299 lines
32 KiB
XML
299 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.177.2475" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ba177889-11a8-4fdf-96a9-fefb5cb1515f" ID-PMC="PMC3317617" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-177-49" ID-PubMed="22532785" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-177-49" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 177" ModsDocTitle="Megalara garuda, a new genus and species of larrine wasps from Indonesia (Larrinae, Crabronidae, Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451249240497" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kimsey, Lynn S. & Ohl, Michael" docDate="2012" docId="4DB7B8FC8B4BD192B97D7661A846FF0A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 177: 49-57" docOrigin="ZooKeys 177" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.177.2475" docTitle="Megalara Kimsey & Ohl, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="111E7A0E2E76FFC5FFA0DC40FFAE936D" masterDocTitle="Megalara garuda, a new genus and species of larrine wasps from Indonesia (Larrinae, Crabronidae, Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1668153461914" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Megalara garuda, a new genus and species of larrine wasps from Indonesia (Larrinae, Crabronidae, Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kimsey, Lynn S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ohl, Michael</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>177</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>57</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.177.2475</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.177.2475</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-177-49</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152033637" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8107BDD7-6A10-4658-AD75-2A74646C9D47" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4DB7B8FC8B4BD192B97D7661A846FF0A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8107BDD7-6A10-4658-AD75-2A74646C9D47" authority="Kimsey & Ohl" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara Kimsey & Ohl</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="50">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara garuda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garuda">Megalara garuda</taxonomicName>
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Kimsey and Ohl, new species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="generic diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Generic diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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is closely related to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Liris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liris</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Larra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larra</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dicranorhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicranorhina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dicranorhina</taxonomicName>
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Shuckard, which together are classified as
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<taxonomicName genus="Larrina" lsidName="Larrina" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Larrina</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Pulawski 2011</bibRefCitation>
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) based on the presence of a horizontal swelling below the midocellus combined with a vertical swelling along the inner eye margin. The new genus is similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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in having the mandibles bidentate apically or very long, at most with a weak notch on outer margin. Within this group of genera,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by the large body size (25-34 mm; 20-24 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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). A unique character of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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is the markedly developed malar space, whereas all other genera in the
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<taxonomicName genus="Larrina" lsidName="Larrina" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Larrina</taxonomicName>
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have the malar space narrow or virtually absent. Additionally, the propodeal dorsum is punctate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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, but finely, transversely striatorugose in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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. A subsidiary recognition character is the dark body pubescence, which is markedly developed in females, but indistinct in males (body covered with dense, silvery pubescence in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, erect pubescence lacking at all in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="51" start="start">Males</pageBreakToken>
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of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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have a number of complementary diagnostic characters: One of the most remarkable characters is the enormously enlarged male mandibles, which are almost as long as the forelegs. All species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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and some of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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also have elongate mandibles in the males, but shape and dentition are different. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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, the mandibular apex is simple and the inner, subbasal tooth is greatly enlarged. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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, the male mandible has one small subapical and one large subbasal tooth, whereas in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, the mandible is broadly bidentate apically in minor males and lacks subapical and subbasal teeth in major males with elongate mandibles. Other male characters diagnostic for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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are the hindfemoral venter, which is longitudinally compressed (evenly, slightly convex in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, with a hook-like process or prominent bulge toward base in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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), metasomal sterna III-IV with paired submedial lobes (simple in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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), sternum VIII bilobed apically (truncate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, roundly truncate with a small median notch in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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), and the penis valve with a longitudinal row of markedly strong teeth on the ventral side (in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, penis valve with inwards directed apical and medial process, without ventral teeth).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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Females of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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are generally quite similar and can be distinguished by the larger body size of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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, the dark pubescence in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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(silvery in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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), and the propodeal dorsum, which is punctate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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and finely, transversely striatorugose in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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. Female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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can be readily differentiated by dull or weakly, shining virtually asetose metasomal terga and the significantly different body sizes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="partial modification of the key to old world genera of larrini by bohart and menke (1976), replacing couplet 6">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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Partial modification of the key to Old World genera of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="tribe" tribe="Larrini">Larrini</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Bohart and Menke (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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, replacing couplet 6
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<table lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="52" start="start">Paraliris</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
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, the newly described genus, share many morphological details with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Liris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liris</taxonomicName>
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. Menke in
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<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Bohart and Menke (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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said that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
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'possibly should be considered as a subgenus of
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||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Liris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liris</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
|
||
although the biology argues
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="otherwise’">otherwise'</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Liris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liris</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a morphologically diverse genus and has been split up into several genera or subgenera by various authors in the past (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Bohart and Menke 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for a taxonomic summary). It includes more than 310 currently valid species and its monophyly has never been formally tested. The newly described species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara garuda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garuda">Megalara garuda</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shares a number of significant characters with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we have considered placing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara garuda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garuda">Megalara garuda</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an aberrant species in this genus. However, despite the similarities, the morphological differences are so striking, that we feel that the systematic position quite apart from all other species in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
is best reflected by placing it in a genus of its own. Thus despite the lack of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genera in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="tribe" tribe="Larrini">Larrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
each exhibit a unique set of putatively apomorphic characters, so that the taxonomic status of all of them as distinct genera seems to be fully justified. However, a formal phylogenetic analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="tribe" tribe="Larrini">Larrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the genus level is desperately needed to test this assumption.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The enormously enlarged male mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
are quite similar to that of male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
in most details.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van der Vecht, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="357 - 361" title="Paraliris, an Oriental genus of mite-bearing larrine wasps (Hym., Sphecidae, Larrinae)." volume="54" year="1982">van der Vecht (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and one of us (MO) reexamined most of the specimens of the genus, which van der Vecht studied. Van der Vecht pointed out that males of at least
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris kriechbaumeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kriechbaumeri">Paraliris kriechbaumeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, show a remarkable amount of allometric variation with respect to general body size and mandibular length. Male body length varies from 15 to 22 mm, and the mandibles of the smallest males are very similar to female mandibles in being stout and broadly bidentate apically, whereas the mandibles of the largest males are elongate, sickle-shaped and simply apically and basally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van der Vecht, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="357 - 361" title="Paraliris, an Oriental genus of mite-bearing larrine wasps (Hym., Sphecidae, Larrinae)." volume="54" year="1982">van der Vecht 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 2-4). Despite these enormous differences particularly in mandibular size and shape, van der Vecht felt confident, based on a study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Beaumont, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="45 - 52" title="Systematique et croissance disharmonique." volume="19" year="1943">de Beaumont (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that this represents an unusually broad range of intraspecific variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
This hypothesis seems to be well founded, and we observe the same phenomenon in the newly described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are two male morphs with remarkable di
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="53" start="start">fferences</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in body size and mandibular size. Minor males, which have relatively short, female-like mandibles, are 25 mm long, whereas major males with exaggerated mandibles have a body length of 32 to 34 mm. However, the genital foramen and genital capsule of the minor male was packed with mites and it may also be that this individual was feminized by the heavy mite load. Unfortunately, the genital capsule was lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van der Vecht, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="357 - 361" title="Paraliris, an Oriental genus of mite-bearing larrine wasps (Hym., Sphecidae, Larrinae)." volume="54" year="1982">Van der Vecht (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also pointed out that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘acarinaria’">'acarinaria'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, which are specialized, typically pouch-like structures in aculeate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hymenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which function to carry phoretic mites. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, acarinaria are located beneath a lamella near the base of terga
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–V">II-V</normalizedToken>
|
||
(females) and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VI">II-VI</normalizedToken>
|
||
(males). These areas are dorsally covered by the overhanging posterior margin of the tergum before the acarinaria-carrying tergum. Therefore, if present, phoretic mites in acarinaria can be seen in the intersegmental gap beneath the tergal overhang even in complete specimens. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we observed mites in both sexes as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Males. 1 major male: 2 mites between terga II and III</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Minor male: genitalia packed with mites</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Females. 1 female: 10 mites between terga II and III</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">1 female: 16 mites between terga II and III, 6 between III and IV</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The presence of two mites on the terga and the large number in the genitalia in males are probably no indication of acarinaria in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the large number of mites in the females indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
also possesses mite-bearing structures. Due to the small number of specimens of the new species, we refrained from dissecting the type specimens to verify the presence of acarinaria. Presence of acarinaria in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Paraliris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraliris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraliris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and putatively in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Megalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
also is another indication of the close relationships between these genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The new genus name is an arbitrary combination of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mega" lsidName="Mega" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="genus">Mega</taxonomicName>
|
||
-, deriving from the Greek megas, meaning large and mighty, and -lara, the last syllable of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is an allusion both to the exaggerated body size of the new genus and its overall similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Dalara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dalara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dalara</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |