261 lines
43 KiB
XML
261 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="531F15B87546F33726C6D13A14C83A1B" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056044" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D9FCBF4D-8B95-47E1-B116-98A4BB75352A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1687184174754" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel" docDate="2023" docId="4812EA70577B8A23FEF431301580E50F" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.45.10.327-351.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 45 (10)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Potamotrygonidae Garman 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="332" masterDocId="B42B9208577C8A24FFCB32651015E300" masterDocTitle="New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia" masterLastPageNumber="351" masterPageNumber="327" pageNumber="332" updateTime="1687205768662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DF5B4DAAD106DE857B992989F421C357">
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<mods:title id="186CD742B4D327A91A9CF9BD6AE96EE5">New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4DD91F79B6002755F1C97504A210093A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C9E0B9E25C1223CA1F0B0E38EC7DA005">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FC635F00CC9F54DD622E3FF8591BA874">Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5DCDB694A6C58A6A7AA9D1A563B8A95C">Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich (Switzerland)</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="B13690373264186649EE0F0343C12B30" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FB0394E234864E50E64FA29D5C5951F5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2051F9A4B9C8DF3B8725CC0C1B8761CC">Mora-Rojas, Laura</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="04209C3BD3C84C09DC74AFF8C56396F1">Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas e Ingeniería, Grupo de investigación Biología, Evolución y Conservación BEC, Universidad EAFIT, Cra. 49 # 7 sur – 50, Medellín (Colombia)</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="70BF6C4D0DC5CEE32FD670E1E06AA783" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DFA3566ED756914FF257834F63917DC7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6AD145D3B0217694BF9EA5129323F73E">Hendricks, Kimberly</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FF18CA756D62FC7294ADB59ED58125E3">Grand Valley State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1 Campus Dr Allendale, MI 49525 (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="634F4655C4B569269565B8F519A09A6F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5BE16B2937315AD9C796334BE46C60C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="30FB6A02F4D2918BC591ECBA783E150F">Vanegas, Andrés</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="57FC9CB3D5AB596CBF48723FE5B5716D">Museo de Historia Natural La Tatacoa, La Victoria, Villavieja, Huila (Colombia)</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C396571A732DEC760C3A7259E0208020" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1BF93A9E815C6DAB8879203834710D99">Aguilera, Orangel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="40DC5A59421631E097AB48BE18D758D8">Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Marine Biology Department, Paleoecology and Global Changes Laboratory, Campus Gragoatá, Bloco M, Lab. 110, CEP. 24210 - 201, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7820E8122F0B936AEF491A8CFBD0002B" type="email">orangelaguilera@id.uff.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3CE256CF08D51398990DE0F37BFADD1F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D31B9C1693CCDFD8FB6260AE1F85F923">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2E8B57A6C7EDEDD23AEC34EEC4027927">
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<mods:date id="BFBBF12B7F9F5DDBF8FBBFBA780EBFC6">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EBB3F990C172093AEEEB8838587E6FBC">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FB1AE21C3A853CBD6D35A319BFD27023">45</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3B95A73A1817E15C7A6D45DC3FAF18A5" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="F609DD43DEFEDDBB9FC583855075DCFE">10</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="7853F538F0F92555B6803A3B6945C336">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D52CBF9384B3A1FC242874C26B31D5DD" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="307B07E13DFAC9A079B2A85E71921B06" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4812EA70577B8A23FEF431301580E50F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8057114" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8057114" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4812EA70577B8A23FEF431301580E50F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4812EA70577B8A23FEF431301580E50F" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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<subSubSection id="88A108ED577B8A23FEF431301259E06F" box="[319,588,853,879]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FEF431301259E06F" blockId="7.[319,588,853,911]" box="[319,588,853,879]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FEF431301210E06F" ID-CoL="627MW" ID-ENA="86367" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[319,517,853,879]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88A108ED577B8A23FEBE31101288E0C6" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FEBE31101203E08F" blockId="7.[319,588,853,911]" box="[373,534,885,911]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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(
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<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FEB5311011A9E08F" box="[382,444,885,911]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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B1-G2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FF4F31CB1288E0C6" blockId="7.[132,669,942,966]" box="[132,669,942,966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FF4F31CB10F9E0C4" baselines="959,960" box="[132,236,942,965]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Examined" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FF3931D61133E0C4" baselines="960" box="[242,294,947,964]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="body" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">BODY</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FEE631D61170E0C4" baselines="960" box="[301,357,947,964]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="parts" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">PARTS</smallCapsWord>
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. — Bucklers and caudal spines.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88A108ED577B8A23FF4F31BB1240E75F" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FF4F31BB1240E75F" blockId="7.[130,774,989,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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<materialsCitation id="70D3513B577B8A23FF4F31BB1165E710" collectionCode="VPPLT" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" specimenCode="VPPLT 10000, 10001" specimenCount="1">
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<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FF4F31BB10F2E0F4" baselines="1007,1008" box="[132,231,990,1013]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FF273186115AE0F4" baselines="1008" box="[236,335,995,1012]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
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||
. — Museo de La Tormenta, two isolated teeth (
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FF42319D110EE710" box="[137,283,1016,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">VPPLT 10000</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FEE8319D1170E710" box="[291,357,1016,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">10001</specimenCode>
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);
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="70D3513B577B8A23FEBE319D124FE745" collectionCode="VPPLT" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" specimenCode="VPPLT-668, 805, 1226, 1239, 1245, 1415, 1440, 1444, 1452, 1481" specimenCount="1">
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Museo de Historia Natural La Tatacoa, 13 isolated dermal bucklers (
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FEA6367711F6E72A" box="[365,483,1042,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">VPPLT-668</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FE2036771207E72A" box="[491,530,1042,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">805</specimenCode>
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,
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||
<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FDD13677125EE72A" box="[538,587,1042,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1226</specimenCode>
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[no. 2],
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FD52367612D8E72B" box="[665,717,1043,1067]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1239</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FD1F36771313E72A" box="[724,774,1042,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1245</specimenCode>
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[no. 2],
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FF1936481112E745" box="[210,263,1069,1093]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1415</specimenCode>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FEDA36481153E745" box="[273,326,1069,1093]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1440</specimenCode>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FE9A36481193E745" box="[337,390,1069,1093]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1444</specimenCode>
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||
,
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FE5B364811D6E745" box="[400,451,1069,1093]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1452</specimenCode>
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[no. 2],
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FDD23648125BE745" box="[537,590,1069,1093]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1481</specimenCode>
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),
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="70D3513B577B8A23FDAB36481244E75F" collectionCode="VPPLT" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" specimenCode="VPPLT-042, 1425, 1430, 1485" specimenCount="1">
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and four isolated caudal spines (
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FEDA3622119EE75F" box="[273,395,1095,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">VPPLT-042</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FE5E362211DFE75F" box="[405,458,1095,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1425</specimenCode>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FE1F3622121CE75F" box="[468,521,1095,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1430</specimenCode>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCode id="901DF31D577B8A23FDD83622125CE75F" box="[531,585,1095,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">1485</specimenCode>
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||
)
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="88A108ED577B8A23FF4F361212E8E62E" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FF4F361212E8E62E" blockId="7.[131,775,1143,1326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FF4F361210E3E78D" baselines="1160,1161" box="[132,246,1143,1166]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Localities" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">LOCALITIES</smallCapsWord>
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. —
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<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FEE3361211D1E78F" bold="true" box="[296,452,1143,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">La Victoria Fm</emphasis>
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. Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta (VPPLT-1481, 1485); Morrongo 1 (VPPLT-1415, 1452), Morrongo 2: (VPPLT-805, 1226, 1239, 1245, 1430, 1440); Km-121 (VPPLT-042, 1425, 1444). —
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<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FE6536AD1276E7DE" bold="true" box="[430,611,1222,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Indeterminate Fm</emphasis>
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. Santa Barbara 2 (VPPLT-668) (see
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<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FEFC3684117BE7F9" box="[311,366,1249,1273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[134,143,1613,1630]" captionTargetBox="[132,1445,197,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-236@5.[698,1267,762,1312]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 1. — Geographical position (A) of the Honda Group’s stratigraphic section (B) at La Venta site placed in the Upper Magdalena River Valley, Colombia. For details on the localities’ geographic coordinates and stratigraphic position, please see Appendix 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8057098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8057098/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FEB1368411FEE7F9" box="[378,491,1249,1273]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="23.[97,109,185,202]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="APPENDIX 1. — Fishpalaeodiversity of the HondaGroupand the recordby locality.Symbols:×, thiswork;×,Lunberg 1997 fossils;×,Ballen & Moreno-Bernal2019; C/T, Chunchu/Tatac." pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
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). The two isolated teeth (VPPLT 10000 and VPPLT 10001) do not have precise information about their locality (presumably Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88A108ED577B8A23FF4F3731157AE130" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FF4F37311100E66C" blockId="7.[130,777,1364,2028]" box="[132,277,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FF4F371612E8E4AC" blockId="7.[130,777,1364,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
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The indeterminate potamotrygonid isolated teeth described and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FED337F611DCE6AD" author="LUNDBERG J. G." box="[280,457,1427,1453]" editor="KAY R. F. & MADDEN R. H. & CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J." firstAuthor="Lundberg" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="67 - 91" refId="ref17587" refString="LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91." title="Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia" year="1997">Lundberg (1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5.1), plus another group of teeth were observed but not photographed or described in detail by one of the authors (JDCB) during a visit to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP), where they are temporarily housed. A detailed description of at least five of the isolated teeth housed in the ANSP is presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FE6334371277E56C" author="LUNDBERG J. G." box="[424,610,1618,1644]" editor="KAY R. F. & MADDEN R. H. & CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J." firstAuthor="Lundberg" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="67 - 91" refId="ref17587" refString="LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91." title="Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia" year="1997">Lundberg (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Most of these specimens in the ANSP, as well as two other isolated teeth reported here from the Museo de La Tormenta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FDB834F712BBE5AC" box="[627,686,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A1, A2), are smaller than
|
||
<quantity id="0743F683577B8A23FEFB34D7117AE5CD" box="[304,367,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and are characterized by a crown that is higher than the root with a middle transverse crest that separates the labial and lingual sides. The labial side of the crown is coarsely ornamented in specimens that do not show a wear pattern. In some cuspidate teeth, the crest is lingually elongated and forms a distinctive triangular cusp. The root is a typical holaucorhize
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F00E5C4577B8A23FE52351711DDE48C" box="[409,456,1906,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">type</typeStatus>
|
||
with two rounded and basal flattened lobes (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FE9D35F41181E4AB" box="[342,404,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A1-A2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FE2135F41287E4AB" author="LUNDBERG J. G." box="[490,658,1937,1963]" editor="KAY R. F. & MADDEN R. H. & CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J." firstAuthor="Lundberg" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="67 - 91" refId="ref17587" refString="LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91." title="Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia" year="1997">Lundberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5.1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FF5035D4157AE130" blockId="7.[130,777,1364,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[810,1457,215,560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
The dermal bucklers are up to
|
||
<quantity id="0743F683577B8A23FE0E35D41203E4CC" box="[453,534,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and circular and semi-circular in shape(
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FE4535B411D1E4EB" box="[398,452,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig.2</figureCitation>
|
||
B1-F).Three specimens are fused bucklers (up to
|
||
<quantity id="0743F683577B8A23FC0732B2140CE3F2" box="[972,1049,215,242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length) of ovoidal/or irregular shape (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FCAD329213B7E211" box="[870,930,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, E). The bucklers are characterized by an erected curved crown with a central and small tip. Abundant ridges and deep furrows from the base of the central tip to the basal edges of the buckler ornament the crown. In some specimens, abundant rounded and micro like-bucklers (up to
|
||
<quantity id="0743F683577B8A23FB0D33121510E291" box="[1222,1285,375,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter) are present in the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FBDD33F31441E2B1" box="[1046,1108,406,433]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B1-B2, D-F). Of the four caudal spines, only
|
||
<specimenCount id="D6BD90EF577B8A23FC6433D21452E2D0" box="[943,1095,438,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
are relatively complete (58 and
|
||
<quantity id="0743F683577B8A23FA5E33D3134CE2F1" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="64.0">64 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length). All the caudal spines preserve their denticles at the lateral margins, the central ridge, and the central groove on the ventral and dorsal sides, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FB1C30731506E130" box="[1239,1299,534,560]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G1-G2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88A108ED577B8A23FCE630321580E50F" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FCE630321384E16F" blockId="7.[810,1458,599,1551]" box="[813,913,599,625]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C6E2CDBA577B8A23FCE630321384E16F" baselines="618,618" box="[813,913,599,625]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FCE6301215B3E0F0" blockId="7.[810,1458,599,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
The only previous reports of stingrays from the Honda Group include the few isolated teeth (from the Fish Bed layer) and the fragmented caudal spines reported as indeterminate potamotrygonids by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FC2D30B214B6E1F1" author="LUNDBERG J. G." box="[998,1187,727,753]" editor="KAY R. F. & MADDEN R. H. & CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J." firstAuthor="Lundberg" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="67 - 91" refId="ref17587" refString="LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91." title="Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia" year="1997">Lundberg (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The teeth described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FCE5309213FCE011" author="LUNDBERG J. G." box="[814,1001,759,785]" editor="KAY R. F. & MADDEN R. H. & CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J." firstAuthor="Lundberg" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="67 - 91" refId="ref17587" refString="LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91." title="Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia" year="1997">Lundberg (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the two isolated teeth reported here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="588047E3577B8A23FCFD31731364E031" box="[822,881,790,817]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1895,1912]" captionTargetBox="[141,1448,214,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-31@8.[698,1267,751,1302]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stingrays (A1-G2) and cichlids (H1-L2) from the Honda Group: A1, A2, cf. Potamotrygon sp. tooth (VPPLT 10000); B1-F, isolated dermal bucklers; B1, B2, VPPLT-1415; C, E, VPPLT-1245; D, VPPLT-1126; F, VPPLT-1239; G1, G2, isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-42) of Potamotrygonidae indet.; H1-H4, left dentary of cf. Astronotus sp. (VPPLT-668A); I1, I2, left dentary of the extant Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) (ANSP s/n); J1-J3, left dentary of cf. Cichla sp. (VPPLT-668B); K1-K3, left dentary of the extant Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (PIMUZ A/I 4897); L1, L2, indet. cichlid anal spine (VPPLT-1164). Views: L1, anterior; B, C-G1, H3, I2, J3, K3, dorsal; A1, labial; A2, lingual-lateral; H1, I1, J2, K1-K2, left lateral; L2, lateral; B2, profile; H4, J1, right lateral; G2, H2, ventral. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 cm; C, E, I1, J, K2, 5 mm; D, H, 7 mm; F, K1, L, 6 mm; G, K3, 4 mm; I2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056046/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A1-A2), have morphological features that more closely resemble those teeth of the extant and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FB3931521347E070" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FB393152156BE050" box="[1266,1406,823,848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than other genera within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FBB53133152BE070" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1150,1342,854,880]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(seeAdnet
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FCE63112134AE090" box="[813,863,886,912]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FC61311314CBE090" author="CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D. & SANCHEZ R. & SCHEYER T. M. & CARRILLO J. D. & DELFINO M. & GEORGALIS G. L. & KERBER L. & RUIZ-RAMONI D. & BIRINDELLI J. L. O. & CADENA E-A. & RINCON A. F. & CHAVEZ-HOFFMEISTER M. & CARLINI A. A. & CARVALHO M. R. & TREJOS-TAMAYO R. & VALLEJO F. & JARAMILLO C. & JONES D. S. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R." box="[938,1246,886,912]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrillo-Briceno" journalOrPublisher="Swiss Journal of Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="9" part="140" refId="ref15222" refString="CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D., SANCHEZ R., SCHEYER T. M., CARRILLO J. D., DELFINO M., GEORGALIS G. L., KERBER L., RUIZ-RAMONI D., BIRINDELLI J. L. O., CADENA E-A., RINCON A. F., CHAVEZ-HOFFMEISTER M., CARLINI A. A., CARVALHO M. R., TREJOS-TAMAYO R., VALLEJO F., JARAMILLO C., JONES D. S. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2021 a. - A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140 (9): https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13358 - 020 - 00216 - 6" title="A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela" type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Carrillo-Briceño
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FBAA31121481E090" box="[1121,1172,886,912]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is best to assign these specimens from the Honda Group to cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FAD231F215B2E0B0" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1305,1447,919,944]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FAD231F215B2E0B0" box="[1305,1447,919,944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we believe that new specimens and future detailed studies are necessary for more accurate taxonomic assignments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0045B66577B8A23FC8831931580E50F" blockId="7.[810,1458,599,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
The preservation of the caudal spines does not allow an assignment beyond
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FC3C367314ACE730" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1015,1209,1046,1072]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.The dermal bucklers are recorded here for the first time from the Honda Group. These dermal bucklers are similar in size and morphology to those of fossil potamotrygonids from the late Miocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8AC1BF6577B8A23FAD036131597E790" box="[1307,1410,1142,1168]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8AC1BF6577B8A23FCE136F31370E7B0" box="[810,869,1174,1200]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FCBE36F31447E7B0" author="BRITO P. M. & DEYNAT P. P." box="[885,1106,1174,1200]" editor="ARRATIA G. & WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R." firstAuthor="Brito" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="575 - 582" refId="ref14734" refString="BRITO P. M. & DEYNAT P. P. 2004. - Freshwater Stingrays from the Miocene of South America with comments on the rise of potamotrygonids (Batoidea, Myliobatiformes), in ARRATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 575 - 582." title="Freshwater Stingrays from the Miocene of South America with comments on the rise of potamotrygonids (Batoidea, Myliobatiformes)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates" year="2004">Brito & Deynat 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as some extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FAF436F2138FE7D0" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FAF436F21345E7D0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FC6C36D31490E7D0" author="DEYNAT P. P. & BRITO P. M." box="[935,1157,1206,1232]" firstAuthor="Deynat" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="237 - 251" part="80" refId="ref15804" refString="DEYNAT P. P. & BRITO P. M. 1994. - Revision of dermal tubercles of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Tertiary Parana Basin, South America. Annales de Paleontologie 80 (4): 237 - 251." title="Revision of dermal tubercles of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Tertiary Parana Basin, South America" type="journal article" year="1994">Deynat & Brito 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In accordance withBrito & Deynat (2004), we believe that the dermal bucklers from the Honda Group can be tentatively identified as indeterminate potamotrygonids; although the chances that these belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BB20E5577B8A23FCE5375313ACE64F" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" box="[814,953,1334,1359]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FCE5375313ACE64F" box="[814,953,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very high (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FB4F3753157AE650" author="DEYNAT P. P. & BRITO P. M." box="[1156,1391,1333,1360]" firstAuthor="Deynat" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" pagination="237 - 251" part="80" refId="ref15804" refString="DEYNAT P. P. & BRITO P. M. 1994. - Revision of dermal tubercles of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Tertiary Parana Basin, South America. Annales de Paleontologie 80 (4): 237 - 251." title="Revision of dermal tubercles of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Tertiary Parana Basin, South America" type="journal article" year="1994">Deynat & Brito 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Still there is poor knowledge of the broader dermal elements and dental patterns among the more than 35 potamotrygonid species (four genera) from different South American river basins.These stingrays inhabit a wide range of environments, including lakes, still waters, and flowing rivers, commonly associated on sandy substrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FC6B37901459E50F" author="LASSO C. A. & ROSA R. S. & SANCHEZ-DUARTE P. & MORALES-BETANCOURT M. A. & AGUDELO-CORDOBA E." bookContentInfo="368 p." box="[928,1100,1525,1551]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lasso" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiologicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Bogota" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" refId="ref17433" refString="LASSO C. A., ROSA R. S., SANCHEZ-DUARTE P., MORALES-BETANCOURT M. A. & AGUDELO-CORDOBA E. 2014. - IX. Rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramerica. Parte I. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa: diversidad, bioecologia, uso y conservacion. Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiologicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Bogota, 368 p." title="IX. Rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramerica. Parte I. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa: diversidad, bioecologia, uso y conservacion" type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Lasso
|
||
<emphasis id="F2CF8774577B8A23FC1437931405E50F" box="[991,1040,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="332">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A42A2697577B8A23FB9237901590E50F" author="VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S." bookContentInfo="464 p." box="[1113,1413,1525,1551]" firstAuthor="van der Sleen" journalOrPublisher="Princenton University Press, New Jersey" pageId="7" pageNumber="332" refId="ref20129" refString="VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p." title="Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas" type="book" year="2018">van der Sleen & Albert 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |