193 lines
22 KiB
XML
193 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F233E04C1213473760AF8B8EB359EA20">Dipodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="842F6291F905F9E46F72A5679F7E9B98">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="369675924451AC927D0EB456839A9158">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BB696C456C33F9B05C6C995A9BA38546">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="BBEE507194AF1CFD9B3D303B164546B4">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="5179C028621744AC2F536587E981D355">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="8FB59A87B15FDFF9671D6AFF63CEC369">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="062FF163553617A4D7DD3951FEF543A9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="482287C8ED577D73B428FE6AC8297C38" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591624" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195700957" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6591624" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:482287C8ED577D73B428FE6AC8297C38" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/482287C8ED577D73B428FE6AC8297C38" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<figureCitation id="58B02A5BED577D73B428FE6ACB8871D3" box="[105,161,439,485]" captionStart="Plate 4: Dipodidae" captionStartId="10.[103,132,3337,3362]" captionTargetBox="[14,2763,13,3648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="15. Williams's Jerboa (Scarturus williamsi), 16. Syrian Five-toed Jerboa (Scarturus aulacotis), 17. Euphrates Jerboa (Scarturus euphraticus), 18. Hotson' ’ s Five-toed Jerboa (Scarturus hotsoni), 19. Small Five-toed Jerboa (Scarturus elater), 20. Vinogradov’s Jerboa (Scarturus vinogradovi), 21. Four-toed Jerboa (Scarturus tetradactylus), 22. Greater Fat-tailed Jerboa (Pygeretmus shitkovi), 23. Lesser Fat-tailed Jerboa (Pygeretmus platyurus), 24. Dwarf Fat-tailed Jerboa (Pygeretmus pumilio), 26. Northern Three-toed Jerboa (Dipus sagitta), 27. Mongolian Three-toed Jerboa (Stylodipus andrewsi), 28. Thick-tailed Three-toed Jerboa (Stylodipus telum), 29. Dzungarian Three-toed Jerboa (Stylodipus sungorus), 30. Lichtenstein’s Jerboa (Eremodipus lichtensteini), 31. Greater Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis), 32. Blanford’s Jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi), 33. Lesser Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), 34. African Hammada Jerboa (Jaculus hirtipes), 35. Arabian Jerboa (Jaculus loftusi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6591756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">15.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B4EEFE6AC93C71D3" box="[175,533,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B4EEFE6AC93C71D3" blockId="10.[101,1029,439,527]" box="[175,533,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B4EEFE6AC93C71D3" box="[175,533,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B4EEFE6AC93C71D3" box="[175,533,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Williams's Jerboa</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B61DFE6AC89E71D3" box="[604,951,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B61DFE6AC89E71D3" blockId="10.[101,1029,439,527]" box="[604,951,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B61DFE6AC89E71D3" box="[604,951,439,485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B61DFE6AC89E71D3" baseAuthorityName="Hamidi, Darvish & M.Matin" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[604,951,439,485]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsi">
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B61DFE6AC89E71D3" box="[604,951,439,485]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Scarturus williamsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B426FE25CF2C723B" box="[103,1029,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B426FE25CF2C723B" blockId="10.[101,1029,439,527]" box="[103,1029,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B426FE25CF2C723B" box="[103,1029,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B426FE25CB9B723B" bold="true" box="[103,178,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B4FAFE25CAA7723B" box="[187,398,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Gerboise de Williams</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B5E5FE25CAD7723B" bold="true" box="[420,510,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B645FE25C9F3723B" box="[516,730,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Tlurkei-Pferdespringer</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B6AEFE25C863723B" bold="true" box="[751,842,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B712FE25CF2C723B" box="[851,1029,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Jerbo de Williams</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B68BFDE6C83D72B5" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B68BFDE6C83D72B5" blockId="10.[714,1309,571,998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B68BFDE6C84C726A" bold="true" box="[714,869,571,604]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B7C3FDE6C82672B5" authority="Thomas, 1897" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Allactaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williams">Allactaga williams: Thomas, 1897</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B75EFDBFCE3172B5" box="[799,1304,610,643]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B75EFDBFCE3172B5" blockId="10.[714,1309,571,998]" box="[799,1304,610,643]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<materialsCitation id="70E33C83ED577D73B75EFDBFCE3D72B5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3795085301" box="[799,1300,610,643]" country="Turkey" elevation="1524" location="Van" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" specimenCount="1">
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“
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<location id="C5546005ED577D73B76BFDBFC87372B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:482287C8ED577D73B428FE6AC8297C38:C5546005ED577D73B76BFDBFC87372B5" box="[810,858,610,643]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Van</location>
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, alt.
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<quantity id="07739B3BED577D73B7E5FDBFCF2172B5" box="[932,1032,610,643]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000 ft.</quantity>
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[
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<quantity id="07739B3BED577D73B05EFDBFCFA572B5" box="[1055,1164,610,643]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="1524.0">
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<elevation id="4BA6D1EDED577D73B05EFDBFCFA572B5" box="[1055,1164,610,643]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="1524.0">1524 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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],”
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<collectingCountry id="B89C764EED577D73B0F5FDBFCE3D72B5" box="[1204,1300,610,643]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B68AFD57CA8A746A" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B68AFD57CA8A746A" blockId="10.[714,1309,571,998]" lastBlockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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Previously included in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B0E3FD57CE32729D" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1837" box="[1186,1307,650,683]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Allactaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allactaga</taxonomicName>
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and later Paralactaga, which has recently been found to be a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B68DFCDDC86E7317" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[716,839,768,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scarturus</taxonomicName>
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. In the past, S. williams: was synonymized with S. euphraticus. Phylogenetically, it is a member of subgenus Paralactaga, being the sister species of S.
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B0E5FCA8CE3D73A0" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" box="[1188,1300,885,918]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Dipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aulacotis">aulacotis</taxonomicName>
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. Recently found in the Kopet Dag Mountains of north-eastern Iran,
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B02EFC14CFC073D0" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1135,1257,969,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scarturus</taxonomicName>
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cf.
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B429FC31CBF3743B" baseAuthorityName="Hamidi, Darvish & M.Matin" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[104,218,1004,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsi">williamsi</taxonomicName>
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, named by K. Hamidi and colleagues in 2016, is a separate species that needs to be formally described; it is also possible that it is closely related to S. euphraticus caprimulga. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B427FBBFCAB574E4" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
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||
<caption id="94F46656ED577D73B427FBBFCAB574E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6591975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6591975/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" startId="10.[102,274,1122,1155]" targetBox="[99,691,578,993]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B427FBBFCAB574E4" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B427FBBFCA3C74B5" bold="true" box="[102,277,1122,1155]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Turkey (Anatolia), Armenia, SE Georgia, Azerbaijan, NW & W Iran, and Lebanon; individuals of still unresolved specific status have been recently found in NE Iran (Kopet Dag Mts).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B427FB05CF497789" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B427FB05CF497789" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B427FB05CA7374CF" bold="true" box="[102,346,1240,1273]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 102-146 mm, tail 167-255 mm, ear 38-51 mm, hindfoot 61-74 mm; weight 54-143 g. Thereis no significant secondary sexual dimorphism. Condylo-basal lengths of skulls are 29-5-33-2 mm, zygomatic breadths are 21-4-24-8 mm, and maxillary tooth row lengths are 6-3-7-6 mm. Head and dorsum are brownish ocherous;sides and ventral pelage are pure white; and tail banneris wide and well flattened, with short (20 mm) bright-ocherous basal ring, relatively long (40 mm) black subterminal field, and short (20 mm) white terminal tuft. Toes of hindfeet are covered from below with short soft white (with admixture of black) hairs not forming brushes; conic calluses at bases of toes are large, with wide bases and rounded apexes. Auditory bullae are weakly inflated. Mastoid cavity is medium-sized and not subdivided into sections; tympanic cavity is extremely small. Front surfaces of incisors are white; incisors are weakly deflected forward. P' is relatively small and about twice as small as in diameter than M’. Molars are low-crowned, with tuberculous masticatory surfaces; crown heights of unworn molars are ¢.70% of their lengths. Glans penis is egg-shaped, 2:5-3-9 mm long and 1-8-2-4 mm wide,slightly compressed in dorso-ventral direction, subdivided by deep longitudinal dorsal fold into two lateral lobes; surfaces of lobes are covered by single-vertex, backward-directed aciculae increasing in size in backward direction; and aciculae are arranged in 4-5 concentric rows with 12-14 aciculae in each row. Os penis (baculum) is absent. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 96.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B424F818C96278B2" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B424F818C96278B2" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B424F818CBFD77D0" bold="true" box="[101,212,1989,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Mainly semi-deserts and mountain dry steppes but also subalpine meadows up to elevations of ¢.2500 m. Williams's Jerboa is a habitat generalist and frequents different habitats including saltwort (
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B62FF7C9C8647803" box="[622,845,2068,2101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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) vegetation, semi-stabilized sand dunes, and rock outcrops, preferring patches of sparse sagebrush (
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B07BF7E6CF9E786A" box="[1082,1207,2107,2140]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artemisia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B08BF7E6CB9D78B2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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) and herbaceous vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B424F757CE2878CC" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B424F757CE2878CC" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B424F757CA4A789D" bold="true" box="[101,355,2186,2219]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet ofWilliams'sJerboa is mainly composed of seeds and insects and to a lesser extent of green plant material and bulbs. It mainly eats insects and green plant parts in spring, vegetative and generative plant parts in summer, and seeds in autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B424F6DDCA2A79AE" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B424F6DDCA2A79AE" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B424F6DDCBC57917" bold="true" box="[101,236,2304,2337]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Williams'sJerboa was recorded in late March—June and August— October. Litters have 2-8 young (average varies within the same year 3-6-3). Overwintering females can produce two litters per year. Length of gestation was estimated at 25-30 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B425F643CA487A3B" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B425F643CA487A3B" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B425F643CA797989" bold="true" box="[100,336,2462,2495]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Williams's Jerboas are nocturnal. Aboveground activity usually starts 1-5-2 hours after sunset and ends before morning dusk. Hibernation occurs in November—February.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B424F5C9CA7B7B7E" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B424F5C9CA7B7B7E" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B424F5C9C81B7A03" bold="true" box="[101,818,2580,2613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Burrows of Williams's Jerboa are simple and usually have one tunnel with 1-3 turns. Tunnel starts at ground surface, with typically plugged entrance, and ends with nest chamber 12-14 cm in diameter and 20-80 cm deep; lengths of tunnels are 90-200 cm. In some cases, burrows have 1-2 additional tunnels ending with emergency exits. In captivity, initial contacts between individuals of the same or opposite sex are aggressive; after two hours of intense fighting, individuals became peaceful; and in some cases, these interactions can lead to serious wounds or death.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B427F48ECBC57BA1" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B427F48ECBC57BA1" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B427F48ECA967B46" bold="true" box="[102,447,2899,2928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B0E1F48ECE307B46" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1837" box="[1184,1305,2899,2928]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Allactaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allactaga</taxonomicName>
|
||
williams).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B426F47BC8297C38" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B426F47BC8297C38" blockId="10.[100,1307,1004,3086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B426F47BCBD67B89" bold="true" box="[103,255,2982,3007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arslan & Zima (2010), Atallah & Harrison (1969), Colak &Yigit (1998b), Colak et al. (1994), Dianat et al. (2013), Hamidi et al. (2016), Krystufek & Vohralik (2005), Krystufek, Arslan et al. (2013), Lay (1967), Naderi et al. (2014), Shenbrot et al. (2008), Toyran & Albayrak (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |