266 lines
33 KiB
XML
266 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="0EF028B249AAAC38C5E4D17FD52534E4" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6ef290f2-f65d-4dfa-afbd-2fbb505860ab" ID-PMC="PMC5904508" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-745-1" ID-PubMed="29670448" ID-ZooBank="16F1AE595650485F9D8C6149E962D461" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-745-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 745" ModsDocTitle="Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" checkinTime="1521799043702" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Moore, Matthew R., Cave, Ronald D. & Branham, Marc A." docDate="2018" docId="4D3B7EDEB303C44E1FFCB0928B63E267" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 745: 1-99" docOrigin="ZooKeys 745" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683" docTitle="Chalepides Casey 1915" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="C24FFFFC630B3774FFCFDB4EFFAFAD27" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1701315738437" updateUser="plazi">
|
|
<mods:mods id="07F2FC961643DA4FFC1208DE87BFD792" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="120117950A373977DC72809E7C5BECF6">
|
|
<mods:title id="B87DCAD2D7FFF380645FC971B38F0398">Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name id="5F3A422AC43DF464112DB16101B843BF" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="AB042B76AEB609714732F50A44174C8C">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="BF07A90AED5212D78734C4C96E809AFD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="AA434FAF54B80A070E9D58CFC329C8E3">Moore, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="D47CEFACF834D06BF6F682315892F6FC" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="F6578FADE0FFD35F2986027EEB9622AC">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="2C9F4F813B18937E84247664DE0DFD16">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="02DCE0083C38069E5C8FCB612CA7167F">Cave, Ronald D.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="E5ACDCD457A89D1227DB8BAB18D7D64A" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="499C9B4C27EE6C166BCBC6AE3DFAC4F8">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="F761F251D5A2A073481FFFD1CB1322E7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="5ABA14C0A8DCE5BAD637586BA4C6A3D3">Branham, Marc A.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="654FD847E116DFB8558F1D14456F6C47">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="9364A965E5602CEA9BF0F9B74B7B1B89" type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="E42BFC9D5D4FAA1F88625B12C85DC1A2">
|
|
<mods:title id="2409441FC910D8934834EF918CCE1E96">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part id="BB285079BD5F592B15AACCA6E12C6CF4">
|
|
<mods:date id="4F138A19FE7D689DB825790F53264742">2018</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail id="EA51A09E534829AA75D7FFB6840CECF8" type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number id="0923245C100E53BB57503A072D6E4909">745</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent id="DEEAFD7B06D18D82957FB3FBE3EAA133" unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start id="63D4DB9BC103547BCAF3E72F7A46C28F">1</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end id="3ED387F0A4FCD355096C0DBB493ED519">99</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:location id="6C007B2DEFA372BC451378B20AA3BD30">
|
|
<mods:url id="93ED37C4392040FB9EEB297468B21740">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683</mods:url>
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|
<mods:classification id="6488B04191818670F8486837DCC3671B">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="E08B70D520A6FDD0E162357FFAB109AB" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="86A65A499AF030B06557BF5BD098D50B" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-745-1</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="65DC7BF7CA6E69D26E2876A594DB182A" type="ZooBank">16F1AE595650485F9D8C6149E962D461</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment id="4D3B7EDEB303C44E1FFCB0928B63E267" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142479971" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4D3B7EDEB303C44E1FFCB0928B63E267" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D3B7EDEB303C44E1FFCB0928B63E267" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|
<subSubSection id="A4219CB41CA4204A72994D5D17244FB4" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph id="E63DF69963338DCE274773372C589DC9" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FFF9DCB34AB55F506FC81EB377420334" ID-CoL="3LX7" authority="Casey, 1915" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides Casey, 1915</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="0C63D8A46103A15FA04EB78CAE07BD08" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="type species">
|
|
<paragraph id="CD636C3541C7EB845FE0769C24FA11EC" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Type species.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="82E180ACAA5685260F6ECAADE09D7929" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8C72DF0779F260A6A5EFBF80B2F82062" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus (Chalepides) eucephalus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucephalus" subGenus="Chalepides">Parachalepus (Chalepides) eucephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Casey, 1915, by original designation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5DDCD435BD36872F97E71E5380CDD00E" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="valid taxa">
|
|
<paragraph id="209547D1AA54C7B583EEC977FAC8E2C8" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Valid taxa.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="37056B7FA3B0E985731BC3496A5BDD98" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">15 species.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7FBE09D74439FD9459C7B0CA1666B4D4" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|
The nomenclatural history of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BF585FD8C0938EE4CB3A90DCA1E055C4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
was complicated by a case of homonymy.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6ED12877D63648D1163F8813ED75757E" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
was originally proposed as a subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4852E66B52EAAFFFF1CD23C39773CBA3" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachalepus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="020FC8D25D7B59A835D850FFC936068F" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 347" title="A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae." volume="11" year="1915">Casey 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9C0E7012703CC93DF4EBE04C46183B7E" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachalepus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Casey, 1915 is a homonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F8A7295A8DCA1EE67DE8C7EDF20273D7" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachalepus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Baly, 1885 (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A502E35CC55974A98FF0765ACB1AC465" lsidName="Oryctomorphina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="78D3DCD644D7C7E45FB2747C5EF54B15" family="Chrysomelidae" lsidName="" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CA33A9D6B652ECC711604BDB49F0B8C5" author="Prell, H" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter fuer Biologie und Systematik der Kaefer" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="147 - 150" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. Ueber die Homonymieverhaeltnisse der Namen von Gattungen und Untergattungen." volume="32" year="1936">Prell 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9854C22CEBE1325F8E71BBF966E96888" author="Arrow, G J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1937.tb00246.x" year="1937 a">Arrow 1937a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). To rectify this problem,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EF844D65BE01512CD4D96493B37BDC55" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
was elevated to the status of genus and comprised the seven species originally included in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A51143EA1439065BAC5C44513541EBD" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachalepus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CB34B08096A2580DC2B72E0ABFCE701A" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 347" title="A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae." volume="11" year="1915">Casey 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6433DB1629F85EB2228C70086A07D0C9" author="Prell, H" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter fuer Biologie und Systematik der Kaefer" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="147 - 150" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. Ueber die Homonymieverhaeltnisse der Namen von Gattungen und Untergattungen." volume="32" year="1936">Prell 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1EB2165E3ED21DDFA2532364C51025C6" author="Arrow, G J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1937.tb00246.x" year="1937 a">Arrow 1937a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9BF81EB3F911EB4E72D956BFA0C1DF26" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachalepus</taxonomicName>
|
|
was proposed based on abdominal characters.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9EB4C85AFF3A9C721800CA9B08736AFD" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachalepus</taxonomicName>
|
|
included
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2E2E148E58101E27E70E0CD753A9BAD6" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
|
|
-like species with a rigid fusion of the propygidium and the pygidium (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C2124E326BC4C6D2ACF58447130BC58E" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 347" title="A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae." volume="11" year="1915">Casey 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="583545ACDA780B32E5939C172B7E1125" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachalepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachalepus (Chalepides)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chalepides">Parachalepus (Chalepides)</taxonomicName>
|
|
was proposed for species with a dramatic reduction of the pygidium in addition to propygidial/pygidial fusion (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CC87258315763958EF5DEBBB6F09C940" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 347" title="A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae." volume="11" year="1915">Casey 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="736A81EA60B801D8CB425F28F74AA765" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been recognized as a valid genus by subsequent authors and was recently revised (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="715C276F98B798E8630A9ED7BA46C06E" author="Arrow, G J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1937.tb00246.x" year="1937 a">Arrow 1937a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1EE42BAE73A5D787B7C56F67B3A64EA1" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6788C0820A64A474EB94B868CA23E70A" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 460" title="Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). I. Teil." volume="33" year="1966">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="73BAB50EB62BE95DA4209165D71011A1" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
|
|
1966
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="8B018F48623D57EEE4C790475696AECE" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Junk Publisher, Dordrecht" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" title="The Dynastinae of the World. Dr. W." year="1985 a">1985a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="4E8E445C445CCE253F008E9AFB1DDDC0" author="Joly, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomotropica" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="37 - 90" title="Revision del genero Chalepides Casey, 1915 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini)." volume="17" year="2002">Joly and Escalona 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F8C8D8D2CF5EA7256D959BC2F25AC046" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
|
The 15 species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1ACE023CC88188F673D22309EED94005" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
are distributed across South America and the West Indies (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1C50C91E47F2C202971142220EAABB4D" author="Martinez, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Cientifica, Serie Entomologia" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="8 - 19" title="Algunos Cyclocephalini neotropicales nuevos (Col. Scarab. Dynastinae)." volume="12" year="1978 b">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="2A9627A3EEC1D453B3B4A8B9773483F8" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
|
1978b
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="34E6F60A83A3AA770B4F5986BF1AFD0D" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 460" title="Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). I. Teil." volume="33" year="1966">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="22BA78598E28FCA5B274C28156760298" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
|
|
1966
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F79ED06A0818625C1F6D1010CECD3920" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest)" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="57 - 61" title="Einige Dynastinen-Arten (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) aus Bolivien." volume="12" year="1973 a">1973a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="4ECEF0F33714B36AB6A1FDA639A2702B" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Junk Publisher, Dordrecht" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" title="The Dynastinae of the World. Dr. W." year="1985 a">1985a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B7ADE1A6F09E21DE995DF6B5BAAE7A25" author="Joly, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomotropica" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="37 - 90" title="Revision del genero Chalepides Casey, 1915 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini)." volume="17" year="2002">Joly and Escalona 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="454493AA7DADFA8262CE6BF2789A7A5B" author="Riehs, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Ambiencia-Revista do Centro de Ciencias Agrarias e Ambientais" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="59 - 69" title="Similaridade entre comunidades de Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) do leste e centro-oeste do Parana: umaabordagem paleoclimatica." volume="1" year="2005">Riehs 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="78BB432CC27A2AF70C427497CA2AA23D" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 346" title="The dynastine scarab beetles of the West Indies (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="28" year="2015">Ratcliffe and Cave 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) (Fig. 56). Species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="10105242E977FD3E576B2C2C63E27BEC" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6F793F88FD29214DA18A2F09D08CA660" author="Prokofiev, AM" journalOrPublisher="Calodema" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 33" title="New and noteworthy pleurostict scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." volume="220" year="2012">
|
|
<pageBreakToken id="F58B47AECD7C8EA7CED9980B502D0697" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">Prokofiev</pageBreakToken>
|
|
(2012)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
require a special discussion.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A18A3879A592E7775BFF9D3CA092F9" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides euhirtus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euhirtus">Chalepides euhirtus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Prokofiev and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AE5626686BBC951AC6A2226F37605EFF" lsidName="C. unduavicus" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="unduavicus">C. unduavicus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Prokofiev were described based on specimens from Peru and Bolivia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7321723069052DB72E116897B305ACAD" author="Prokofiev, AM" journalOrPublisher="Calodema" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 33" title="New and noteworthy pleurostict scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." volume="220" year="2012">Prokofiev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and the Peruvian data would represent a new country record for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1888495F1CDB8C11B2386A9A55DA0421" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, both species were placed into the wrong genus, based on the original descriptions and images of the holotypes. The holotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EF1456F9D4426749EB72787CBE02CC70" lsidName="C. euhirtus" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="euhirtus">C. euhirtus</taxonomicName>
|
|
appears to be a female specimen of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C68CF791931081B779C3666984B349ED" lsidName="A. fuliginea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="fuliginea">A. fuliginea</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="69F3115288E51E60748E8F40E04CE3F8" author="Prokofiev, AM" journalOrPublisher="Calodema" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 33" title="New and noteworthy pleurostict scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." volume="220" year="2012">Prokofiev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6FB5F23848F86BA98625D3779D632538" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides unduavicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unduavicus">Chalepides unduavicus</taxonomicName>
|
|
was later synonymized under
|
|
<taxonomicName id="73EDAA5446756FC95A97C3CED07CB37A" lsidName="A. scarabaeoides" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="scarabaeoides">A. scarabaeoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
and was also considered an infrasubspecific (
|
|
<normalizedToken id="616C1046A01BD8204DD11C131F86DC2F" originalValue="“ab.”">"ab."</normalizedToken>
|
|
) entity (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B57821F22FF0CE19C8A457CB36A4C717" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Prokofiev 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CD4DBC1E7CAEB25A3B82C2C6F0E29DD5" author="Prokofiev, AM" journalOrPublisher="Calodema" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 25" title="New and noteworthy scarab beetles from Asia and America (Coleoptera Lamerllicornia)." volume="330" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The discussion below covering the biology and genus-level recognition of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="547F5CB099B61CD8F5A96619F157F11C" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
will exclude information on the misclassified species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="899DE1CB8FFC89525E0FB0C2D3188159" lsidName="C. euhirtus" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="euhirtus">C. euhirtus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9DED70E27BF515DAA1EFE6387FBD607D" lsidName="C. unduavicus" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="unduavicus">C. unduavicus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="DF5DC63CF02651E0A6F59ECD619E6759" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<paragraph id="86527CDA5E074F5DA1D6BE4C04B5D84F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
|
Figure 56. Country-level distribution of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E4D52D1ADC72AEF85E5FDE87D2DA74A" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
taxa in South America and the West Indies. Numbers indicate taxa per country or region.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="7BFE1187DC607F183E8CC28A55E7D238" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
|
Relatively little is known about the biology and natural history of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="805C6DE15F20FBE859F74BF9E9BB8E84" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
species. It is unclear, based on available data, if
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CA88407511BA8F80031683E7DE628A26" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
species are floral visitors.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7FB0C37DD1B2E29E276BDF783839134E" author="Mannerheim, CG" journalOrPublisher="Nouveaux Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="29 - 80" title="Description de quarante nouvelles especes de scarabeides du Bresil." volume="1" year="1829">Mannerheim (1829)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reported that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B205CABDA382E263440FF857C117F8EC" lsidName="C. dilatatus" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="dilatatus">C. dilatatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Mannerheim) was collected in flowers without further detail.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3977721D37933A117ED7D738D7864C15" author="Valla, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="477 - 500" title="Biologia floral del irupe, Victoriacruziana D'Orb. (Nymphaeaceae)." volume="17" year="1972">Valla and Cirino (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reported a single specimen of an unidentified
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5BA9079621040B7B9C35AE982961838B" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
species from the inflorescence of a
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9CF62178A55D5579A9DB58D41052C36C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Victoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Victoria cruziana" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cruziana">Victoria cruziana</taxonomicName>
|
|
A.D. Orb.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C7AE90A8AB0ED9EFC522F9BD4E6A6CA3" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides barbatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbatus">
|
|
<pageBreakToken id="42069A4FB317C02C8D5E89BC8D11C6DC" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Chalepides</pageBreakToken>
|
|
barbatus
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
adults and larvae are associated with sugar cane fields in Puerto Rico (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6712FA774C6C6E0CFB006D916B17A540" author="Wolcott, GN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 312" title="Insectae Portoricensis. A preliminary annotated checklist of the insects of Porto Rico, with descriptions of some news (sic) species." volume="7" year="1923">Wolcott 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5A58FD061340EC16FA098D05D410F9D7" author="Wolcott, GN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 975" title="Insects of Puerto Rico." volume="32" year="1948">1948</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In Puerto Rico, adult
|
|
<taxonomicName id="50EA1D9EEBA6A56AB9B5E8A301E6E207" lsidName="C. barbatus" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="barbatus">C. barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
are prey for the invasive cane toad R.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB76AA17974969F2F7B296073DD74A22" genus="Oryctomorphina" lsidName="Oryctomorphina marina" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="marina">marina</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D6280EB18169417C9D7C839B191C66AD" author="Wolcott, GN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="79 - 84" title="What the giant Surinam toad, Bufomarinus L., is eating now in Puerto Rico." volume="21" year="1937">Wolcott 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7B962B36F2B93595024773807E075647" author="Wolcott, GN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 975" title="Insects of Puerto Rico." volume="32" year="1948">1948</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E31E3B62B50C26A399285D04CEC10BC1" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AB006420C9D02F944CFC1FD331A369A6" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
species may have some semi-aquatic habits.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="125DCC70EBC642EB3AE4A8221859FACB" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides luridus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">Chalepides luridus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Burmeister) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9C051A72236D28C9BF8D9394F1FF238E" lsidName="C. alliaceus" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="alliaceus">C. alliaceus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Burmeister) have been collected along the edges of river banks (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="202EBAB33DC0F640B124B9357A23E24E" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest)" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="57 - 61" title="Einige Dynastinen-Arten (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) aus Bolivien." volume="12" year="1973 a">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="0FAE39D04AD31B1F925B039C4A129B88" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
|
|
1973a
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="708E672CE5A36137FCC84EB4B54EADE6" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides barbatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbatus">Chalepides barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
reportedly attacks the invasive, aquatic weed water hyacinth (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2AFA396B5CA99DEAD939784B163C1EDB" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eichhornia crassipes" order="Commelinales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipes">Eichhornia crassipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
[Mart.] Solms [
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2AE0E8EC38BECCBD327D449BAA67D309" family="Pontederiaceae" lsidName="Oryctomorphina" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Pontederiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
]) in Uruguay (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="51632E3CC6257C35D853A9EB2B0C3D5A" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Silveira Guido 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1A94EF17264E064A854F11BC204B2A63" author="Perkins, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pest Articles and News Summaries" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="304 - 314" title="Arthropods that stress waterhyacinth." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877409411855" volume="20" year="1974">Perkins 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FB6065C20350EA50E68DD25BB913D26C" author="Buckingham, GR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="27 - 33" title="Dyscinetusmorator (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults attack waterhyacinth, Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiaceae)." volume="43" year="1989">Buckingham and Bennett 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="54ED53CBD6484A1BFBF7A8CC41E1B272" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
species are attracted to lights at night (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="35498D9A072AA29116434E200BD61CD7" author="Kusui, Y" journalOrPublisher="The Nanki Seibutu" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="64 - 65" title="On a species of the genus Chalepides from the Kii Penisula." volume="34" year="1992">Kusui 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E21EDCDDB542BF5E58CC6816D83D7D51" author="Riehs, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Ambiencia-Revista do Centro de Ciencias Agrarias e Ambientais" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="59 - 69" title="Similaridade entre comunidades de Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) do leste e centro-oeste do Parana: umaabordagem paleoclimatica." volume="1" year="2005">Riehs 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B03A34317365BDF9B3EACEFC57C2A74C" author="Albuquerque, LSC de" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="248 - 254" title="Flight patterns and sex ratio of beetles of the subfamily Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.03.002" volume="60" year="2016">Albuquerque et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FBDFC49C27CF6BFDE2A985C2B0FE55BF" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3CCEB32761F8CCE035DFCE7EE60FEE8B" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
|
|
species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: 1) dorsal coloration yellowish brown, dark brown, or almost black with greenish reflections in some species; 2) body convex, not strongly anteroposteriorly compressed or dorsoventrally flattened; 3) clypeus trapezoidal with apex truncate in dorsal view; 4) frontoclypeal suture complete or narrowly incomplete medially; 5) males with anterolateral margin of the mandibles lacking weak tooth; 6) mandibular molar area with rows of circular micropunctures; 7) mandibular molar area on proximal margin with 2 semicircular depressed pits; 8) galea of maxilla on inner surface with 2 fused basal teeth, 2 free medial teeth, and 2 fused apical teeth (2-2-2 arrangement); 9) pronotum with broadly incomplete beaded basal margin; 10) males and females with 3 protibial teeth on lateral margin, basal tooth not greatly reduced, only slightly removed from apical 2 teeth, and oriented laterally; 11) protibial spur straight to weakly deflexed; 12) males with inner protarsal claw enlarged and entire at apex, not cleft; 13) mesocoxae not widely separated, nearly touching; 14) metacoxae on lateral edge with transverse, depressed sulcus; 15) metacoxae with lateral edge perpendicular to ventral surface; 16) meso- and metatibiae with distal, transverse carinae; 17) anterior edge of hindwing distal to apical hinge with erect setae and lacking produced, membranous border; 18) vein RA with single row of pegs proximal to the apical hinge; 19) propygidium expanded, propygidium and pygidium fused, pygidium with long, dense setae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |