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<document id="7F57D637DF64B1EFD9FD2EDD1320717B" ID-CLB-Dataset="60686" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6591722" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9d33d7df-dc06-426e-8945-d99b967af193" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6591722" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1653851510032" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier &amp; Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="482287C8ED577D72B124F92DCF887601" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Dipodidae_0062.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Scarturus euphraticus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="B41BFFB0ED5D7D79B441FFDDCB297036" masterDocTitle="Dipodidae" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1699338147150" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B124F92DCEB27714" box="[1381,1435,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B124F92DCEB27714" blockId="10.[1376,2348,1776,1905]" box="[1381,1435,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B124F92DCEB27714" box="[1381,1435,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<figureCitation id="58B02A5BED577D73B124F92DCEB27714" box="[1381,1435,1776,1826]" captionStart="Plate 4: Dipodidae" captionStartId="10.[103,132,3337,3362]" captionTargetBox="[14,2763,13,3648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="15. Williams's Jerboa (Scarturus williamsi), 16. Syrian Five-toed Jerboa (Scarturus aulacotis), 17. Euphrates Jerboa (Scarturus euphraticus), 18. Hotson' s Five-toed Jerboa (Scarturus hotsoni), 19. Small Five-toed Jerboa (Scarturus elater), 20. Vinogradovs Jerboa (Scarturus vinogradovi), 21. Four-toed Jerboa (Scarturus tetradactylus), 22. Greater Fat-tailed Jerboa (Pygeretmus shitkovi), 23. Lesser Fat-tailed Jerboa (Pygeretmus platyurus), 24. Dwarf Fat-tailed Jerboa (Pygeretmus pumilio), 26. Northern Three-toed Jerboa (Dipus sagitta), 27. Mongolian Three-toed Jerboa (Stylodipus andrewsi), 28. Thick-tailed Three-toed Jerboa (Stylodipus telum), 29. Dzungarian Three-toed Jerboa (Stylodipus sungorus), 30. Lichtensteins Jerboa (Eremodipus lichtensteini), 31. Greater Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis), 32. Blanfords Jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi), 33. Lesser Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), 34. African Hammada Jerboa (Jaculus hirtipes), 35. Arabian Jerboa (Jaculus loftusi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6591756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">17.</figureCitation>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B1ECF92DCC3F7714" box="[1453,1814,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B1ECF92DCC3F7714" blockId="10.[1376,2348,1776,1905]" box="[1453,1814,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B1ECF92DCC3F7714" box="[1453,1814,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B1ECF92DCC3F7714" box="[1453,1814,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Euphrates Jerboa</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B31CF92DC3CE7714" box="[1885,2279,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B31CF92DC3CE7714" blockId="10.[1376,2348,1776,1905]" box="[1885,2279,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B31CF92DC3CE7714" box="[1885,2279,1776,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B31CF92DC3CE7714" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1885,2279,1776,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euphraticus">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B31CF92DC3CE7714" box="[1885,2279,1776,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Scarturus euphraticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B123F8E8CC2C7747" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B123F8E8C202777C" blockId="10.[1376,2348,1776,1905]" box="[1378,2347,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B123F8E8C202777C" box="[1378,2347,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B123F8E8CE84777C" bold="true" box="[1378,1453,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B1F7F8E8CDB2777C" box="[1462,1691,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Gerboise de |'Euphrate</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B2F0F8E8CC22777C" bold="true" box="[1713,1803,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B354F8E8CCD5777C" box="[1813,2044,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Euphrat-Pferdespringer</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73BC50F8E8C345777C" bold="true" box="[2065,2156,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73BC34F8E8C202777C" box="[2165,2347,1845,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Jerbo del Eufrates</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B120F881CC2C7747" blockId="10.[1376,2348,1776,1905]" box="[1377,1797,1884,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="9B7C81B2ED577D73B120F881CC2C7747" box="[1377,1797,1884,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B120F881CD717747" bold="true" box="[1377,1624,1884,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4E8846F0ED577D73B222F881CC2C7747" box="[1635,1797,1884,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Montane Jerboa</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B384F842C32777D1" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B384F842C32777D1" blockId="10.[1988,2583,1951,2377]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B384F842C34877F6" bold="true" box="[1989,2145,1951,1984]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BC37F842C32077D1" ID-CoL="7QJ7T" authority="Thomas" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Allactaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euphratica">Allactaga euphratica Thomas, 1881</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73BC5AF817C25877D1" box="[2075,2417,1994,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73BC5AF817C25877D1" blockId="10.[1988,2583,1951,2377]" box="[2075,2417,1994,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<materialsCitation id="70E33C83ED577D73BC5AF817C25877D1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3795085305" box="[2075,2417,1994,2023]" country="Iraq" location="Iraq" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" specimenCount="1">
“Mesopotamia [=
<collectingCountry id="B89C764EED577D73BD57F817C27E77D1" box="[2326,2391,1994,2023]" name="Iraq" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Iraq</collectingCountry>
].”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B387F833C28479AE" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B387F833C28479AE" blockId="10.[1988,2583,1951,2377]" lastBlockId="10.[1376,2583,2384,3243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
Previously included in the genus
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BDDCF833C13F7839" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1837" box="[2461,2582,2030,2063]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Allactaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allactaga</taxonomicName>
and later Paralactaga, which has recently been found to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B386F7B5C36B78B3" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1991,2114,2152,2181]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scarturus</taxonomicName>
. Phylogenetically, S. euphraticus is in the subgenus Paralactaga, being the sister species of the S. williams: + S.
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BDE7F76EC13F78E2" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" box="[2470,2582,2227,2260]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Dipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aulacotis">aulacotis</taxonomicName>
clade. The
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BC1EF707C25978CD" box="[2143,2416,2266,2299]" form="kivancinamed" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" rank="form">form kivancinamed</taxonomicName>
by E. Colak and N.Yigit in 1998 is genetically identical with the nominate form; moreover, kivanc was described based on comparison of specimens from southern Turkey with S.
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BD94F68DCEB179AE" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Dipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aulacotis">aulacotis</taxonomicName>
from Syria rather than with true S. euphraticus. Two subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D73B120F643CCF47A6B" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
<caption id="94F46656ED577D73B120F643CCF47A6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591979" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6591979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6591979/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" startId="10.[1377,1531,2462,2495]" targetBox="[1374,1966,1958,2372]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B120F643CDD87989" blockId="10.[1376,2583,2384,3243]" box="[1377,1777,2462,2495]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B120F643CDD87989" bold="true" box="[1377,1777,2462,2495]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
Subspecies and
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B200F643CDD87989" bold="true" box="[1601,1777,2462,2495]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B123F61BCC4C7A00" blockId="10.[1376,2583,2384,3243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B123F61BCC4C7A00" authority="Thomas, 1881" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="euphraticus" subSpecies="euphraticus">S.e.euphraticusThomas,1881—definitelyknownfromSETurkey,IraqEofEuphratesRiverandSWIran;probably,occursalsoinSyriaEofEuphrates,C&amp;SIraqWofEuphrates,Kuwait,andNSaudiArabia.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B123F59DCCF47A6B" blockId="10.[1376,2583,2384,3243]" box="[1378,2013,2624,2653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B123F59DCC257A6B" authority="Ellerman, 1948" authorityName="Ellerman" authorityYear="1948" box="[1378,1804,2624,2653]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="euphraticus" subSpecies="caprimulga">S. e. caprimulga Ellerman, 1948</taxonomicName>
— Afghanistan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED577D72B121F5BACF1871D1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" type="description">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D72B121F5BACF1871D1" blockId="10.[1376,2583,2384,3243]" lastBlockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED577D73B121F5BACD707AB2" bold="true" box="[1376,1625,2663,2692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 77-140 mm, tail 144-210 mm, ear 29-52 mm, hindfoot 50-68 mm; weight 48-92 g. There is no significant secondary sexual dimorphism. Condylo-basal lengths of skulls are 25-4-31 mm, zygomatic breadths are 19-4-23-6 mm, and maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-8-7 mm. Head and dorsum are grayish buff; sides and ventral pelage are pure white; and tail banner is wide and well flattened, with short white (often with narrow longitudinal dorsal dark strip) (nominate euphraticus) or ocherous (caprimulga) basal ring, relatively long black subterminal field, and medium-length white terminal tuft. Toes of hindfeet are covered from below with short soft white hairs, mixed with black, not forming brushes; conic calluses at bases of toes are large, with wide bases and rounded apexes. Auditory bullae are weakly inflated. Mastoid cavity is medium-sized and not subdivided into sections; tympanic cavity is extremely small. Front surfaces of incisors are white; incisors are weakly deflected forward. P' is relatively small and 1-6-2 times smaller in diameter than M®. Molars are lowcrowned, with tuberculous masticatory surfaces; crown heights of unworn molars are c.70% of their lengths. Glans penis is egg-shaped, 5-6-6-6 mm long and 3-3-3-9 mm wide, slightly compressed in dorso-ventral direction, subdivided by deep longitudinal dorsal fold into two lateral lobes; surfaces of lobes are covered by single-vertex, backward-directed aciculae increasing in size in backward direction; and aciculae are arranged in 9-10 concentric rows with 14-15 aciculae in each row. Os penis (baculum) is absent. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 96.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="94F46656ED577D73B426F2D4C3467DA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6591756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6591756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" startId="10.[103,132,3337,3362]" targetBox="[14,2763,13,3648]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED577D73B426F2D4C3467DA1" blockId="10.[100,2577,3337,3483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="91">
On following pages: 18. Hotson's Five-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B6C5F2D4C8137D14" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[644,826,3337,3362]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hotsoni">Scarturus hotsoni</taxonomicName>
); 19. Small Five-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B033F2D4CFFA7D14" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1138,1235,3337,3362]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scarturus</taxonomicName>
elaten; 20. Vinogradov's Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B4FDF2EDCAB87D7F" authorityName="Kuznetsov" authorityYear="1930" box="[188,401,3376,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Pygeretmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shitkovi">Pygeretmus shitkovi</taxonomicName>
); 23. Lesser Fat-tailed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B695F2EDC8907D7F" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[724,953,3376,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Pygeretmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platyurus">Pygeretmus platyurus</taxonomicName>
); 24. Dwarf Fat-tailed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B0B9F2EDCBFA7D46" authority="Mongolian" authorityName="Mongolian" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Pygeretmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pygeretmus Mongolian</taxonomicName>
Three-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B5E6F28AC9507D46" authorityName=": G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1925" box="[423,633,3415,3440]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Stylodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andrews">Stylodipus andrews</taxonomicName>
); 28. Thick-tailed Three-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B7BBF28ACF837D46" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1018,1194,3415,3440]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Stylodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="telum">Stylodipus telum</taxonomicName>
); 29. Dzungarian Three-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B4FDF2A3CA467DA1" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[188,367,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Jaculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">Jaculus orientalis</taxonomicName>
); 32. Blanford's Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B62DF2A3C9907DA1" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[620,697,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Jaculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Jaculus</taxonomicName>
blanfordl); 33. Lesser Egyptian Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B01BF2A3CFDE7DA1" authority="jaculus" box="[1114,1271,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Jaculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jaculus">Jaculus jaculus</taxonomicName>
); 34. African Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B26EF2D4CC387D14" baseAuthorityName="Argyropulo" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1583,1809,3337,3362]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinogradovi">Scarturus vinogradovi</taxonomicName>
); 21. Fourtoed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BC44F2D4C34E7D14" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[2053,2151,3337,3362]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Scarturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scarturus</taxonomicName>
tetradactylus); 22. Greater Fat-tailed
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B13CF2EDCEE37D7F" box="[1405,1482,3376,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Pygeretmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">pumilio</taxonomicName>
); 25. Comb-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B297F2EDCC127D7F" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1930" box="[1750,1851,3376,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Paradipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paradipus</taxonomicName>
ctenodactylus); 26. Northern Three-toed Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BD00F2EDC2EE7D7F" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1773" box="[2369,2503,3376,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Dipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sagitta">Dipus sagitta</taxonomicName>
); 27. Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B26DF28ACC287D46" authorityName="Sokolov &amp; Shenbrot" authorityYear="1987" box="[1580,1793,3415,3440]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Stylodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sungorus">Stylodipus sungorus</taxonomicName>
); 30. Lichtensteins Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73BC66F28AC2007D46" baseAuthorityName="Vinogradov" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[2087,2345,3415,3440]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Eremodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lichtensteini">Eremodipus lichtensteini</taxonomicName>
); 31. Greater Egyptian Hammada Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B20AF2A3CDC57DA1" box="[1611,1772,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Jaculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirtipes">Jaculus hirtipes</taxonomicName>
); 35. Arabian Jerboa (
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED577D73B393F2A3C34D7DA1" box="[2002,2148,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Jaculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loftusi">Jaculus loftusi</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B480FE30CF3872B2" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B480FE30CF3872B2" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B480FE30CA197238" bold="true" box="[193,304,493,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Habitat.</emphasis>
Steppe, semi-deserts, and desert. In southern Turkey, the Euphrates Jerboa prefers low plains at elevations of 400-650 m, with sparse grassy ground cover, and avoids sandy and cultivated areas. In Afghanistan, it occurs in dry montane terrain, with low and sparse vegetation at elevations of 1800-3200 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B480FD4EC99872E5" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B480FD4EC99872E5" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B480FD4ECAE2729A" bold="true" box="[193,459,659,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Euphrates Jerboa is a generalist herbivore and eats green leaves, fresh roots, bulbs, stems, and seeds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B480FD03C9A5737C" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B480FD03C9A5737C" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B480FD03CA6E72CD" bold="true" box="[193,327,734,763]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Breeding.</emphasis>
Breeding of the Euphrates Jerboa occurs in April-June in southern Turkey and northern Syria and February—May in Iraq. Litters have 4-8 young (average six). Females have two litters per year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B481FC8DCA5973F6" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B481FC8DCA5973F6" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B481FC8DCA987347" bold="true" box="[192,433,848,881]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Euphrates Jerboa is nocturnal. Aboveground activity usually starts 1-5-2 hours after sunset and ends before dawn. Hibernation occurs in November—January.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B480FC17C95A757C" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B480FC17C95A757C" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B480FC17C8A973D1" bold="true" box="[193,896,970,999]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Summer burrows of Euphrates Jerboas are simple and usually have one tunnel, direct or with 1-2 turns. Tunnelstarts at the grounds surface, with a typically plugged entrance, and ends in a nest chamber 11-15 cm in diameter and 35-45 cm deep. In most cases, burrows have one additional tunnel ending with emergency exits. Total lengths of tunnels are 80-120 cm. In the wild, Euphrates Jerboa are usually solitary. In captivity, they try to avoid physical contact and emit different types of sounds; fighting has not been recorded. In captivity, initials contact between individuals, regardless of sex, is aggressive; after two hours of intense fighting, individuals became peaceful; however, in some cases, interactions can cause serious wounds or death.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B483FA89C99975F6" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B483FA89C99975F6" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B483FA89C90B7547" bold="true" box="[194,546,1364,1393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (as
<taxonomicName id="078B4D5DED567D72B110FA89CA9A75AF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Allactaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euphratica">Allactaga euphratica</taxonomicName>
). The Euphrates Jerboa is threatened in Turkey by the expansion of irrigated cotton fields and hunting.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88916555ED567D72B483FA12CF887601" pageId="11" pageNumber="92" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C03436DEED567D72B483FA12CF887601" blockId="11.[191,1401,296,1593]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="F2FFEACCED567D72B483FA12CA7275DE" bold="true" box="[194,347,1487,1512]" pageId="11" pageNumber="92">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Arslan et al. (2012), Atallah &amp; Harrison (1969), Colak &amp; Yigit (1998a, 1998b), Colak et al. (1994), Dianat et al. (2013), Habibi (2004), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Hassinger (1973), Kadhim &amp; Wahid (1986), Kadhim et al. (1979), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2005), Krystufek, Arslan et al. (2013), Lewis et al. (1965).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>