van Nieukerken, E. J. & deWaard, J. R. & Dombroskie, J. J. & Klymko, J. & Nazari, V. & Stead, K." box="[780,988,213,238]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" refId="ref8693" refString="Pohl, G. R., Landry, J. - F., Schmidt, B. C., Lafontaine, J. D., Troubridge, J. T., Macaulay, A. D., van Nieukerken, E. J., deWaard, J. R., Dombroskie, J. J., Klymko, J., Nazari, V. & Stead, K. (2018) Annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Canada and Alaska. Series Faunistica No. 118. Pensoft, Sofia, 580 pp." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Pohl
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B123FFC7FC91C69AFCD5FF5F" box="[832,884,214,238]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018:151
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="88D56673B123FFC7FF46C13DFC16F844" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" startId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" targetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB123FFC7FF46C13DFC16F844" blockId="6.[151,1436,1904,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B123FFC7FF46C13DFEE2F838" bold="true" box="[151,323,1904,1929]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">FIGURES 2–16</emphasis>
|
||
. Adults. 2–9,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B123FFC7FE07C13FFDF5F838" baseAuthorityName="Kearfott" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[470,596,1906,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B123FFC7FE07C13FFDF5F838" box="[470,596,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">E. minutana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B123FFC7FF46C1F7FEB9F860" authorityName=": Heinrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,280,1978,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B123FFC7FF46C1F7FEB9F860" box="[151,280,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">E. strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB122FFC6FF46C6D4FB76FEF2" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF46C6D4FF7DFF02" bold="true" box="[151,220,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Types</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FF3BC6D4FE7AFF02" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[234,475,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF3BC6D4FE7AFF02" box="[234,475,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Grapholita strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6CC23CA6B122FFC6FE39C6D4FC44FF66" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2561484977" collectionCode="BMNH" location="North America" municipality="Carter Collection" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FE39C6D4FDF9FF02" box="[488,600,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FCD7C6D4FBA4FF02" author="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G." box="[774,1029,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref8631" refString="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G. (1984) Ragweed borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini): Taxonomic implications of an allometric analysis of adult characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 227 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 77.3.227" type="journal article" year="1984">Miller and Pogue 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FBCDC6D4FBCFFF02" box="[1052,1134,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–16" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[180,1406,260,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2–16. Adults. 2–9, E. minutana (2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16, E. strenuana (10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAACFD72B122FFC6FB50C6D4FB39FF02" box="[1153,1176,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="D9756020B122FFC6FB72C6D4FAEDFF02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:540387EDB120FFC6FF46C084FEC6F90E:D9756020B122FFC6FB72C6D4FAEDFF02" box="[1187,1356,153,179]" municipality="Carter Collection" name="North America" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">North America</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="3C71AC81B122FFC6FA87C6D4FEAEFF66" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Carter Collection</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BABBAE3EB122FFC6FECCC6F0FED5FF66" box="[285,372,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
(E) 819923, slide 5737,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BABBAE3EB122FFC6FD5FC6F0FD47FF66" box="[654,742,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FD22C6F0FC44FF66" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[755,997,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exvagana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FD22C6F0FC44FF66" box="[755,997,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Grapholita exvagana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6CC23CA6B122FFC6FC26C6F0FE6DFEAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2561484975" collectionCode="BMNH" location="North America" municipality="Carter Collection" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FC26C6F0FBC6FF66" box="[1015,1127,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FAF2C6F0FE82FF4A" author="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G." pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref8631" refString="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G. (1984) Ragweed borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini): Taxonomic implications of an allometric analysis of adult characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 227 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 77.3.227" type="journal article" year="1984">Miller and Pogue 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="D9756020B122FFC6FEE8C6ACFE44FF4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:540387EDB120FFC6FF46C084FEC6F90E:D9756020B122FFC6FEE8C6ACFE44FF4A" box="[313,485,225,251]" municipality="Carter Collection" name="North America" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">North America</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="3C71AC81B122FFC6FE22C6ACFD1BFF4A" box="[499,698,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Carter Collection</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BABBAE3EB122FFC6FD19C6ACFCBEFF4A" box="[712,799,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
(E) 819924,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BABBAE3EB122FFC6FC7CC6ACFBA0FF4A" box="[941,1025,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
[hindwings and abdomen missing].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FF46C748FE6DFEAE" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,460,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Steganoptycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF46C748FE6DFEAE" box="[151,460,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Steganoptycha flavocellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6CC23CA6B122FFC6FE0BC748FE77FEF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2561484976" collectionCode="ANSP" collectorName="Type No." location="Darlington" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Darlington" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FE0BC748FDEBFEAE" box="[474,586,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FD2BC748FCD2FEAE" box="[762,883,261,287]" country="United Kingdom" name="Darlington" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Darlington</collectingRegion>
|
||
1947).
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAACFD72B122FFC6FC18C748FC41FEAE" box="[969,992,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="715F532DB122FFC6FC3AC748FBF3FEAE" box="[1003,1106,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Type No.</collectorName>
|
||
7214,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BABBAE3EB122FFC6FB4DC748FB42FEAE" box="[1180,1251,261,287]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">ANSP</collectionCode>
|
||
[abdomen miss- ing].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FF03C764FE77FEF2" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1875" box="[210,470,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subversana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF03C764FE77FEF2" box="[210,470,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Grapholita subversana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6CC23CA6B122FFC6FE32C764FB72FEF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2561484972" box="[483,1235,296,323]" collectionCode="MCZ" location="Boll" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FE32C764FDEDFEF2" box="[483,588,297,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
?
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FD8CC764FD00FEF2" box="[605,673,297,323]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="D9756020B122FFC6FD7DC764FD7EFEF2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:540387EDB120FFC6FF46C084FEC6F90E:D9756020B122FFC6FD7DC764FD7EFEF2" box="[684,735,297,323]" name="Boll" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" stateProvince="Texas">Boll</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BABBAE3EB122FFC6FD3BC764FC86FEF2" box="[746,807,297,323]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FCE5C764FC63FEF2" author="Brown, J. W." box="[820,962,296,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref7112" refString="Brown, J. W. (2005) World catalogue of insects. Volume 5: Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 741 pp." type="book" year="2005">Brown 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists these types as lost]
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94B06570B122FFC6FF16C700FB19FD36" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB122FFC6FF16C700FB19FD36" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
|
||
Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FED9C700FE3DFED6" ID-CoL="9727R" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[264,412,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FED9C700FE3DFED6" box="[264,412,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">G. strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FE09C700FDC8FED6" ID-CoL="6L2XV" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[472,617,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exvagana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FE09C700FDC8FED6" box="[472,617,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">G. exvagana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem to have been described from specimens with a moderately wellexpressed white interfascial spot;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FDCCC73CFC98FE3A" author="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G." box="[541,825,369,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref8631" refString="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G. (1984) Ragweed borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini): Taxonomic implications of an allometric analysis of adult characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 227 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 77.3.227" type="journal article" year="1984">Miller and Pogue (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated the same specimens that N. S. Obraztsov provisionally selected as
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FE6FC7D8FD92FE1E" box="[446,563,405,431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="lectotype">lectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
. The number of specimens supporting the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FB05C7D8FADFFE1E" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1865" box="[1236,1406,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Steganoptycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FB05C7D8FADFFE1E" box="[1236,1406,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">S. flavocellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FEDFC7F4FE26FE62" box="[270,391,441,467]" country="United Kingdom" name="Darlington" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Darlington</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1947) attributed the
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FD51C7F4FD46FE62" box="[640,743,441,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FC47C7F4FBEDFE62" author="Heinrich, C." box="[918,1100,441,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref7997" refString="Heinrich, C. (1923) Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 123, 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1923">Heinrich (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but Heinrich did not provide enough information to designate a single specimen. Miller’s (1973) image of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FC2DC790FB03FE46" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1865" box="[1020,1186,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Steganoptycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FC2DC790FB03FE46" box="[1020,1186,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">S. flavocellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows the interfascial spot to be obsolete.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FEA7C44CFDABFDAA" author="Zeller, P. C." box="[374,522,512,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="205 - 360" refId="ref9192" refString="Zeller, P. C. (1875) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamericanischen Nachtfalter, besonders der Microlepidopteren. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 25, 205 - 360." type="journal article" year="1875">Zeller (1875)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned three or five
|
||
<typeStatus id="03118859B122FFC6FCCCC44CFCDEFDAA" box="[797,895,513,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
in his description: “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FB8EC44CFB02FDAA" box="[1119,1187,513,539]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Boll).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FB2BC44CFA3DFDAA" box="[1274,1436,513,539]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
at Beverly (Burgess) where two
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAACFD72B122FFC6FE2EC468FDB5FD8E" box="[511,532,549,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
on 27 June and 3 July were caught. One
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAACFD72B122FFC6FC0CC468FC55FD8E" box="[989,1012,549,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, one
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAACFD72B122FFC6FBFFC468FBE2FD8E" box="[1070,1091,549,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
in Museum Cambridge, one
|
||
<specimenCount id="CAACFD72B122FFC6FA56C468FA3DFD8E" box="[1415,1436,549,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
in my collection.” Regardless of the exact number, Miller and Hodges (1990) did not report any types in the MCZ and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FF16C420FEC4FD36" author="Brown, J. W." box="[199,357,620,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref7112" refString="Brown, J. W. (2005) World catalogue of insects. Volume 5: Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 741 pp." type="book" year="2005">Brown (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the types as lost. All of the above synonymies date to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FBD8C420FB12FD36" author="Fernald, C. H." box="[1033,1203,621,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref7445" refString="Fernald, C. H. (1882) A synonymical catalogue of the described Tortricidae of North America north of Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 10, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1882">Fernald (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94B06570B122FFC6FF16C4DDFC48FB12" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB122FFC6FF16C4DDFE1CFBA2" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF16C4DDFECCFD1A" bold="true" box="[199,365,656,683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Redescription</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FEAAC4DCFDFDFD1A" authorityName=": Heinrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[379,604,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FEAAC4DCFDFDFD1A" box="[379,604,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Epiblema strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a brownish to grayish species of variable size (FWL: 4.0–9.0 mm, mean = 7.1) and average forewing geometry (AR = 2.80). The interfascial spot, which extends from the inner margin to the radius, varies from whitish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FDD4C494FD18FD42" box="[517,697,728,755]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–16" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[180,1406,260,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2–16. Adults. 2–9, E. minutana (2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16, E. strenuana (10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Figs. 10, 15–16</figureCitation>
|
||
) to shades of bronze or gray (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FBC5C494FB3CFD42" box="[1044,1181,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–16" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[180,1406,260,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2–16. Adults. 2–9, E. minutana (2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16, E. strenuana (10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Figs. 11–14</figureCitation>
|
||
), in the latter case being weakly distinguishable from the subbasal and median fasciae by its lack of white-tipped scales. Its proximal margin is often indicated by a thin line of pale scales (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FCE9C56CFC2DFC8A" box="[824,908,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–16" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[180,1406,260,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2–16. Adults. 2–9, E. minutana (2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16, E. strenuana (10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ocellus is white and conspicuous, with a central black longitudinal dash, a black mark on the costal margin, a narrow gray band on the proximal margin, and a black line along the basal edge of the gray band, the last often fragmented into two or three segments. The paired costal strigulae on the distal one-half of the wing are white to gray, usually inconspicuous (except for strigula 9), with associated gray striae extending toward the termen, the last usually separated by lines of orange-brown scales. The specimen in
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FE8FC598FE0EFC5E" box="[350,431,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–16" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[180,1405,260,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[180,1406,260,1879]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2–16. Adults. 2–9, E. minutana (2, New Jersey, lectotype; 3, Mississippi, DJW8714; 4, California, DJW8655; 5, Kentucky, TONAB101-09; 6, Ohio, USNM152255; 7, Ohio, DJW8712; 8, Florida, DJW8739; 9, California, DJW8666). 10–16, E. strenuana (10, North America, lectotype; 11, Alabama, DJW8703; 12, Texas, DJW8667; 13, Ohio, USNM152288; 14, Alabama, DJW8704; 15, New Mexico, USNM152289; 16, California, DJW8683)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632787/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
is representative of a few specimens from southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FBDBC598FBDDFC5E" box="[1034,1148,981,1007]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
that have unusually well expressed costal strigulae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB122FFC6FF16C250FC48FB12" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
|
||
The male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FE78C250FE5BFB86" box="[425,506,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1892,1917]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[155,1432,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17–26. Genitalia. 17–18, E. minutana (17, Ohio, TMG782; 18, Ohio, USNM152256). 19, E. strenuana (Iowa, USNM152286). 20–23, E. minutana (20, Kentucky, TMG781; 21, New Mexico, USNM152260; 22, Kansas, USNM152258; 23, Israel, TMG784). 24–26, E. strenuana (24, TMG778; 25, Kansas, USNM152287; 26, Ohio, USNM152288)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632789/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
) are distinguished by long fingerlike socii, whose lateral margins are nearly parallel. In females, the sterigma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="44912A7EB122FFC6FE32C20CFDCAFBED" box="[483,619,1089,1116]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1892,1917]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[155,1432,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 17–26. Genitalia. 17–18, E. minutana (17, Ohio, TMG782; 18, Ohio, USNM152256). 19, E. strenuana (Iowa, USNM152286). 20–23, E. minutana (20, Kentucky, TMG781; 21, New Mexico, USNM152260; 22, Kansas, USNM152258; 23, Israel, TMG784). 24–26, E. strenuana (24, TMG778; 25, Kansas, USNM152287; 26, Ohio, USNM152288)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3632789/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Figs. 24–26</figureCitation>
|
||
) is rectangular and elongate (length about 2 times ostium diameter), the posterior margin of sternum 7 is semicircular and diverges laterally from the sterigma, and the ductus bursae has a twist-like sclerotized contortion near the juncture with the ductus seminalis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="94B06570B122FFC6FF16C2E0FEC6F90E" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB122FFC6FF16C2E0FABFFA72" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF16C2E0FE95FB76" bold="true" box="[199,308,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FE93C2E0FE57FB76" author="Heinrich, C." box="[322,502,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref7997" refString="Heinrich, C. (1923) Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 123, 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1923">Heinrich (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the larva is a stem borer on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FC7CC2E0FB13FB76" box="[941,1202,1197,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ambrosia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="artimisiifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FC7CC2E0FB13FB76" box="[941,1202,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Ambrosia artimisiifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (annual ragweed) without providing the source of that information.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FD13C29CFC24FB5A" author="Stegmaier, C. E." box="[706,901,1233,1259]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="259 - 272" refId="ref8901" refString="Stegmaier, C. E. (1971) Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera associated with Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Compositae) in Florida. Florida Entomologist, 54, 259 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493724" type="journal article" year="1971">Stegmaier (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported rearing
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1E6EF819B122FFC6FB96C29CFB39FB5A" box="[1095,1176,1233,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens from larvae feeding in fusiform galls in the lateral branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FD1CC2B8FCDFFABE" box="[717,894,1269,1295]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ambrosia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="artimisiifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FD1CC2B8FCDFFABE" box="[717,894,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">A. artimisiifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also reported rearing a similar but unknown species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FEDEC354FEDBFA82" box="[271,378,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FEDEC354FEDBFA82" box="[271,378,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Epiblema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, later determined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FDBCC354FC25FA82" author="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G." box="[621,900,1305,1331]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref8631" refString="Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G. (1984) Ragweed borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini): Taxonomic implications of an allometric analysis of adult characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 227 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 77.3.227" type="journal article" year="1984">Miller and Pogue (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FC7AC357FB94FA82" baseAuthorityName="Kearfott" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[939,1077,1306,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FC7AC357FB94FA82" box="[939,1077,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">E. minutana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from larvae boring in stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FF46C370FEE8FAE6" box="[151,329,1341,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ambrosia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="artimisiifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF46C370FEE8FAE6" box="[151,329,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">A. artimisiifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other larval hosts have been mentioned in the literature, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FB80C370FADDFAE6" box="[1105,1404,1341,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Parthenium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hysterophorus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FB80C370FADDFAE6" box="[1105,1404,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Parthenium hysterophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (Santa Maria feverfew) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FE7CC32CFDECFACA" author="McClay, A. S." box="[429,589,1377,1403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="23 - 34" refId="ref8390" refString="McClay, A. S. (1987) Observations on the biology and host specificity of Epiblema strenuana [Lepidoptera, Tortricidae], a potential biocontrol agent for Parthenium hysterophorus [Compositae]. Entomophaga, 32, 23 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02390928" type="journal article" year="1987">McClay 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FDB0C32CFD6FFACA" box="[609,718,1377,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FDB0C32CFD6FFACA" box="[609,718,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Xanthium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cocklebur) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FCB7C32CFC51FACA" author="Miller, W. E." box="[870,1008,1377,1403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref8588" refString="Miller, W. E. (1987) Guide to the olethreutine moths of Midland North America (Tortricidae). United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 660, 104 pp. [Miller and Hodges 1990]" type="book" year="1987">Miller 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FC2CC32CFAA7FACA" author="Powell, J. A. & Opler, P. A." box="[1021,1286,1377,1403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref8803" refString="Powell, J. A. & Opler, P. A. (2009) Moths of Western North America. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 369 pp." type="book" year="2009">Powell and Opler 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FA9BC32CFF4AFA2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Chenopodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FA9BC32CFF4AFA2E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Chenopodium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(goosefoot) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FE57C3C8FDB2FA2E" author="Miller, W. E." box="[390,531,1413,1439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref8588" refString="Miller, W. E. (1987) Guide to the olethreutine moths of Midland North America (Tortricidae). United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 660, 104 pp. [Miller and Hodges 1990]" type="book" year="1987">Miller 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but these records need to be verified.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FC0BC3C8FB1FFA2E" authorityName=": Heinrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[986,1214,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FC0BC3C8FB1FFA2E" box="[986,1214,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Epiblema strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been used as a biological control agent for a variety of invasive weeds; those species are listed elsewhere in this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC1536FBB122FFC6FF16C380FEC6F90E" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
|
||
This species is broadly distributed over the North American continent. We suspect the distribution of the moth mimics that of its hosts,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FE63C3BCFDBFF9BA" box="[434,542,1521,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ambrosia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FE63C3BCFDBFF9BA" box="[434,542,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Ambrosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FD8CC3BCFD6BF9BA" box="[605,714,1521,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FD8CC3BCFD6BF9BA" box="[605,714,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Xanthium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FC93C3BFFC5FF9BA" box="[834,1022,1521,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Parthenium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hysterophorus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FC93C3BFFC5FF9BA" box="[834,1022,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">P. hysterophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B83B4B0AB122FFC6FBDFC3BCFAC1F9BA" author="Hilgendorf, J. H. & Goeden, R. D." box="[1038,1376,1521,1547]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="404 - 411" refId="ref8033" refString="Hilgendorf, J. H. & Goeden, R. D. (1983) Phytophagous insect faunas of spiny clotbur, Xanthium spinosum, and cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium, in southern California. Environmental Entomology, 12, 404 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 12.2.404" type="journal article" year="1983">Hilgendorf and Goeden 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mc- Clay 1987). Of course, many of the literature records are uncertain due to the long-standing confusion regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FF46C077FE89F9E2" authorityName=": Heinrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,296,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FF46C077FE89F9E2" box="[151,296,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">E. strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FEB5C077FE51F9E2" baseAuthorityName="Kearfott" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[356,496,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FEB5C077FE51F9E2" box="[356,496,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">E. minutana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We examined specimens from 14 states in the region extending from Minnesota to Texas, west to Colorado and New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A4BD766BB122FFC6FDEDC010FD35F9C6" box="[572,660,1629,1655]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, east to Maryland and Florida, and several specimens from southern California. In the Midwest,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BAA4D78B122FFC6FE00C0CFFDC1F92A" authorityName=": Heinrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[465,608,1666,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Epiblema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenuana">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEDEEAE9B122FFC6FE00C0CFFDC1F92A" box="[465,608,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">E. strenuana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two primary flights, one in late June, and the other from mid-August to mid-September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |