168 lines
20 KiB
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168 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="BEA06F3DCD9ACDE3A42D33DA27422E37">
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<mods:title id="048DD8DF7AC498BE80B1BA078BC035B8">Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CD170CD8A650223481ED6003017BF48F">Moore, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE5A055CF721D60999FD0105091DEDD7">Cave, Ronald D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F5C058C6558B6BF9160991624DFA452F">Branham, Marc A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="26AC5F4AE04DF509741C7200B1F04550">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="615D7FA7687500C472A65875ED34FF85">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F6BA1B3FF769673B3B734DE0E50B1201">745</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4FA25544FD25CE9F1A025B5C5C36D2E3" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142479970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4FA25544FD25CE9F1A025B5C5C36D2E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4FA25544FD25CE9F1A025B5C5C36D2E3" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="20CE616526BCC00952B03930D3C6FCC5" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B63ED7A96B4165436D3317C235564A67" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="57C027B72E5835F60606D306E07431EA" ID-CoL="7MKT" authority="Burmeister, 1847" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates Burmeister, 1847</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79B4423950CE3AD055D2AF20E12B9D98" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="9559400BCC18E0F9D96C5D7CCC2D4C1C" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7F6D9D17C6395033FE2ABAF40ABF8035" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="6E813C4715197EB33D5EB0FC824240A7" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scarabaeus laborator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laborator">Scarabaeus laborator</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation id="25042353F827DF84AEBE0B2E6E482E57" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 347" title="A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae." volume="11" year="1915">Casey 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 114.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C75C7812FECD346843B3D0265A9F4FE5" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="valid taxa">
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<paragraph id="F891D97E8AAA09F59CF7DA028096D903" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Valid taxa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="62E15D7349BBCB8D8F865A4999546D31" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">52 species and subspecies.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D63312603D38E01FBB1AF89B768C952F" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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The enigmatic genus
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<taxonomicName id="CDBD18F91E3F453F1CDEFCC6F351CE9A" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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comprises 52 taxa distributed from Mexico south throughout South America (except Chile) and Jamaica (Fig. 63). Species diversity in the group is highest in the tropical forests of Brazil, especially the northern and western states of Amazonas,
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<normalizedToken id="E1DAE10EF666D3B40B3246BB7EB6145B" originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
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, Acre, and
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<normalizedToken id="B1E68F7F2C8002630B57B81EC5624BCE" originalValue="Rondônia">Rondonia</normalizedToken>
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. Many
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<taxonomicName id="7A47A981AA11672E8051B0C268A98D6E" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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species are also known from eastern Brazil, especially Bahia,
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<normalizedToken id="43821CD311F73903FCB618B07667FCB3" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
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Santo,
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<normalizedToken id="A80930CC42607CE0157C89F9E3804CE5" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, and Santa Catarina.
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<taxonomicName id="E99530F251243B59FDD9B93F69D776E8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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species are problematic to identify due to conserved external morphology among species, making the group,
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<normalizedToken id="D4D7CC00C370F88042C14175C12EF045" originalValue="“…">"...</normalizedToken>
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possibly the most difficult genus of
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<taxonomicName id="8B639BEE69B040E3C2F4CF0F5204C542" lsidName="" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Dynastinae">Dynastinae</taxonomicName>
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in the Americas with which to work" (
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<bibRefCitation id="36F40A8221336DE4D9C72DC62A42C9C9" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 346" title="The dynastine scarab beetles of the West Indies (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="28" year="2015">Ratcliffe and Cave 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Male paramere morphology is diagnostic for species-level identification in the genus, and females not associated with males at the time of collection cannot be reliably identified with existing literature. Nothing is known about the natural history and biology of
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<taxonomicName id="D7CCD4976090A389F2F7B717EEA11C5B" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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species. Adults can be collected at lights at night (
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<bibRefCitation id="B81BF4A3EAA38E0179913832A1F6CD56" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Folia Entomologica Hungarica" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="377 - 382" title="The scientific results of the Hungarian Soil Zoological expeditions to South America 8. Dynastinae (Col., Melolonthidae)." volume="22" year="1969 a">
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<normalizedToken id="60F76CEC8F90384FCCFF15D19A5F26C9" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
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1969a
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="124F2EF8D46F2B613632B6A4C76D414E" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 424" title="The dynastine scarab beetles of Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="21" year="2006">Ratcliffe and Cave 2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="069C697DB981A6F454FC73EA4691E2E4" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="663 - 680" title="A new genus and species of Dynastinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, other new species of Cyclocephalini, Pentodontini, and Phileurini from South America, and a revised key to the genera of New World Pentodontini." url="https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-68.4.663" volume="68" year="2014">Ratcliffe 2014</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="942E6258AA8879378988A83ADF75F2DF" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="773 - 779" title="A revised catalog of the species Stenocrates Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini), with descriptions of three new species from Peru and Brazil and Stenocratesinpai Ratcliffe, 1978 placed in junior synonymy with Stenocratespopei Endrodi, 1971." url="https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-69.4.773" volume="69" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Immature stages are undescribed for the genus.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="48CC451972755F9A8841D8D950DB44CD" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph id="E4BBACB0BD5C23DE3F53B2771346C2E3" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 63. Country-level distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="F9044059FBF92AAF72875AFB4132DD99" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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species and subspecies in Meso-, Central, and South America and the West Indies. Numbers indicate taxa per country.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="B8E0394034356BC82BB6C61EE8AD6226" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="30319D51CB48133C1C4B907277055189" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="EAAFB64F5133F3C641B90578D9C43819" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="start">Stenocrates</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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was erected by
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<bibRefCitation id="4F83D1D3A5ED2583810A137C108B7A12" author="Burmeister, H" journalOrPublisher="TCF Enslin, Berlin" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" title="Handbuch der Entomologie, volume 5." year="1847">Burmeister (1847)</bibRefCitation>
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for species that he considered highly similar to the historical concept of
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<taxonomicName id="DBCCEC115A85AB6B83641E9A8B73001B" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepus</taxonomicName>
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, except for the lack of dimorphic protarsi.
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<bibRefCitation id="DB3A79C2D47BE5CA27467BC2921284A5" author="Burmeister, H" journalOrPublisher="TCF Enslin, Berlin" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" title="Handbuch der Entomologie, volume 5." year="1847">Burmeister (1847)</bibRefCitation>
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included 4 species in
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<taxonomicName id="8C335FCB80DFAF803DB3D7F20B5230C6" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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and speculated that
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<taxonomicName id="051162149993D0658CE00C7ECB00429A" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melolontha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melolontha rufipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipennis">Melolontha rufipennis</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius could also be a member of the genus. Descriptions of new species of
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<taxonomicName id="7303CDFA30DDA9CECE7CF33468C2C52A" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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were slow to accumulate in the 19th and early 20th century.
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<bibRefCitation id="D400B414E6D69CCF24964CDA8127740E" author="Kirsch, T" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="337 - 378" title="Beitraege zur Kaeferfauna von Bogota (Sechstes Stueck)." volume="14" year="1870">Kirsch (1870)</bibRefCitation>
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described the sixth
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<taxonomicName id="B8CFB67269078B5D1619E93C0144268F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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species from Colombia.
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<bibRefCitation id="153A97B53B32E5A64A84C636929462BD" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Bates (1888)</bibRefCitation>
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examined
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<taxonomicName id="EF4EE735F3C3BFA29BFE7B400FE4F343" lsidName="S. laborator" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="laborator">S. laborator</taxonomicName>
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specimens from Mexico and noted that the simple protarsi of the males and dorsoventrally flattened tibiae separated diagnosed
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<taxonomicName id="14831C0FC6D0C16A44DA79969FECE66B" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="D2925726C0747597291E75CD85C7715E" lsidName="" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="tribe" tribe="Cyclocephalini">Cyclocephalini</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="117F6F26994181E49FE491A5A31413E3" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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was compared to
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<taxonomicName id="F2A83C504649CE5A8A1E674C168B9E59" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Euetheola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euetheola" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euetheola</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="6A6998F39DEB31A5A6FFB5728EF85502" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Bates (1888)</bibRefCitation>
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stating that the form of the mandibles and the proximal tarsomeres served to separate these genera.
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<bibRefCitation id="98C4D92465D1D83E13237564BAEDAA4A" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Arrow (1911</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="0280EF9D9E54706B8099C1BB2000C794" author="Arrow, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931308693338" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
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) added two new species to
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<taxonomicName id="7749385BF7DF473D3DA2E2725568A2AA" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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, but he did not offer a diagnosis for the genus or make meaningful character comparisons for the genus.
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<taxonomicName id="579372EA28C3DABAA247DF338F177DA5" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
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was revised by
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<bibRefCitation id="564F53A91AB979DDCEAE3CEFF89DAB43" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 460" title="Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). I. Teil." volume="33" year="1966">
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<normalizedToken id="36CBFAF595C55B9924B2945B00164CCC" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
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(1966
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5CEB332B1BE4BF5A6701AB7883B79AAF" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Junk Publisher, Dordrecht" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" title="The Dynastinae of the World. Dr. W." year="1985 a">1985a</bibRefCitation>
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), and many new species have been described since that work, which have not been incorporated into a comprehensive identification key.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="82C2973FB1768545486CB8530EF8C360" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="8EBF89526538521B4407A1602AFCB016" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="3BB418D9FD2A1750E3861585C23F9ABF" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" start="start">Stenocrates</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: 1) dorsal coloration black or dark brown and without maculae; 2) body convex, not strongly anteroposteriorly compressed or dorsoventrally flattened; 3) clypeus trapezoidal with apex truncate in dorsal view; 4) frontoclypeal suture complete medially; 5) males with anterolateral margin of the mandibles lacking weak tooth; 6) mandibular molar area with rows of circular micropunctures; 7) mandibular molar area on proximal margin without semicircular depressed pits; 8) galea of maxilla on inner surface with 2 fused basal teeth, 2 fused medial teeth, and 2 fused apical teeth (2-2-2 arrangement); 9) pronotum with broadly incomplete beaded basal margin; 10) pronotum with narrowly incomplete beaded apical margin; 11) males and females with 3 protibial teeth on lateral margin, basal tooth not greatly reduced, only slightly removed from apical 2 teeth, and oriented laterally; 12) protibial spur straight to weakly deflexed; 13) males and females with protarsal claws simple (not cleft) and not enlarged; 14) mesocoxae not widely separated, nearly touching; 15) metacoxae on lateral edge without transverse, depressed sulcus; 16) metacoxae with lateral edge perpendicular to ventral surface; 17) meso- and metatibiae with distal, transverse carinae; 18) meso- and metatibiae dorsoventrally flattened and laterally expanded; 19) anterior edge of hindwing distal to apical hinge with erect setae and lacking produced, membranous border; 20) vein RA with single row of pegs proximal to apical hinge; 21) propygidium not expanded, propygidium and pygidium not rigidly fused.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |