180 lines
19 KiB
XML
180 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="B72FC336724C4B80C89D329C49E085A7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.188448" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10d3b521-818c-44d2-af1b-df4281f82b80" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="188448" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461093309137" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J. & Penz, Carla M." docDate="2009" docId="4F1326670D2475516BD0B2D6675BA361" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02134p022.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2134" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Brassolis sophorae Linnaeus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="B32A5E1F0D2175546B47B2416662A72F" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny of Dynastor and Brassolis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a tough nut to crack" masterLastPageNumber="22" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698588535132" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="794F42B617CCC795BF2A124CDD851CBA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B7504882A39DA264BC837C20CA5095AE">
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<mods:title id="BD962D0326B08293A87C632C8411FDE0">Phylogeny of Dynastor and Brassolis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a tough nut to crack</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FC8526655D890313F0D0765A13CAAD02" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="55CF7DCCCA01471EEDC63967898DBD98">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F291F63F8BCBBC66DC3C082B15107A9A">Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="856219C8DE103EBD971A033E3AF13230" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="631B419E7937AE0E7516BC0A4E6D9241">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1DB447123999A7679C665EADF9FB3BE9">Penz, Carla M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DD7C7A464A55625ECF737C1F776F3A28">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5E0FD844072868736EE5C4A0D409C09D">
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<mods:title id="352F06FD84041E8E1F59106F94BA4DC9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5641C2ECC363ACE01A5A5BB9CF73E270">
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<mods:date id="4283ACAF72AC44F80EF1D5DE390EF5F9">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F9B54A0474508F5324F1FD8AE65E0D7F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="804E13B9C1FFA60FB255F6BB3178484D">2134</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B4CEBFD7464FB868B70B44BDFD1CC002">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="DFEF017CE7768DA91190DD6C9FA850E9">22</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="456989D7C68089CA1C100B2AD53BA337">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="821BF3F1D14B94A4A22FCE87D75E06EF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.188448</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="111E43058E68EB9B4FF5F2B65AB9825F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B4CC06655E791CBE0C37E16A61803A88" type="Zenodo-Dep">188448</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4F1326670D2475516BD0B2D6675BA361" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6221621" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119619945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6221621" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F1326670D2475516BD0B2D6675BA361" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F1326670D2475516BD0B2D6675BA361" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="8FA0C4FA0D2475516BD0B2D66466A7FB" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516BD0B2D66468A79E" blockId="5.[151,522,151,212]" box="[151,522,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="9C4D201D0D2475516BD0B2D66468A79E" bold="true" box="[151,522,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D2475516BD0B2D66468A79E" ID-CoL="N86V" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,522,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophorae">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516BD0B2D66468A79E" bold="true" box="[151,522,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516BD0B2D6671EA79E" bold="true" box="[151,380,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brassolis sophorae</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516BD0B2FB6466A7FB" blockId="5.[151,522,151,212]" box="[151,516,186,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5F818BF40D2475516BD8B2FB6686A7FB" box="[159,228,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,257,1301,1325]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,274,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[153,1430,264,1309]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Brassolis species in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. (A & B) Male and female B. sophorae from French Guiana. (C & D) Female and male B. sophorae from Ecuador. (E & F) Male and female B. haenschi from Ecuador. (G) Male B. sophorae from Trinidad. (H) Male B. sophorae from Peru. (I & J) Male and female B. dinizi from Paraiba and Ceará respectively (Brazil). (K) Male B. sophorae from Santa Catarina (Brazil). (L) Male B. sophorae from Paraguay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188450/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A–D, G–H, K–L; 8B, F)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FA0C4FA0D2475516BD0B3496756A60D" box="[151,308,264,290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516BD0B3496756A60D" blockId="5.[151,1437,264,1102]" box="[151,308,264,290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<typeStatus id="180129D30D2475516BD0B34966B3A60D" box="[151,209,264,290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FA0C4FA0D2475516B82B36F6435A693" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516B82B36F6435A693" blockId="5.[151,1437,264,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516B82B36F6729A667" bold="true" box="[197,331,302,328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Recognized by a combination of two characters: (1) in males, dorsal FW postmedial band normally orange and nearly entire (small brown spot at crossvein m2–m3), in females, this band is nearly bifurcated into two branches at the distal edge of the discal cell; (2) in both males and females, dorsal HW postmedial band well defined (
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<figureCitation id="5F818BF40D2475516946B3E3642AA693" box="[513,584,418,444]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,257,1301,1325]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,274,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[153,1430,264,1309]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Brassolis species in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. (A & B) Male and female B. sophorae from French Guiana. (C & D) Female and male B. sophorae from Ecuador. (E & F) Male and female B. haenschi from Ecuador. (G) Male B. sophorae from Trinidad. (H) Male B. sophorae from Peru. (I & J) Male and female B. dinizi from Paraiba and Ceará respectively (Brazil). (K) Male B. sophorae from Santa Catarina (Brazil). (L) Male B. sophorae from Paraguay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188450/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FA0C4FA0D2475516B82B389674BA410" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516B82B3896793A525" blockId="5.[151,1437,264,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516B82B3896712A6CD" bold="true" box="[197,368,456,482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D2475516A3EB388646DA6CD" box="[377,527,457,482]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophorae">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516A3EB388646DA6CD" box="[377,527,457,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. sophorae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a widespread polytypical species, reported to occur from
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516E45B3886319A6CC" box="[1282,1403,457,483]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516BD0B3B16766A525" box="[151,260,496,522]" name="Paraguay" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A32BEA800D2475516A54B3B16787A525" author="Casagrande" box="[275,485,496,522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera (ed. By J. B. Heppner), Part 4 A Checklist (ed. By G. Lamas), pp. 201 - 205. Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516B82B057674BA410" blockId="5.[151,1437,264,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516B82B057673FA51F" bold="true" box="[197,349,534,560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Subspecies:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A32BEA800D2475516A21B0576433A51F" author="Casagrande" box="[358,593,534,560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera (ed. By J. B. Heppner), Part 4 A Checklist (ed. By G. Lamas), pp. 201 - 205. Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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listed seven subspecies: nominal
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D24755168B0B0566208A51F" box="[1015,1130,535,560]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophorae">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D24755168B0B0566208A51F" box="[1015,1130,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sophorae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="180129D30D2475516F3DB05762D3A51F" box="[1146,1201,534,560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
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locality
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516E67B05763EDA51F" box="[1312,1423,534,560]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">America</collectingCountry>
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),
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516BD0B07C668BA579" box="[151,233,573,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ardens</emphasis>
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Stichel (
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516A10B07C67F7A578" box="[343,405,573,599]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Peru</collectingCountry>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D2475516AECB07C6418A578" authority="d'Almeida" authorityName="d'Almeida" box="[427,634,573,599]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dinizi">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516AECB07C678DA579" box="[427,495,573,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">dinizi</emphasis>
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d’Almeida
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D24755169CBB07C64BEA578" box="[652,732,573,599]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Paraíba) elevated here to full species status (see below),
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516BD0B0256761A552" box="[151,259,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">laurentii</emphasis>
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Stichel (
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516A32B02567A5A551" box="[373,455,612,638]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Minas Gerais),
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D24755169DFB0256493A552" box="[664,753,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luridus</emphasis>
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Stichel (
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516824B0256587A551" box="[867,997,612,638]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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),
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D24755168BBB025621BA552" box="[1020,1145,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">philomela</emphasis>
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Stichel (
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516FADB025633BA551" box="[1258,1369,612,638]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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), and
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516BD0B0CB6742A58C" box="[151,288,650,675]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">vulpeculus</emphasis>
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Stichel (
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516AD3B0CB6471A58B" box="[404,531,650,676]" name="Paraguay" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="A32BEA800D247551696EB0CB648EA58B" author="Bristow" box="[553,748,650,676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" refString="Bristow, R. (2008) A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa, 1806, 47 - 58." type="journal article" year="2008">Bristow (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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synonymized
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D24755168EFB0CB6245A58C" box="[936,1063,650,675]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">philomela</emphasis>
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under
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516FC4B0CB62BCA58C" box="[1155,1246,650,675]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luridus</emphasis>
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. We examined specimens from locations that potentially represented most of these subspecies, plus
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<collectingCountry id="BFADD7E10D2475516FCDB0F06283A5E4" box="[1162,1249,689,715]" name="Bolivia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="5F818BF40D2475516FB4B0F0635FA5E4" box="[1267,1341,689,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,257,1301,1325]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,274,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[153,1430,264,1309]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Brassolis species in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. (A & B) Male and female B. sophorae from French Guiana. (C & D) Female and male B. sophorae from Ecuador. (E & F) Male and female B. haenschi from Ecuador. (G) Male B. sophorae from Trinidad. (H) Male B. sophorae from Peru. (I & J) Male and female B. dinizi from Paraiba and Ceará respectively (Brazil). (K) Male B. sophorae from Santa Catarina (Brazil). (L) Male B. sophorae from Paraguay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188450/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Given that Hans Stichel described several of these subspecies, it is possible that he recognized the color pattern variation within
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516A1DB0BE6405A437" box="[346,615,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D2475516A1DB0BE6453A437" box="[346,561,767,792]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sophorae" subSpecies="sensu">
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B. sophorae
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="EEFDF6180D2475516AB7B0BE6453A437" box="[496,561,767,792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" sensu="lato">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</taxonomicName>
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lato
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</emphasis>
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that we encountered during this study (see Phylogenetic analysis and Discussion).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FA0C4FA0D2475516B82B10A675BA361" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C70597710D2475516B82B10A675BA361" blockId="5.[151,1437,264,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516B82B10A6722A44A" bold="true" box="[197,320,843,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks:</emphasis>
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We encountered much variation in color in our examined specimens, and some of this variation overlaps with diagnostic characters for other
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D24755169F3B1336540A4A4" box="[692,802,882,907]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D24755169F3B1336540A4A4" box="[692,802,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brassolis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. For example, in some specimens dorsal FW postmedial band was orange and white (as in
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D247551698EB1D86552A49D" box="[713,816,921,946]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dinizi">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D247551698EB1D86552A49D" box="[713,816,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. dinizi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D247551682AB1D8659EA49D" box="[877,1020,921,946]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haenschi">
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<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D247551682AB1D8659EA49D" box="[877,1020,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. haenschi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). In some females the dorsal HW postmedial band was faded (as in
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<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D247551696BB18164D4A4F6" box="[556,694,960,985]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haenschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D247551696BB18164D4A4F6" box="[556,694,960,985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. haenschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D2475516981B181655CA4F6" box="[710,830,960,985]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isthmia">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516981B181655CA4F6" box="[710,830,960,985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. isthmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D24755168C6B181625CA4F6" box="[897,1086,960,985]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="astyra" subSpecies="astyra">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D24755168C6B181625CA4F6" box="[897,1086,960,985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. astyra astyra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Dorsal color of abdomen is usually brown, but it is faded orange in specimens from the Brazilian Atlantic coast. See the Phylogenetic analysis section for characters that are polymorphic within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00BAECF20D2475516819B64C658DA309" box="[862,1007,1037,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Brassolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5CE4B630D2475516819B64C658DA309" box="[862,1007,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. sophorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Discussion for implications of this variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |