treatments-xml/data/52/2E/53/522E53059D3B643BFEBAFA3FFD8FFD85.xml

<document id="ACC00FDC89BCC4318B79D87F29F1807B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157955" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5653567b-e8ca-432d-ac71-bc6f53e0bc39" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157955" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461011938070" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Craig, Douglas A." docDate="2004" docId="522E53059D3B643BFEBAFA3FFD8FFD85" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00450.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 450" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Simulium (Inseliellum) englundi Craig, 2004, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="AE172B7D9D32642BFFB2FFD6FFDCFFF3" masterDocTitle="Three new species of Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Polynesia" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698567575690" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="953A9454FEBF2BBDF51F348A91CE2109">Three new species of Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Polynesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="72F598558F8B97BF09BCE5692C452BA6">Craig, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="5C650FBC985CB6967441A4A3AA230940">2004</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="929DB1989D3B6422FEBAFA3FFDEDF9D5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3B6422FEBAFA3FFD3BF9F0" blockId="9.[264,743,1513,1574]" box="[264,743,1513,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="8170557F9D3B6422FEBAFA3FFD3BF9F0" bold="true" box="[264,743,1513,1539]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FEBAFA3FFD3BF9F0" bold="true" box="[264,743,1513,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3B6422FEBAFA3FFD4AF9F0" ID-CoL="8DXQM" box="[264,662,1513,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Inseliellum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FEBAFA3FFEA3F9F0" bold="true" box="[264,383,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FE22FA3FFDC5F9F0" bold="true" box="[400,537,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Inseliellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FD98FA3FFD4AF9F0" bold="true" box="[554,662,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3C0837A9D3B6422FD16FA3FFD3BF9F0" box="[676,743,1513,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3B6422FEBAF9DAFDEDF9D5" blockId="9.[264,743,1513,1574]" box="[264,561,1548,1574]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
(
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D3B6422FEA3F9DAFE43F9D5" box="[273,415,1548,1574]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStart-1="FIGURE 19" captionStart-2="FIGURE 20" captionStartId-0="10.[264,382,1784,1808]" captionStartId-1="11.[264,367,974,998]" captionStartId-2="14.[264,367,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1322,633,1772]" captionTargetBox-1="[294,1248,319,957]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1322,321,1711]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[245,1343,630,1774]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[273,1270,310,966]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[247,1340,321,1715]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionText-0="FIGURES 16 – 18. Simulium englundi. 16. Holotype female. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Frontal view of Holotype head. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 18. Tip of left hind leg of Holotype showing calcipala, pedisulcus and pretarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 19. Simulium englundi. Female genitalia. Left—ventral view; right—lateral view of terminalia. Abbreviations: anlb—anal lobe; c—cercus; gf—genital fork; hypv—hypogynial valve; spm—spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 20. Simulium englundi, pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. FIGURE 21. S. gallinum (Hiva Oa), last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. FIGURES 22 – 26. S. englundi. 22. Last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. 23. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 24. Hypostomal teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 25. Mandible. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 26. Anal sclerite. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/168915/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/157960/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/168916/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 16–20</figureCitation>
, 22–26, 29).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D3B6422FEBAF981FE94F983" box="[264,328,1623,1648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3B6422FEBAF981FE94F983" blockId="9.[264,1322,1623,1894]" box="[264,328,1623,1648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D3B6422FEBAF981FE94F983" box="[264,328,1623,1648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FEBAF981FE94F983" box="[264,328,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Types</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D3B6422FE8AF9A8FE76F96B" box="[312,426,1662,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3B6422FE8AF9A8FE76F96B" blockId="9.[264,1322,1623,1894]" box="[312,426,1662,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D3B6422FE8AF9A8FE76F96B" box="[312,426,1662,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FE8AF9A8FE76F96B" bold="true" box="[312,426,1662,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D3B6421FE8AF970FDFBFE75" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3B6422FE8AF970FE5CF895" blockId="9.[264,1322,1623,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FE8AF970FE4FF933" bold="true" box="[312,403,1702,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Female</emphasis>
: pinned. Label data—&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3B6422FD77F971FB84F933" box="[709,1112,1703,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi" subGenus="Inseliellum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FD77F971FCE8F933" box="[709,820,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FCE2F971FC0EF933" box="[848,978,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Inseliellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3B6422FC5CF971FB84F933" box="[1006,1112,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3B6422FBDCF971FAFAF932" box="[1134,1318,1703,1729]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesas">MARQUESAS</taxonomicName>
, Mohotani (Motane) 
<collectingCountry id="A290A2839D3B6422FE48F919FD99F91A" box="[506,581,1743,1769]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Island</collectingCountry>
, alt. 
<specimenCount id="CC81299A9D3B6422FD32F919FD08F91A" box="[640,724,1743,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3B6422FD32F919FD13F91A" box="[640,719,1743,1769]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.78" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="378.0">378 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
<geoCoordinate id="BFB384D49D3B6422FD6FF919FC81F91A" box="[733,861,1743,1769]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="9" value="-9.98">S9° 58.80’</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="BFB384D49D3B6422FCD4F919FBCFF91A" box="[870,1043,1743,1769]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="9" value="-138.83">W138° 49.80’</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="AE39C4D39D3B6422FBADF919FB6AF91A" box="[1055,1206,1743,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2001-08-31">31­viii­2001</date>
. Coll. R. Englund, S. 
<collectingCountry id="A290A2839D3B6422FE2EF921FE32F8E2" box="[412,494,1783,1809]" name="Jordan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Jordan</collectingCountry>
. 
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D3B6422FE49F921FD46F8E2" box="[507,666,1783,1809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
. No. 16524&quot; (BPBM). Head, mouthparts and genitalia cleared and in glycerine vial on pin. Thorax slightly damaged. Dried from alcohol via Peldri II®.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D386421FE8AFECAFE76FEC5" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,550]" box="[312,426,284,310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D386421FE8AFECAFE76FEC5" box="[312,426,284,310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D386421FE8AFE95FDFBFE75" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FE8AFE95FE4DFEAE" bold="true" box="[312,401,323,349]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Larvae</emphasis>
: Last and penultimate instars in alcohol. Label data as for 
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D386421FBFEFE92FB60FEAD" box="[1100,1212,324,350]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, but with “ 
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D386421FEA3FEBAFE75FE75" box="[273,425,364,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
” (BPBM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D386421FEBAFE42FB09FDD5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D386421FEBAFE42FEA3FE5E" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,550]" box="[264,383,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FEBAFE42FEA3FE5E" box="[264,383,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D386421FE8AFE6DFB09FDD5" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FE8AFE6DFE01FE26" bold="true" box="[312,477,443,469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adult female</emphasis>
: markedly dark brown; vestiture of black hairs; maxillary palpus sensory vesicle poorly developed; posterolateral sclerite of anal fork markedly developed. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FEBAFDDDFE95FDD6" bold="true" box="[264,329,523,549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pupa</emphasis>
: six gill filaments. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FD86FDDDFD5DFDD6" bold="true" box="[564,641,523,549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Larva</emphasis>
: head brown; labral fan stem markedly developed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="8EF8B29B9D386421FEBAF92EFCE2F8AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168915/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[264,1322,633,1772]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D386421FEBAF92EFCE2F8AF" blockId="10.[264,1324,1784,1884]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FEBAF92EFE14F8E3" bold="true" box="[264,456,1784,1808]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURES 16–18</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D386421FE6EF92FFD79F8E3" box="[476,677,1785,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FE6EF92FFD79F8E3" box="[476,677,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Simulium englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FD01F92EFD12F8E3" bold="true" box="[691,718,1784,1808]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">16</emphasis>
. Holotype female. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FBC8F92EFB48F8E3" bold="true" box="[1146,1172,1784,1808]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17</emphasis>
. Frontal view of Holotype head. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D386421FD75F8CBFD3EF8C6" bold="true" box="[711,738,1821,1845]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18</emphasis>
. Tip of left hind leg of Holotype showing calcipala, pedisulcus and pretarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8EF8B29B9D396420FEBAFC18FD65FBD5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157960/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[294,1248,319,957]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D396420FEBAFC18FD65FBD5" blockId="11.[264,1323,974,1062]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D396420FEBAFC18FE4EFC15" bold="true" box="[264,402,974,998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 19</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D396420FE12FC19FDB6FC15" box="[416,618,975,998]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D396420FE12FC19FDB6FC15" box="[416,618,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Simulium englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female genitalia. Left—ventral view; right—lateral view of terminalia. Abbreviations: anlb—anal lobe; c—cercus; gf—genital fork; hypv—hypogynial valve; spm—spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D396426FEBAFB81FB38FE75" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D396420FEBAFB81FE4EFB83" blockId="11.[264,1325,1111,1897]" box="[264,402,1111,1136]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D396420FEBAFB81FE4EFB83" box="[264,402,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D396427FE8AFBA8FB1FFCE5" blockId="11.[264,1325,1111,1897]" lastBlockId="12.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D396420FE8AFBA8FE35FB6B" bold="true" box="[312,489,1150,1176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Adult Female</emphasis>
(colours based on specimen in alcohol). Body (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D396420FBECFBA9FB61FB6A" box="[1118,1213,1151,1177]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="10.[264,382,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,633,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[245,1343,630,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Simulium englundi. 16. Holotype female. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Frontal view of Holotype head. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 18. Tip of left hind leg of Holotype showing calcipala, pedisulcus and pretarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168915/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
): overall medium to dark brown; 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FD99FB71FD4AFB32" box="[555,662,1191,1217]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1.92">1.92 mm</quantity>
in length. Head (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D396420FCC0FB71FC10FB32" box="[882,972,1191,1217]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="10.[264,382,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,633,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[245,1343,630,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Simulium englundi. 16. Holotype female. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Frontal view of Holotype head. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 18. Tip of left hind leg of Holotype showing calcipala, pedisulcus and pretarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168915/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
): eyes, dark red; postocciput, vertex and clypeus evenly dark brownish black; width 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FC2CFB19FBD0FB1A" box="[926,1036,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity>
, depth 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FBD4FB19FB09FB1A" box="[1126,1237,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
. Eyes: interocular distance 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FE47FB21FDBCFAE2" box="[501,608,1271,1297]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
; ommatidia 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FD42FB21FCBAFAE2" box="[752,870,1271,1297]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.017">0.017 mm</quantity>
in diameter, ca. 28 and 30 respectively across and up eye in middle row. Frons: evenly dark brown, no apparent vestiture. Clypeus: slightly longer than wide, vestiture of sparse coarse black hairs. Post­ocular hairs: sparse, black, barely extended to eye margin. Antenna: total length 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FBD4FAB9FB0DFA7A" box="[1126,1233,1391,1417]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.41">0.41 mm</quantity>
; evenly dark brown. Mouthparts: 0.3 length of head depth; mandible poorly sclerotized, as long as labrum, 4 times as long as wide, 19 inner teeth; lacinia with 20–22 teeth; maxillary palpus 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FEBAFA31FEAFF9F2" box="[264,371,1511,1537]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity>
long, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th and 5th articles, 1:1:3.1; sensory vesicle occupying 0.25 width of third article (markedly small), opening 0.3 width of vesicle; third article lacking markedly angular anterodistal margin; cibarium shallowly U­shaped, smooth between substantial, angular, heavily­pigmented proximal arms. Thorax: length 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FEBAF951FEA8F952" box="[264,372,1671,1697]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.299999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.83">0.83 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FE79F951FDF5F952" box="[459,553,1671,1697]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
; evenly dark brown; scutum lacking vittae, subshiny, vestiture of short black hairs; scutellum concolorous with scutum, apical angle of 90°, posterolateral edges slightly convex, vestiture of long coarse black hairs; postscutellum marginally lighter than scutellum, with darker medial region; pleuron evenly medium brown. Wing: length 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FEE8F8F1FE64F8B2" box="[346,440,1831,1857]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D396420FDBDF8F1FDB1F8B2" box="[527,621,1831,1857]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
; veins generally very pale; stem vein hair tuft sparse. Halter: knob and pedicel pale. Legs (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D396420FD38F899FD3EF89A" box="[650,738,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="10.[264,382,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,633,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[245,1343,630,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Simulium englundi. 16. Holotype female. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Frontal view of Holotype head. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 18. Tip of left hind leg of Holotype showing calcipala, pedisulcus and pretarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168915/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
): coxae light brown; femora with main length yellow, darker distal region; tibiae darker; hind tibiae mainly yellow; tarsi dark; calcipala well developed (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D3E6427FE21FE92FE31FEAD" box="[403,493,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="10.[264,382,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,633,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[245,1343,630,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Simulium englundi. 16. Holotype female. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Frontal view of Holotype head. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 18. Tip of left hind leg of Holotype showing calcipala, pedisulcus and pretarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168915/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
); pretarsal claw with well developed basal tooth. Abdomen: overall dark gray with vestiture of fine black hairs; basal fringe of sparse black hairs extended to second abdominal segment; tergites marginally lighter than tergum; posterior tergites subshiny; sternum evenly gray, except for segment VIII which is concolorous with tergum. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D3E6427FE34FE32FE3DFE0D" box="[390,481,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="11.[264,367,974,998]" captionTargetBox="[294,1248,319,957]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[273,1270,310,966]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 19. Simulium englundi. Female genitalia. Left—ventral view; right—lateral view of terminalia. Abbreviations: anlb—anal lobe; c—cercus; gf—genital fork; hypv—hypogynial valve; spm—spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157960/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
): cercus in lateral view flattened dorsally, convex ventrally; anal lobe extended only to base of cercus, with hairs ventromedially; hypogynial valves distinctly rounded apically, extended 0.3 length of anal lobe, with sparse vestiture of short hairs and trifid microtrichia laterally; median space extended anteriorly to branch of genital fork, narrowly rounded anteriorly, slightly wider at mid­depth, pigmented area at mid­depth; stem of genital fork narrow, with accessory fluted lobe posteromedially; posterolateral triangular sclerite markedly enlarged, with medial ridge. Spermatheca: ovoid, dark brown, pattern and internal hairs absent, distinct clear area at spermathecal duct junction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3E6427FE8AFCF2FD89FCCD" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1870]" box="[312,597,804,830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3E6427FE8AFCF2FE1BFCCD" bold="true" box="[312,455,804,830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Adult Male</emphasis>
(Unknown)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3E6427FE8AFC9AFCD6FC95" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1870]" box="[312,778,844,870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3E6427FE8AFC9AFEA5FC95" bold="true" box="[312,377,844,870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on pharate gill histoblasts)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3E6427FE8AFCA2FE62FC45" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Gill (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D3E6427FECAFCA2FE09FC7D" box="[376,469,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[247,1340,321,1715]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 20. Simulium englundi, pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. FIGURE 21. S. gallinum (Hiva Oa), last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. FIGURES 22 – 26. S. englundi. 22. Last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. 23. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 24. Hypostomal teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 25. Mandible. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 26. Anal sclerite. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168916/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
): six fine filaments (3+1+2); 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FC8EFCA2FC45FC7D" box="[828,921,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
maximum length; filaments subequal in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3E6427FE8AFC12FBBBFC2D" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1870]" box="[312,1127,964,990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3E6427FE8AFC12FE58FC2D" bold="true" box="[312,388,964,990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Larva</emphasis>
(Based on four last instar larvae with dark pharate pupal gills).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3E6426FE8AFC3AFB38FE75" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="13.[264,1323,284,390]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Body: evenly medium gray; total length 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FCAFFC3AFC73FBF5" box="[797,943,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="4.8" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="4.7">4.7–4.9 mm</quantity>
. Head (Fig. 22): colour overall light brown; width 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FE5FFBC2FD86FBDD" box="[493,602,1044,1070]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.54">0.54 mm</quantity>
, length 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FD0AFBC2FCF9FBDD" box="[696,805,1044,1070]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
; distance between fan stem bases 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FB0BFBC2FAFAFBDD" box="[1209,1318,1044,1070]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
; lateral margins slightly convex, more so posteriorly; frontoclypeal apotome pale brown anteriorly, darker posteromedially with marked figure 8­shaped pattern produced by negative head spots, cuticle lateral of ecdysial line brown, lateral pigmentation medium brown; cervical sclerites small but distinct, not fused to postocciput. Antenna: essentially unpigmented; total length 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FE4FFB0AFDB6FB05" box="[509,618,1244,1270]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.51">0.51 mm</quantity>
; distal article 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FCA3FB0AFCA7FB05" box="[785,891,1244,1270]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.17">0.17 mm</quantity>
in length, complete article extended well beyond apex of labral fan stem. Labral fans: stem markedly elongated (cf. Figs. 21, 22); 27–31 rays, medial rays 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FDDAFAFAFD09FAB5" box="[616,725,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.06">1.06 mm</quantity>
. in length; width 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3E6427FC1BFAFAFBCBFAB5" box="[937,1047,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
; microtrichia 1.3 times longer than ray width, longer microtrichia with 4–5 smaller ones decreased slightly in size to next long one. Postgenal bridge (Fig. 23): two times longer than cleft depth; colour pale. Postgenal cleft: shallow V­shaped, two times as wide as deep, with small anterior extension. Hypostoma (Fig. 24): 12–13 teeth; median tooth prominent, just extended beyond lateral teeth; 3 sublateral teeth; 1–2 paralateral teeth; 2 very small lateral serrations; 4–5 hypostomal setae per side. Mandible (Fig. 25): apical teeth well developed; seven spinous teeth; distance between spinous teeth and serration marked; serration longer than basal width, curved; sensillum distinct; cuticle posterior to sensillum smooth and convex. Maxilla: tapered; palpus 2.5 times as long as basal width. Mandibular phragma: extended ventrally to 0.3 depth of maxilla base. Abdomen: anteriorly concolourous gray with thorax, expanded posterior segments browner; segments I–IV subequal in size to thorax, expanded gradually at segment V, and further to segment VII, then decreased gradually (elongated amphora­shape); posteroventral tubercles small, but distinct; posterodorsal cuticle with no obvious cuticular pattern. Anal sclerite (Fig. 26): posteroventral arms subequal in length to dorsolateral arms, well separated from lateral accessory sclerites. Posterior proleg circlet of hooks: with 71 rows of hooks, 12–14 hooks per row. Rectal papillae: simple.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D3F6426FEBAFE79FC7FFE02" box="[264,931,431,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FEBAFE79FE59FE3B" blockId="13.[264,931,431,497]" box="[264,389,431,456]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FEBAFE79FE59FE3B" box="[264,389,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FE8AFE01FC7FFE02" blockId="13.[264,931,431,497]" box="[312,931,471,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Named after R. Englund, who collected the material.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929DB1989D3F643BFEBAFDC7FD8FFD85" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FEBAFDC7FE5FFDD9" blockId="13.[264,1323,529,1358]" box="[264,387,529,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FEBAFDC7FE5FFDD9" box="[264,387,529,554]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FE8DFDEFFAF7FCB0" blockId="13.[264,1323,529,1358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FE8DFDEFFDC0FDA1" box="[319,540,569,594]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FE8DFDEFFDC0FDA1" box="[319,540,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Simulium englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are similar in many characters to those of 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FBD6FDEFFB36FDA1" box="[1124,1258,569,594]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallinum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FBD6FDEFFB36FDA1" box="[1124,1258,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. gallinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 21) and 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FEDBFDB7FE28FD89" box="[361,500,609,634]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hukaense">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FEDBFDB7FE28FD89" box="[361,500,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. hukaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differ in darker head coloration, postgenal cleft shape, more pronounced hypostomal teeth and longer labral fan stem. The female differs markedly from that of 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FEE8FD67FD87FD38" authority="Hiva Oa" authorityName="Hiva Oa" box="[346,603,689,715]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallinum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FEE8FD67FE03FD39" box="[346,479,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. gallinum</emphasis>
(Hiva Oa)
</taxonomicName>
in darker colour and vestiture and the lateroposterior triangular sclerite of the genital fork which is markedly enlarged. The pupa has six gill filaments of pattern similar to that in 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FDFDFCD7FD07FCE9" box="[591,731,769,794]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hukaense">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FDFDFCD7FD07FCE9" box="[591,731,769,794]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. hukaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With poorly sclerotized mandibles and undeveloped maxillary palpus sensory vesicle, it is unlikely that females of 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FBAFFCFFFB7DFCB1" box="[1053,1185,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FBAFFCFFFB7DFCB1" box="[1053,1185,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
blood feed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FE8AFC82FD6CFBAD" blockId="13.[264,1323,529,1358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Mohotani, 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3F6426FE0AFC82FDDFFC9D" box="[440,515,852,878]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
directly south of Hiva Oa, is a small (
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3F6426FC70FC82FBFFFC9D" box="[962,1059,852,878]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="12.2">12.2 km</quantity>
2) volcanic island with coastal cliffs and a gentle sloping interior, that reaches an altitude of 
<specimenCount id="CC81299A9D3F6426FBECFCAAFB68FC65" box="[1118,1204,892,918]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3F6426FBECFCAAFB6CFC65" box="[1118,1200,892,918]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="520.0">520 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
The 
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D3F6426FB4AFCAAFAF7FC65" box="[1272,1323,892,918]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FE3FFC72FDC8FC4E" box="[397,532,932,957]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FE3FFC72FDC8FC4E" box="[397,532,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small stream on the northern side of the island, starting as a trickle at 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3F6426FECBFC1AFE19FC15" box="[377,453,972,998]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</quantity>
altitude and is only some 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3F6426FCB3FC1AFC91FC15" box="[769,845,972,998]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
in length. The only permanent running water on the island, the stream consists of small cascades 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3F6426FC03FC22FC20FBFD" box="[945,1020,1012,1038]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 m</quantity>
in height (
<figureCitation id="42BCFE969D3F6426FBCEFC22FB08FBFD" box="[1148,1236,1012,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[264,382,776,800]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,765]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[247,1340,312,769]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 29. Type localities. 27. Simulium adelaideae. Above Lac Vaihiria on cross­Tahiti road. Larva collected in densely­shaded portion of stream in background. 28. S. sublonckei. Second cascade on road to Maroto River barrage, Vaitamanu Valley, Papenoo River catchment. 29. S. englundi. Unnamed stream, Mohotani Island, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. Photograph courtesy of R. Englund." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168917/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
), interspersed with pools. As typical for Marquesan simuliid larvae (Craig 2001), those of 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FAA6FBCAFEB3FBAE" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FAA6FBCAFEB3FBAE" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were taken off leaves only.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FE8AFBBAFC11FABD" blockId="13.[264,1323,529,1358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Mohotani has feral sheep and the undergrowth is severely over­grazed causing considerable erosion. 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FE7AFB42FDBCFB5D" author="Craig" box="[456,608,1172,1198]" pageId="13" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig. D. A. (2003) Geomorphology, development of running water habitats and evolution of black flies on Polynesian islands. BioScience, 53, 1079 - 1093 .." type="journal article" year="2003">Craig (2003)</bibRefCitation>
discussed conservation of Polynesian simuliids, noting that most running water in Polynesia has been impacted by humans in one manner or another. He concluded, however, that on the larger islands (e.g., Tahiti) that there were still pristine habitats available for simuliids. But, for Mohotani, 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FCCAFADAFC22FAD6" box="[888,1022,1292,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FCCAFADAFC22FAD6" box="[888,1022,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, might be considered an endangered species, since there is only the one small stream.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FEBAFAA1FE55FA63" blockId="13.[264,1323,1399,1905]" box="[264,393,1399,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FEBAFAA1FE55FA63" box="[264,393,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3F6426FE8AFA49FC1EF882" blockId="13.[264,1323,1399,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The majority of new species of Tahitian 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FC99FA49FC71FA4B" box="[811,941,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Inseliellum</emphasis>
described by 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FBE9FA49FB28FA4A" author="Craig" box="[1115,1268,1439,1465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig, D. A. (1997) A taxonomic revision of the Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 855 - 904." type="journal article" year="1997">Craig (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FEBAFA11FE23FA12" author="Craig" box="[264,511,1479,1505]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" refString="Craig, D. A. &amp; Joy, D. A. (2000) New species and some redescriptions in the central-western Pacific subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 1236 - 1262." type="journal article" year="2000">Craig and Joy (2000)</bibRefCitation>
have been from higher altitude localities and so are the two new species described herein. Noticeable also is that the new species have characteristics that tend to bridge the limits of previous established species groups. Perhaps this should be expected since the fauna is young and apparently rapidly evolving (
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FB9BF9E9FB6FF9AA" author="Craig" box="[1065,1203,1599,1625]" pageId="13" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig. D. A. (2003) Geomorphology, development of running water habitats and evolution of black flies on Polynesian islands. BioScience, 53, 1079 - 1093 .." type="journal article" year="2003">Craig 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FB0DF9E9FE98F972" author="Joy" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" refString="Joy, D. A., Craig, D. A. &amp; Conn, J. E. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA divergence and larval ecology of the island black flies Simulium oviceps and Simulium dussertorum. Molecular Ecology (in press)." type="book" year="2004">Joy et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
) and the basal progenitor species are still extant (
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FC3FF9B1FB46F972" author="Craig" box="[909,1178,1639,1665]" pageId="13" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig, D. A. &amp; Currie, D. C. (1999) Phylogeny of the western-central Pacific subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 610 - 623." type="journal article" year="1999">Craig and Currie 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Craig et al. 2001). As noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3F6426FE44F959FD53F95A" author="Craig" box="[502,655,1679,1705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig, D. A. (1997) A taxonomic revision of the Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 855 - 904." type="journal article" year="1997">Craig (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, it is becoming more apparent that there are seasonal differences in species composition from a given stream, particularly those of higher altitude. The 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FE8DF909FE07F90B" box="[319,475,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sublonckei">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FE8DF909FE07F90B" box="[319,475,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. sublonckei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="053C5CB19D3F6426FE56F909FDCAF90A" box="[484,534,1759,1785]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
locality has been collected extensively; however, typically during the Austral winter. The most recent collection was in the Austral summer and 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FB65F8D1FE81F8BB" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sublonckei">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FB65F8D1FE81F8BB" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. sublonckei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were markedly more numerous, while those of some species such as 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3F6426FAA6F8F9FEBCF883" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fararae">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3F6426FAA6F8F9FEBCF883" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. fararae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected from that site during winter, were absent.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8EF8B29B9D3C6425FEBAF96CFD9DF8AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168916/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[264,1322,321,1711]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3C6425FEBAF96CFD9DF8AF" blockId="14.[264,1323,1722,1884]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FEBAF96CFE4DF921" bold="true" box="[264,401,1722,1746]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 20</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3C6425FE12F96DFDB6F921" box="[416,618,1723,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FE12F96DFDB6F921" box="[416,618,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Simulium englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FB8EF96CFB1AF921" bold="true" box="[1084,1222,1722,1746]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 21</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3C6425FB67F96DFE73F907" authority="Hiva Oa" authorityName="Hiva Oa" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallinum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FB67F96DFEEAF907" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. gallinum</emphasis>
(Hiva Oa)
</taxonomicName>
, last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FC1CF90BFBB3F906" bold="true" box="[942,1135,1757,1781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURES 22–26</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3C6425FBCDF90BFB25F907" box="[1151,1273,1757,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FBCDF90BFB25F907" box="[1151,1273,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FABBF90BFAFFF906" bold="true" box="[1289,1315,1757,1781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">22</emphasis>
. Last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FD43F8D6FCD0F8EB" bold="true" box="[753,780,1792,1816]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">23</emphasis>
. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FEF2F8F4FE86F8C9" bold="true" box="[320,346,1826,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">24</emphasis>
. Hypostomal teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FC85F8F4FC8EF8C9" bold="true" box="[823,850,1826,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">25</emphasis>
. Mandible. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3C6425FB7FF8F4FB34F8C9" bold="true" box="[1229,1256,1826,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">26</emphasis>
. Anal sclerite. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8EF8B29B9D3D6424FEBAFCDEFE55FC6C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168917/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[264,1322,313,765]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3D6424FEBAFCDEFE55FC6C" blockId="15.[264,1323,776,927]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FEBAFCDEFE16FCD3" bold="true" box="[264,458,776,800]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURES 27–29</emphasis>
. Type localities. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FD38FCDEFD78FCD3" bold="true" box="[650,676,776,800]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">27</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FD07FCDFFC44FCD3" box="[693,920,777,800]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adelaideae">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FD07FCDFFC44FCD3" box="[693,920,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Simulium adelaideae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Above Lac Vaihiria on cross­Tahiti road. Larva collected in densely­shaded portion of stream in background. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FB9CFCFEFB95FCB3" bold="true" box="[1070,1097,808,832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">28</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FBE5FCFFFB39FCB3" box="[1111,1253,809,832]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sublonckei">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FBE5FCFFFB39FCB3" box="[1111,1253,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. sublonckei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Second cascade on road to Maroto River barrage, Vaitamanu Valley, Papenoo River catchment. 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FB5FFC9EFAD4FC93" bold="true" box="[1261,1288,840,864]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">29</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FAA4FC9FFEB9FC73" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FAA4FC9FFEB9FC73" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unnamed stream, Mohotani Island, Hiva Oa, 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FCEDFCBEFC0EFC8C" box="[863,978,872,895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesas">Marquesas</taxonomicName>
Islands. Photograph courtesy of R. Englund.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3D6424FE8AFC2EFC65FA01" blockId="15.[264,1325,1016,1882]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The occurrence of an endemic species of simuliid (
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FC23FC2FFBC9FBE1" box="[913,1045,1017,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FC23FC2FFBC9FBE1" box="[913,1045,1017,1042]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) on such a small island as Mohotani is unexpected, given that the distance between that island and Hiva Oa is only 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3D6424FEBAFB9EFE86FB91" box="[264,346,1096,1122]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FEC5FB9EFD36FB91" author="MacArthur" box="[375,746,1096,1122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" refString="MacArthur, R. H. &amp; Wilson, E. O. (1963) An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373 - 387." type="journal article" year="1963">MacArthur and Wilson (1963)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that adaptive radiation within an island would be a major contributor to species richness, and that this may increase on islands of major distance from the source. Their rationale was that colonization to a far island, although rare, might allow colonists to be less influenced by gene flow from the source populations which would hinder speciation. For example, Moorea, presumably close enough (
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3D6424FE04FAC6FDD8FAD9" box="[438,516,1296,1322]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="21.0">21 km</quantity>
) to Tahiti to be influenced by gene flow from Tahitian species, has not undergone an intra­island species radiation, and while possess 10 species, has only one poorly known endemic species (
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FD39FAB6FCA1FA89" author="Craig" box="[651,893,1376,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" refString="Craig, D. A. &amp; Joy, D. A. (2000) New species and some redescriptions in the central-western Pacific subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 1236 - 1262." type="journal article" year="2000">Craig and Joy 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Raiatea, the second largest of the Society Islands and well removed (
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) from Tahiti, has had a moderate intra­island species radiation (4 endemic species), but was close enough to Tahiti for some colonization (3 species) (
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FE78FA0EFD8EFA01" author="Craig" box="[458,594,1496,1522]" pageId="15" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig. D. A. (2003) Geomorphology, development of running water habitats and evolution of black flies on Polynesian islands. BioScience, 53, 1079 - 1093 .." type="journal article" year="2003">Craig 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FDECFA0EFC71FA01" author="Spironello" box="[606,941,1496,1522]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" refString="Spironello, M. &amp; Brooks, D. R. (2003) Dispersal and diversification: macroevolutionary implications of the MacArthur-Wilson model, illustrated by Simulium (Inseliellum) Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Biogeography, 30, 1563 - 1573." type="journal article" year="2003">Spironello and Brooks 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D3D643BFE8AF9D6FB1EFE75" blockId="15.[264,1325,1016,1882]" lastBlockId="16.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Geologically the average age of Mohotani (2.15 My) is little different from that of Tahuata (1.91 My), merely 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3D6424FDE3F9FEFD41F9B1" box="[593,669,1576,1602]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="23.0">23 km</quantity>
to the west, or the larger island of Hiva Oa (1.91 My) just to the north (15 and 
<quantity id="1D7F4FF69D3D6424FDF1F986FD5FF999" box="[579,643,1616,1642]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
respectively) of both of them (
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FBBAF986FE9BF961" author="Clouard" pageId="15" pageNumber="17" refString="Clouard, V. &amp; Bonneville, A. (2001) How many Pacific hotspots are fed by deep-mantle plumes? Geology, 29, 695 - 698." type="journal article" year="2001">Clouard and Bonneville 2001</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FEDFF9AEFD8CF962" box="[365,592,1656,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallinum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FEDFF9AEFD8CF962" box="[365,592,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Simulium gallinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in the 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FCD0F9AEFC3DF961" box="[866,993,1656,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesas">Marquesas</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FC47F9AEFB17F961" author="Craig" box="[1013,1227,1656,1682]" pageId="15" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig, D. A., Fossati, O. &amp; Sechan, Y. (1995) Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia: redescriptions and new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73, 775 - 800." type="journal article" year="1995">Craig et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and is assumed to be basal to other Marquesan species (
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D3D6424FCF1F976FB91F949" author="Craig" box="[835,1101,1696,1722]" pageId="15" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig, D. A. &amp; Currie, D. C. (1999) Phylogeny of the western-central Pacific subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 610 - 623." type="journal article" year="1999">Craig and Currie 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Craig et al. 2001), so without further information, it is not unreasonable to assume that 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FB85F91EFB61F912" box="[1079,1213,1736,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="englundi">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FB85F91EFB61F912" box="[1079,1213,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. englundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diverged from a 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FEEEF926FE3CF8FA" box="[348,480,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallinum">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FEEEF926FE3CF8FA" box="[348,480,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. gallinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
precursor after the latter had arrived at this group of islands. Speciation appears to have occurred rapidly on Mohotani, since this small island, apart from possessing an endemic simuliid species, has other endemic biota. 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D3D6424FC05F896FAD3F8A9" box="[951,1295,1856,1882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesas">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D3D6424FC05F896FBA7F8AA" box="[951,1147,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ixora marquesas</emphasis>
(Rubiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to Mohotani, with 
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D22643BFDE1FECAFC8AFEC6" box="[595,854,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Lebrannecia kakiodes</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D22643BFCD5FECAFC36FEC5" box="[871,1002,284,310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
) endemic to Mohotani and Tahuata. Further, Mohotani has two endemic subspecies of birds: 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D22643BFBBDFE92FE23FE75" authority="Flycatcher" authorityName="Flycatcher" class="Aves" family="Monarchidae" genus="Pomarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medozae" subSpecies="montanensis">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D22643BFBBDFE92FEB4FE76" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pomarea medozae montanensis</emphasis>
(Flycatcher)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D22643BFD8AFEBAFB62FE75" authority="Polynesian Warbler" authorityName="Polynesian Warbler" box="[568,1214,364,390]" class="Aves" family="Acrocephalidae" genus="Acrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caffer" subSpecies="consobrinus">
<emphasis id="E8F33E019D22643BFD8AFEBAFC66FE76" box="[568,954,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acrocephalus caffer consobrinus</emphasis>
(Polynesian Warbler)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA38E2139D22643BFE8AFE42FD8FFD85" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Does this endemism on such a small island, close to a larger one, indicate that interisland gene flow for 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D22643BFE49FE6AFDA6FE25" box="[507,634,444,470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesas">Marquesas</taxonomicName>
simuliids is lower than that apparent for those of the Society Islands (Craig et al. 2001)? As noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D22643BFCAAFE32FC6EFE0D" author="Craig" box="[792,946,484,510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig. D. A. (2003) Geomorphology, development of running water habitats and evolution of black flies on Polynesian islands. BioScience, 53, 1079 - 1093 .." type="journal article" year="2003">Craig (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, there is still much to be learned about the Polynesian 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D22643BFDBCFDDAFD4DFDD5" box="[526,657,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
. In particular, the 
<taxonomicName id="1D8799909D22643BFCCDFDDAFC22FDD5" box="[895,1022,524,550]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesas">Marquesas</taxonomicName>
simuliids are in need of cytological and molecular scrutiny to compliment the preliminary morphological­based study by 
<bibRefCitation id="BE169FE29D22643BFEC1FD8AFD93FD85" box="[371,591,604,630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Craig, D. A., Fossati, O. &amp; Sechan, Y. (1995) Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia: redescriptions and new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73, 775 - 800." type="journal article">Craig et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>