139 lines
18 KiB
XML
139 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DA2D98B83B0B022C12A078F0BC1A3C33">Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F888FC2655BFE39CFB110C1884467C87">Burian, Steven K.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="C46F7C0951754828FF6F60F908B6AC9A" blockId="8.[151,843,978,1077]" box="[151,699,978,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="9F27CB6551754828FF6F60F908B6AC9A" bold="true" box="[151,699,978,1005]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E4C05B2751754828FF6F60F908B6AC9A" box="[151,699,978,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<treatmentCitation id="45715A1851754828FF6F60F908B6AC9A" author="Banks, N." box="[151,699,978,1005]" page="614" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" year="1914">
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FF6F60F908B6AC9A" authority="(Banks, 1914: 614)" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityPageNumber="614" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[151,699,978,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Neoleptophlebia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FF6F60F908B6AC9A" bold="true" box="[151,699,978,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FF6F60F90BC1AC9B" bold="true" box="[151,460,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Neoleptophlebia assimilis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FE2360F908B9AC9A" author="Banks, N." box="[475,692,978,1004]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="608 - 632" refId="ref21183" refString="Banks, N. (1914) New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 66, 608 - 632, pl. 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Banks, 1914: 614</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8CCA2F8251754828FF3F60DC0932AB43" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C46F7C0951754828FF3F60DC0946AB67" blockId="8.[151,843,978,1077]" box="[199,843,1015,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FF3F60DC085AAB67" authority="Banks, 1914" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1914" box="[199,599,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Leptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FF3F60DC0BC9AB67" box="[199,452,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Leptophlebia assimilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FE3360DC085AAB67" author="Banks, N." box="[459,599,1015,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="608 - 632" refId="ref21183" refString="Banks, N. (1914) New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 66, 608 - 632, pl. 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Banks, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(original description)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C46F7C0951754828FF3F67300932AB43" blockId="8.[151,843,978,1077]" box="[199,831,1051,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FF3F67300897AB43" ID-CoL="4CYMK" authority="(Banks, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[199,666,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Paraleptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FF3F67300BF9AB43" box="[199,500,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paraleptophlebia assimilis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FDFB6730089FAB43" author="Banks, N." box="[515,658,1051,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="608 - 632" refId="ref21183" refString="Banks, N. (1914) New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 66, 608 - 632, pl. 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Banks, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(combination)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8CCA2F8251754828FF6F67740863AA3C" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C46F7C0951754828FF6F677408F3AB01" blockId="8.[151,766,1119,1143]" box="[151,766,1119,1143]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Description of Nymph:
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FE71677408F3AB01" author="Randolph, R. P. & McCafferty, W. P." box="[393,766,1119,1143]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="225 - 229" refId="ref23895" refString="Randolph, R. P. & McCafferty, W. P. (1996) First larval description of two species of Paraleptophlebia (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Entomological News, 107 (4), 225 - 229." type="journal article" year="1996">Randolph and McCafferty 1996: 225</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C46F7C0951754828FF6F678B0863AA3C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1184,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FEDC678A0BA1ABCC" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[292,428,1184,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Paraleptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FEDC678A0BA1ABCC" box="[292,428,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. assimilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are recognized from other northeast members of this genus by the presence of sharp posterolateral projections on abdominal segments VIII and IX (
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<figureCitation id="5CEB608C51754828FC9B67EF09A5ABA8" box="[867,936,1220,1246]" captionStart="FIGS" captionStartId="5.[151,212,1929,1953]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,179,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-15@5.[203,1385,179,1903]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGS. 1–4: gills and abdominal tergites VIII–X of Neoleptophlebia and Paraleptophlebia nymphs. 1. N. adoptiva gill 4, 2. P. praepedita gill 4, 3a. N. assimilis tergites VIII–X, 3b P. praepedita tergites VIII–X, 3c. P. volitans tergites VIII–X, 3d. P. moerens tergites VIII–X, 4a. N. adoptiva tergites VIII–X, 4b. P. guttata tergites VIII–X." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13917931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13917931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Posterolateral projections on segment VIII are almost as long as those on segment IX. Nymphs are smaller, lighter colored, and more delicate compared to those of other northeast
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FE5E66270852AA50" authorityName="Kluge" authorityYear="1997" box="[422,607,1292,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Neoleptophlebia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FE5E66270852AA50" box="[422,607,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Neoleptophlebia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but they do have a large pale spot on the frons of the head capsule that is similar to the one on
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FE7C661A080AAA3C" authorityName="Litchfield Litchfield Middlesex Middlesex Middlesex" baseAuthorityName="McDunnough" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[388,519,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Neoleptophlebia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adoptiva">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FE7C661A080AAA3C" box="[388,519,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. adoptiva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nymphs.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8CCA2F8251754828FF3F667F09F1A880" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C46F7C0951754828FF3F667F09F1A880" blockId="8.[151,1437,1184,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Currently
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FEC4667E0BCFAA18" ID-CoL="4CYMK" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[316,450,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Paraleptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FEC4667E0BCFAA18" box="[316,450,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. assimilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is rare in the northeast Nearctic region with occurrences recorded only from CT and PA. In CT,
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FEE066520B91AAE4" ID-CoL="4CYMK" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[280,412,1400,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Paraleptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FEE066520B91AAE4" box="[280,412,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. assimilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has only been found in one small spring-fed, first order stream (Burnhams Brook) and its receiving small second order river (Eightmile River) upstream from their confluence. In these habitats nymphs were found in deposits of small gravel and CPOM in riffles and at the outlets of small pools. In PA,
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FAE066EA0F91AAAC" ID-CoL="4CYMK" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1304,1436,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Paraleptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FAE066EA0F91AAAC" box="[1304,1436,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. assimilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FEA966CF081AAA88" author="Markarian, R. K." box="[337,535,1508,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="81 - 95" refId="ref23210" refString="Markarian, R. K. (1980) A study of the relationship between aquatic insect growth and water temperature in a small stream. Hydrobiologia, 75, 81 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00006565" type="journal article" year="1980">Markarian (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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from a small, spring-fed first order stream on the western edge of the Ridge and Valley physiographic region. The work of
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FD896523093AA954" author="Markarian, R. K." box="[625,823,1544,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="81 - 95" refId="ref23210" refString="Markarian, R. K. (1980) A study of the relationship between aquatic insect growth and water temperature in a small stream. Hydrobiologia, 75, 81 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00006565" type="journal article" year="1980">Markarian (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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is the only detailed analysis of this species concerning the effects of stream water temperatures on nymphal growth. With so few documented occurrences, the distribution of this species in the northeast Nearctic region is poorly known. However, because the stream habitats of the two known occurrences are so similar, it seems clear that this species is restricted to small, cool headwater streams with primary groundwater sources in forested watersheds. This
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<typeStatus id="1B6BC2AB51754828FCCF65B2096AA9C5" box="[823,871,1689,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
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of lotic habitat is poorly documented and highly vulnerable to disturbance from changes in regional precipitation patterns that are expected to occur because of climate change (
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FEB465CB0802A98C" author="Hicke, J. A. & Lucatello, S. & Mortsch, L. D. & Dawson, J. & Dominguez Aguilar, M. & Enquist, C. A. F. & Gilmore, E. A. & Gutzler, D. S. & Harper, S. & Holsman, K. & Jewett, E. B. & Kohler, T. A. & Miller, K. A." box="[332,527,1760,1786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1929 - 2042" refId="ref22486" refString="Hicke, J. A., Lucatello, S., Mortsch, L. D., Dawson, J., Dominguez Aguilar, M., Enquist, C. A. F., Gilmore, E. A., Gutzler, D. S., Harper, S., Holsman, K., Jewett, E. B., Kohler, T. A. & Miller, K. A. (2022) Chapter 14: North America. In: Portner, H. - O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegria, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Loschke, S., Moller, V., Okem, A. & Rama, B. (Eds). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 1929 - 2042. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / 9781009325844.016" type="book chapter" year="2022">
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Hicke
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FE6F65CA0BC3A98C" box="[407,462,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
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2022
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A04101F851754828FDE165CB08D6A98C" author="Richardson, J. S." box="[537,731,1760,1786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref23997" refString="Richardson, J. S. (2019) Biological diversity in headwater streams. Water, 11 (2), 366, 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / w 11020366" type="journal article" year="2019">Richardson 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). In addition, because these small streams often have seasonally interrupted flow, resulting from variation in groundwater elevation, they are poorly documented on maps and often lack the regulatory protection afforded permanently flowing streams concerning land use activities such as logging, mineral extraction, agriculture, and commercial/residential development. Any event, or activity, that adversely affects flow and/or chemical composition of source water or reduces riparian forest cover poses a serious threat to these vulnerable small spring-fed streams and species that depend on them. Because
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<taxonomicName id="03D0078A51754828FBC564BE0EB3A8D8" ID-CoL="4CYMK" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1085,1214,1940,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Paraleptophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilis">
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<emphasis id="F6A4A01B51754828FBC564BE0EB3A8D8" box="[1085,1214,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. assimilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is only known from a highly vulnerable aquatic habitat it must be considered extremely vulnerable (possibly at risk of local extirpation) with regards to the predicted effects of climate change on regional hydrology.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
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