252 lines
28 KiB
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252 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e7147" ID-PMC="PMC4678796" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-3-7147" ID-PubMed="26696770" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1314-2828-3-e7147" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 3" ModsDocTitle="The larva and prepupa of Eupareophoraexarmata (Thomson, 1871) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" checkinTime="1451253052800" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liston, Andrew David, Prous, Marko & Buecker, Josef" docDate="2015" docId="4D8F137FA32F5B14419F1816C35118AB" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 3: e7147" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 3" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e7147" docTitle="Eupareophora exarmata Thomson 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="7147" masterDocId="FFD6FFDE586CFFF9FFC0FF858C27FFD6" masterDocTitle="The larva and prepupa of Eupareophoraexarmata (Thomson, 1871) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="7147" masterPageNumber="7147" pageNumber="7147" updateTime="1668123274970" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The larva and prepupa of Eupareophoraexarmata (Thomson, 1871) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liston, Andrew David</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prous, Marko</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Buecker, Josef</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>7147</mods:start>
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<mods:end>7147</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e7147</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e7147</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-3-7147</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4D8F137FA32F5B14419F1816C35118AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D8F137FA32F5B14419F1816C35118AB" lastPageNumber="7147" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomson, 1871" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1871" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eupareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupareophora exarmata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exarmata">Eupareophora exarmata (Thomson, 1871)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Materials</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="SDEI" country="Germany" latitude="51.32099" location="Hagen-Hohenlimburg" longitude="7.57673" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" specimenCode="DEI-GISHym 19361" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">DEI-GISHym19361</specimenCode>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">1</specimenCount>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">prepupa</specimenType>
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; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: whole animal (ethanol) and larval exuvia; disposition: in collection; Taxon: scientificName: Eupareophoraexarmata (Thomson, 1871); kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Tenthredinidae; genus: Eupareophora; specificEpithet: exarmata; scientificNameAuthorship: Thomson, 1871; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: continent: Eurasia; country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Germany</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: DE; stateProvince: Nordrhein-Westfalen; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4D8F137FA32F5B14419F1816C35118AB:F0F5F248CB9A57D74E09DD4609D7FE52" country="Germany" latitude="51.32099" longitude="7.57673" name="Hagen-Hohenlimburg" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Hagen-Hohenlimburg</location>
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; decimalLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" value="51.32099">51.32099</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" value="7.57673">7.57673</geoCoordinate>
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; Identification: identifiedBy: Andrew Liston; Event: year: 2012; month: 6; day: 2; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">SDEI</collectionCode>
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; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Sequencing results</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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Phylogenetic analyses of 1078 bp of COI sequences showed with strong statistical support (bootstrap proportion 92%) that the closest relative of the putative
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eupareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupareophora exarmata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exarmata">Eupareophora exarmata</taxonomicName>
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prepupa is the Nearctic
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 1), from which it nevertheless differs significantly at the sequence level, by 10.8%. The tree is otherwise poorly resolved, because of the limited amount of sequence data used. Closest relatives of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eupareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupareophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eupareophora</taxonomicName>
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on the tree are
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Cladardis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cladardis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cladardis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Monardis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monardis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monardis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Periclista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Periclista" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Periclista</taxonomicName>
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, although without statistical support (Fig. 1). A strongly supported clade of the latter three genera was found by
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<bibRefCitation author="Malm, Tobias" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="1 - 17" title="Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw (fly) puzzle" volume="31" year="2014">Malm and Nyman 2014</bibRefCitation>
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using 8 nuclear and one mitochondrial (COI) protein coding genes, suggesting that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eupareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupareophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eupareophora</taxonomicName>
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(which Malm & Nyman 2015 did not sample) might also belong there.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Hosts</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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<bibRefCitation author="Liston, A. D." journalOrPublisher="Chalastos Forestry, Gottfrieding" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" title="Compendium of European Sawflies. List of species, modern nomenclature, distribution, foodplants, identification literature." year="1995">Liston 1995</bibRefCitation>
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stated that the hosts of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eupareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupareophora exarmata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exarmata">Eupareophora exarmata</taxonomicName>
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are
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rosa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rosa</taxonomicName>
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species (
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<taxonomicName family="Rosaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and that the larvae bore in shoots. Although not cited by Liston, this statement was based on a record by
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<bibRefCitation author="Reichert, A." journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="37 - 74" title="Die Tenthredinoidea von Leipzig und Umgegend." volume="56 - 59" year="1933">Reichert 1933</bibRefCitation>
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: "mit Larven von
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Ardis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ardis brunniventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunniventris">Ardis brunniventris</taxonomicName>
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eingetragene Rosenzweige ergaben 13.2.18. im geheizten Zimmer 1 #w, det Enslin". In view of the morphological similarity of adult
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. plana" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="plana">M. plana</taxonomicName>
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(whose hosts are
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rosa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rosa</taxonomicName>
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spp.:
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<bibRefCitation author="Scheibelreiter, G. K." journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="225 - 259" title="Die Tenthrediniden der Rose (Rosa spec.)." volume="72" year="1973">Scheibelreiter 1973</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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, it seems likely that Enslin misidentified the specimen.
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhelochovtsev [Zhelohovcev], A. N." editor="Zhelohovcev, A. N." journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" title="Keys to the fauna of the USSR, edited by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" year="1988">Zhelochovtsev [Zhelohovcev] 1988</bibRefCitation>
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) mentioned under
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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simply "on ash" [translated] (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
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sp.,
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<taxonomicName family="Oleaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Probably this information is based on original observations made by
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<bibRefCitation author="Supatashvili, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="217 - 220" title="[New representatives of the insect pest fauna of forest and park plantations in Georgia.]" volume="68" year="1972">Supatashvili et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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al. (1972) in Georgia, who reared adults from larvae. Adults were examined by Zhelochovtsev and determined as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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. The larva is very briefly described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Supatashvili, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="217 - 220" title="[New representatives of the insect pest fauna of forest and park plantations in Georgia.]" volume="68" year="1972">Supatashvili et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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[translated]: "Larva grey coloured, body covered with awl-shaped processes". These authors also record
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“ash”">"ash"</normalizedToken>
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as the host, but do not mention which
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
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species was involved. Apart from
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus excelsior" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsior">Fraxinus excelsior</taxonomicName>
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L., some other ash species occur in Georgia, such as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="F. angustifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="angustifolia">F. angustifolia</taxonomicName>
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Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (M. Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">USDA 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). The recent German records indicate that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="F. excelsior" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="excelsior">F. excelsior</taxonomicName>
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L. is a host. As far as we are aware, the publication by
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<bibRefCitation author="Supatashvili, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="217 - 220" title="[New representatives of the insect pest fauna of forest and park plantations in Georgia.]" volume="68" year="1972">Supatashvili et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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is unique in referring to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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as a pest. Their observations were made in stands of planted ash. It is noteworthy that the occasional reports of defoliation caused by
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
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in North America involve "planted ash species [..] in urban settings" (
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="269 - 277" title="Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophoraparca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta." volume="139" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
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), although D. R. Smith (personal communication) states that it is also fairly common throughout the eastern deciduous forests.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Description of mature larva (Figs 2, 3, 4).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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Terminology follows
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<bibRefCitation author="Viitasaari, M." editor="Viitasaari, M." journalOrPublisher="Tremex, Helsinki" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" title="Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea." year="2002">Viitasaari 2002</bibRefCitation>
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, with notation of annulets of abdominal segments according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Vikberg, V." journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="27 - 38" title="On the rearing of Nesoselandria morio (Fabricius) and Birka cinereipes (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), with descriptions of their larvae." volume="8" year="1997">Vikberg and Nuorteva 1997</bibRefCitation>
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, i.e. annulet 3 bears the spiracle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Length: approximately 15 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Head completely black except for pale mouthparts. Ground colour of trunk above spiracular line grey; whitish below this, with yellow tinge on abdominal segments 1-8. Cuticular processes (hereafter: spines) above spiracles located on more or less black glandubae. Above spiracles, on thorax, most spines entirely black; on abdomen all supraspiracular spines blackish above fork, whitish below this; the outermost of each dorsal pair of spines darker. All subspiracular spines paler than more dorsal ones; apically at most pale brown, and if located on glandubae, then these also completely pale.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Antenna with 5 articles. Clypeus with 2 setae. Thoracic leg with 5 articles. The 4 most dorsal and anterior spines on thorax are trifid. Prolegs on abdominal segments 2-8 and 10. Abdominal segments 1-9 with 5 dorsal annulets. Annulet 3 with 2 supraspiracular bifid spines. Annulet 5 with 3 bifid spines: 2 supraspiracular and 1 on spiracular line. Abdominal segment 10 without spine on midline. Subspiracular lobe with two spines; anterior one bifid, other simple. Suprapedal lobe with two simple spines.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Description of prepupa (Fig. 5).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Length: approximately 13 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Head grey above; yellowish on and around mouthparts. Thorax yellow-white. Abdomen largely grey, with yellow patches on and below spiracular line, and yellowish prolegs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Spines absent, except on abdominal segments 9 and 10, where they are replaced by unbranched, peg-shaped structures. Prothorax dorsally and anteriorly more strongly produced than in the feeding larva, giving it a hooded appearance.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Identification</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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Other spiny West Palaearctic
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Blennocampinae">Blennocampinae</taxonomicName>
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larvae belong to the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Monardis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monardis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monardis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Periclista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Periclista" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Periclista</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Pareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pareophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pareophora</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Monophadnoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monophadnoides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monophadnoides</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Claremontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claremontia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Claremontia</taxonomicName>
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. Larvae of all of these, none of which feeds on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
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, have a mainly pale green or yellowish body and are thus easily distinguished from the predominantly grey larva of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, D. R." journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" title="Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin." year="1969">Smith 1969</bibRefCitation>
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stated that the larva of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eupareophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupareophora parca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parca">Eupareophora parca</taxonomicName>
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has two bifurcate spines on the subspiracular lobe, and can therefore be distinguished from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Periclista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Periclista" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Periclista</taxonomicName>
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species in which the anterior of these two spines is bifurcate and the posterior one simple. The larva of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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in this respect (Fig. 4) is however like
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Periclista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Periclista" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Periclista</taxonomicName>
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, not
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
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. The coloration of the mature larva of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
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(illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="269 - 277" title="Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophoraparca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta." volume="139" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
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|
(Figs 2, 3, 4) is similar, although the latter is apparently darker. According to
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="269 - 277" title="Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophoraparca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta." volume="139" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
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|
(fig. 10B), the caudal abdominal terga of the
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|
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
|
|
prepupa entirely lack large cuticular processes, whereas the prepupa of
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|
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
|
|
clearly possesses some (Fig. 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">Behaviour</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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All adult collection records and observations on larvae (here, and by
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Supatashvili, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="217 - 220" title="[New representatives of the insect pest fauna of forest and park plantations in Georgia.]" volume="68" year="1972">Supatashvili et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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, suggest that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
|
|
is univoltine, flying soon after bud-break in spring, with larvae developing, according to local climate, between the end of April and start of June. The behaviour of the feeding larvae, although only briefly described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Supatashvili, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="217 - 220" title="[New representatives of the insect pest fauna of forest and park plantations in Georgia.]" volume="68" year="1972">Supatashvili et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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seems to resemble quite closely that of the Nearctic
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|
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
|
|
as described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="269 - 277" title="Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophoraparca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta." volume="139" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
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|
.
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|
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="7147">
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At Hagen-Hohenlimburg only mature larvae of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
|
|
were found, apparently when they crawled down the trunk of the host in order to reach a spot in which to complete their development.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="269 - 277" title="Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophoraparca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta." volume="139" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
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|
recovered eight prepupae of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the soil litter layer, and 2 from branches of the host. Further observations are therefore needed to establish whether
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. exarmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="exarmata">E. exarmata</taxonomicName>
|
|
always leaves its host before moulting to a prepupa. According to
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Supatashvili, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="217 - 220" title="[New representatives of the insect pest fauna of forest and park plantations in Georgia.]" volume="68" year="1972">Supatashvili et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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, the mature larvae form cells in the bark of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in which they overwinter. A further apparent peculiarity noted by these authors, is that the freshly moulted larvae lack spines, but that these re-appear within a day. Neither of these phenomena was observed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" pagination="269 - 277" title="Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophoraparca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta." volume="139" year="2007">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|
in the Nearctic
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parca" pageId="0" pageNumber="7147" rank="species" species="parca">E. parca</taxonomicName>
|
|
, who found that the rather flimsy cocoon was usually constructed in the upper layers of the soil.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |