543 lines
57 KiB
XML
543 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.366.6172" ID-PMC="PMC3890666" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-366-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFD8DC462108382BCB68FFC9FF97F235" ID-PubMed="24453569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="577560" ModsDocID="1313-2970-366-1" checkinTime="1451246487361" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kolibac, Jiri" docDate="2013" docId="4722B8CAA5485BF3B770CC01CB6D9189" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 366: 1-194" docOrigin="ZooKeys 366" docPubDate="2013-12-31" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.366.6172" docTitle="Calitiyni Latreille 1802" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFD8DC462108382BCB68FFC9FF97F235" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFD8DC462108382BCB68FFC9FF97F235" masterDocTitle="Trogossitidae: A review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys" masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668157348086" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Trogossitidae: A review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kolibac, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Moravian Museum, Department of Entomology, Hviezdoslavova 29 a, 627 00 Brno, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-12-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>366</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>194</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.366.6172</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.366.6172</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-366-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFD8DC462108382BCB68FFC9FF97F235</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">577560</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182235290" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4722B8CAA5485BF3B770CC01CB6D9189" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4722B8CAA5485BF3B770CC01CB6D9189" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Family
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<taxonomicName LSID="4722B8CA-A548-5BF3-B770-CC01CB6D9189" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="subClass" subClass="Trogossitidae">Trogossitidae Latreille, 1802</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trogossitidae</taxonomicName>
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Latreille, P. A. 1802: 110.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Ostomidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ostomidae</taxonomicName>
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Hallan, J. 2007-2012: http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/test/Arthropoda/Insects/Coleoptera/Family/Trogossitidae.txt (check-list). Barron, J. R. 1971: 14. Boosten, G. 1983: 290 (biology). Bouchard, P. et al. 2011: 56 (review of higher taxa). Burakowski, B. et al. 1986: 116.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Chûjô">Chujo</normalizedToken>
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, M. & Lee, C. E. 1994: 187 (Korean species). Crowson, R. A. 1955: 82. Crowson, R. A. 1967: 211. Gourves, J. 2006: 56 (biology). Gray, D. W. 2002: 1583 (systematics). Hayes, J. L. J. et al. 2008: 206 (biology). Hieke, F. & Pietrzeniuk, E. 1984: 315 (Baltic amber). Hunt et al. 2007: 1915 (molecular phylogeny). Kireichuk, A. G. & Ponomarenko, A. G. 1990: 79 (Mesozoic fossils). Klimaszewski, J. & Watt, J. C. 1997: 43 (key). Kohnle, U. & Vite, J. P. 1984: 504 (biology).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 1993a: 20.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 1993b: 89.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 2004: (phylogeny).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 2005: 39 (morphology of adults).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 2006: 117 (morphology of larvae, phylogeny).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 2007a: 363 (Palaearctic beetles catalogue).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. 2009: 127 (nomenclatory).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. et al. 2005: 25, 129 (Central Europe, key).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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, J. & Leschen, R. A. B. 2010: 241 (review). Larsson, S. G. 1978: 150 (Baltic amber). Lawrence, J. F. 1982: 519. Lawrence, J. F. et al. 2011: 72 (phylogeny). Lawrence, J. F. & Britton, E. B. 1994: 118. Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1982: 281 (phylogeny). Lawrence, J. F. & Newton, A. F., Jr. 1995: 867 (review of higher taxa). Lawrence, J. F. et al. 1993: CD ROM (identification of larvae). Lawrence, J. F. et al. 1999a: CD ROM (identification of adults). Lawrence, J. F. et al. 1999b: CD ROM (identification of larvae). Lawrence, J. F. in Stehr F. W. 1991: 448. Leschen R. A. B. 2002: 263 (review, USA).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Léveillé">Leveille</normalizedToken>
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, A. 1910: 1. Lucht, W. 1981: 35. Luna de Carvalho, E. 1979: 80 (key). Majer, K. 1994: 384 (phylogeny, morphology). Merkl, O. 1993: 7 (key). Mitter, H. 1983: 52 (distribution). Nikitsky, N. B. 1980: 43 (key), 92 (larvae). Nikitsky, N. B. 1992: 80 (key). Ponomarenko, A. G. & Kireichuk, A. G. 2004-2008: http://www.zin.ru/animalia/Coleoptera/rus/paleosy2.htm (list of fossils). Paulian, R. 1998: 120 (key). Reitter, E. 1876: 3 (review, key). Reitter, E. 1922 (key). Schmied, H. et al. 2009: 23 (list of fossil taxa).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ślipiński">Ślipinski</normalizedToken>
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, S. A. 1992: 440 (key to subfamilies, review of classification). Spahr, U. 1981: 74 (, list of fossils). Stresemann, E. et al. 1989: 270 (key). Tsinkevich, V. A. 1997: 27 (review). Valcarcel, J. P. & Prieto Pilona, F. 2001: 109. Waltz, R. D. 2002: 177. Weidner, H. 1993: 126 (key). Winkler, A. 1927: (Palaearctic beetles catalogue). Zherichin, V. V. 1978: 29 (Mesozoic fossils, Baysa).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="morphology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Morphology</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology: A Alindria sp. from Laos, ventral surface B Leipaspis lauricola, labium C Airora cylindrica, antennal club D Corticotomus cylindricus, mandible dorsally E Airora cylindrica, mandible ventrally F Acalanthis quadrisignata, labium G Acalanthis quadrisignata, maxilla H Acalanthis quadrisignata, wing I Peltonyxa deyrollei, tegmen composed of 3 parts J Airora cylindrica, tegmen composed of 2 parts." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21069" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Larval morphology: A Tenebroides " fuscus ", dorsal surface B Tenebroides " fuscus ", mandible ventrally C Lophocateres pusillus, mandible ventrally D Tenebroides " fuscus ", head ventrally E-F Peltis ferruginea, head capsule (E dorsally F ventrally) G Ancyrona diversa (1 dorsally 2 ventrally) H Peltis ferruginea (1 dorsally 2 ventrally)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21070" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Adults</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Adult morphology: A Alindria sp. from Laos, ventral surface B Leipaspis lauricola, labium C Airora cylindrica, antennal club D Corticotomus cylindricus, mandible dorsally E Airora cylindrica, mandible ventrally F Acalanthis quadrisignata, labium G Acalanthis quadrisignata, maxilla H Acalanthis quadrisignata, wing I Peltonyxa deyrollei, tegmen composed of 3 parts J Airora cylindrica, tegmen composed of 2 parts." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21069" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) (according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" editor="Leschen, R" journalOrPublisher="W. de Gruyter, Berlin-New York" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="241 - 247" refId="B154" refString="Kolibac, J, Leschen, RAB, 2010. Trogossitidae Fabricius, 1801. In: Leschen, R, Beutel, RG, Lawrence, JF, Eds., Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: Arthropoda, 2. Halfte: Insecta. Part 39: Coleoptera, Beetles. W. de Gruyter, Berlin-New York: 241 - 247" title="Trogossitidae Fabricius, 1801." volumeTitle="Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: Arthropoda, 2. Halfte: Insecta. Part 39: Coleoptera, Beetles." year="2010">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
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and Leschen 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Body size: 1.0-35.0 mm. Body wide, flattened in most
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
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; elongate in most
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
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; small and broadly oval in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Slipinski" authorityYear="1992" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Larinotini">Larinotini</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Decamerini">Decamerini</taxonomicName>
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; convex in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leveille" authorityYear="1888" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Thymalini">Thymalini</taxonomicName>
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. Body mostly bare or sparsely pubescent but sometimes also with tufts of setae, scales, dense pubescence or long hairs. Head usually not declined, although many members of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leveille" authorityYear="1888" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Thymalini">Thymalini</taxonomicName>
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are moderately to strongly conglobate (the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Rentonium</pageBreakToken>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group). Anterior margin of frons straight to very deeply emarginate (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Nemozoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemozoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Gular sutures widely or narrowly separated or strongly convergent. Posterior edge of epicranium with two incisions or evenly rounded. Frontoclypeal suture present or absent. Antennal insertions partly covered by edge of frons or visible in dorsal view. Subantennal groove conspicuous (receiving from one to three antennomeres), reduced or absent. Eyes not emarginate or (rarely) posteriorly emarginate, flat to elevated; sometimes divided by canthus into dorsal and ventral eyes (as in
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Gyrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gyrinidae</taxonomicName>
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and some
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
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). Labrum broadly oval to oblong, mostly slightly emarginate; epipharynx consisting mainly of a cordate sclerite; tormae connected, or not, at centre by tormal bridge. Antennae 8- to 11-segmented, with conspicuous 1- to 3-segmented club or with widened distal antennomeres that may be asymmetrical. Three to five apical antennomeres often bear sensorial fields. Mandible with one or two, rarely three, apical teeth; usually with ventral ciliate furrow; prostheca well-developed (brush of setae), reduced to absent; mola present, reduced or absent. Maxilla with distinct galea and lacinia; galea sometimes with ciliate or denticulate setae; lacinia with one to three apical hooks or with spine-like setae or with dense soft pubescence; basistipes more or less coalescent with lacinia or free; palpifer denticulate along outer margin (in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
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); apical palpomere conical or cylindrical. Male submentum with tuft of setae in some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
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; ligula membranous, rigid or coalescent with prementum; apex of ligula deeply or shallowly emarginate, often with ciliate setae; palpi conical or cylindrical, rarely weakly securiform. Tentorial arms connected by bridge or bridge reduced. Cervical sclerites present. Pronotum usually transverse; elongate only in some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
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. Lateral carinae almost always present, often denticulate; reduced only in some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1891" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Corticotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corticotomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Prosternal process apically dilated or narrowed. Procoxa slightly to strongly transverse. Coxal cavities internally open and externally closed or widely open. Notosternal suture complete. Trochantin elongate, exposed. Mesonotum distinct, with transverse scutum and well-developed scutellar shield. Elytra usually regularly punctate, with or without conspicuous carinae; epipleura well-developed or reduced in posterior half; elytra of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
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with interlocking mechanism along apical part of suture. Mesoventrite wide, with distinct prepectus. Mesocoxae usually projecting. Mesanepisternum triangular, not extending to mesocoxal cavity. Mesepimeron triangular, usually reaching coxal cavities, so that these are laterally open (cavities closed by meeting of mesoventrite and metaventrite in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1854" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="tribe" tribe="Egoliini">Egoliini</taxonomicName>
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). Metaventrite more or less flattened, with distinct discrimen and transverse katepisternal suture; subcoxal lines present in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ślipinski" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Colydiopeltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colydiopeltis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Carter & Zeck" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Larinotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Larinotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Thymalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thymalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Metanepisternum longitudinal, often with carina at centre. Metacoxae extending laterally to meet elytral epipleura, often with longitudinal furrow at centre. Metendosternite with conspicuous lateral arms. Wings usually present, but missing in some species. Apical field sometimes with one or more small sclerites just beyond radial cell; RP2 sometimes present. Radial cell as long as wide or shorter than wide, sometimes very reduced or absent; cross-vein r3 usually absent. Basal portion of RP short or sometimes absent. Medial field with as many as four free veins, a wedge cell and no medial fleck (fewer veins and no wedge cell in smaller species); anal embayment usually notch-like, absent in some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="tribe" tribe="Trogossitini">Trogossitini</taxonomicName>
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. Trochanters triangular. Femora sometimes clavate. Tibiae often with row of spines along outer side; apex of tibia with row of spines and two hooked spurs or only one spur hooked or spurs reduced (spines reduced in smaller taxa); tibial spurs pattern varies from 2-2-2 to 0-0-0. Tarsi 5-5-5; tarsomere 1 sometimes partially fused with 2 but always with conspicuous suture between them or very small and tarsal pattern seemingly 4-4-4 or 4-4-5; tarsomeres 1-4 never with membranous lobes; apical tarsomere usually as long as combined length of tarsomeres 1-4; claws large, without denticles (with the exception of some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Decamerinae">Decamerinae</taxonomicName>
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); empodium bisetose, strongly projecting. Abdomen with five or six ventrites. Ventrites I-III fused. Intercoxal process small, narrow. Spiculum of ventrite VIII sometimes present in males and always in females. Segment IX well-developed or reduced to "spicular fork". Aedeagus sheath-like cucujiform type, with fixed or articulated parameres that may be partly or entirely fused together or absent. Tegmen usually with anterior ventral strut and two opposing dorsal struts ("double tegmen" of
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<bibRefCitation author="Crowson, RA" journalOrPublisher="Transaction of the Royal entomological Society of London" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="275 - 327" refId="B44" refString="Crowson, RA, 1964a. A review of the classification of Cleroidea (Coleoptera), with descriptions of two genera of Peltidae and of several new larval types. Transaction of the Royal entomological Society of London 116: 275 - 327" title="A review of the classification of Cleroidea (Coleoptera), with descriptions of two genera of Peltidae and of several new larval types." volume="116" year="1964 a">Crowson 1964a</bibRefCitation>
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), but usually inverted (rarely uninverted or placed laterally) and often composed of two or three parts (undivided in some members of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rentonium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group). Penis with two anterior struts. Ovipositor lightly sclerotized, except for baculi, moderate in size with sparsely pubescent coxites and styli. Bursa copulatrix large, spherical. Spermatheca elongate or oval, with gland. Vagina without sclerites. Six malpighian tubules present in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Piller & Mitterpacher" authorityYear="1783" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Tenebroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tenebroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Olliff" authorityYear="1883" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Lophocateres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lophocateres</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21069" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
|
Adult morphology:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Alindria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Alindria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. from Laos, ventral surface
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wollaston" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Trogositidae" genus="Leipaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lauricola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leipaspis lauricola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, labium
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Audinet-Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Airora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Airora cylindrica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, antennal club
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Corticotomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindricus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corticotomus cylindricus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, mandible dorsally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Audinet-Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Airora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Airora cylindrica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, mandible ventrally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">F</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Acalanthis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acalanthis quadrisignata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, labium
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Acalanthis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acalanthis quadrisignata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, maxilla
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Acalanthis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acalanthis quadrisignata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, wing
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">I</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Peltonyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deyrollei">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Peltonyxa deyrollei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, tegmen composed of 3 parts
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">J</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Audinet-Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Airora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Airora cylindrica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, tegmen composed of 2 parts.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21070" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
|
Larval morphology:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Piller & Mitterpacher" authorityYear="1783" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Tenebroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tenebroides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
"
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fuscus</emphasis>
|
|
", dorsal surface
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Piller & Mitterpacher" authorityYear="1783" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Tenebroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tenebroides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
"
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fuscus</emphasis>
|
|
", mandible ventrally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Lophocateres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lophocateres pusillus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, mandible ventrally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Piller & Mitterpacher" authorityYear="1783" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Tenebroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tenebroides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
"
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fuscus</emphasis>
|
|
", head ventrally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E-F</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Peltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Peltis ferruginea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, head capsule (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
|
|
dorsally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">F</emphasis>
|
|
ventrally)
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pic" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Lophocateridae" genus="Ancyrona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diversa">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ancyrona diversa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</emphasis>
|
|
dorsally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</emphasis>
|
|
ventrally)
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Peltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Peltis ferruginea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</emphasis>
|
|
dorsally
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</emphasis>
|
|
ventrally).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Larvae</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Larval morphology: A Tenebroides " fuscus ", dorsal surface B Tenebroides " fuscus ", mandible ventrally C Lophocateres pusillus, mandible ventrally D Tenebroides " fuscus ", head ventrally E-F Peltis ferruginea, head capsule (E dorsally F ventrally) G Ancyrona diversa (1 dorsally 2 ventrally) H Peltis ferruginea (1 dorsally 2 ventrally)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21070" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
) (according to
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" editor="Leschen, R" journalOrPublisher="W. de Gruyter, Berlin-New York" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="241 - 247" refId="B154" refString="Kolibac, J, Leschen, RAB, 2010. Trogossitidae Fabricius, 1801. In: Leschen, R, Beutel, RG, Lawrence, JF, Eds., Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: Arthropoda, 2. Halfte: Insecta. Part 39: Coleoptera, Beetles. W. de Gruyter, Berlin-New York: 241 - 247" title="Trogossitidae Fabricius, 1801." volumeTitle="Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology. Band 4: Arthropoda, 2. Halfte: Insecta. Part 39: Coleoptera, Beetles." year="2010">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
|
|
and Leschen 2010
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Five to seven larval instars observed in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1830" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Temnoscheila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Temnoscheila</pageBreakToken>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Piller & Mitterpacher" authorityYear="1783" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Tenebroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tenebroides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), four instars in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lophocaterinae">Lophocaterinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Olliff" authorityYear="1883" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Lophocateres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lophocateres</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), all beetles reared in laboratory conditions. Body elongate, only weakly flattened. Colour white or pale, but sclerotised areas distinctly pigmented (head capsule, thoracic and abdominal terga, and urogomphi). Vestiture consisting of setae; rarely with bristles or expanded setae; sometimes body with short and sparse pubescence or only with setae on the last segment. Head protracted. Posterior edge of capsule slightly emarginate. Epicranial stem absent or present and of variable length. Median endocarina usually present, of variable length and usually extending between frontal arms (absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Thymalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thymalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and/or coincident with epicranial stem and frontal arms in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
); paired endocarinae present or absent. Frontal arms V-shaped, straight or curved (nearly S-shaped). Five stemmata usually present and arranged in a pattern with two anteriorly and three in a posterior row; sometimes reduced to four, three, two or none. Frontoclypeal suture usually absent (distinct in the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rentonium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Thymalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thymalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Labrum free; epipharynx membranous; shape of tormae variable and lacking posterior extensions. Antennae 3-segmented, with short sensorium present at apex of segment 2. Mandibles with one or two apical teeth (serrate in the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rentonium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group); mola absent or present; mesal edge of mandibular base with brush of hairs or rigid denticulate processes that may be hylaline. Ventral mouthparts retracted. Maxillary articulating area present or absent. Cardo typically undivided (divided in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1859" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Calitys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Calitys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Mala with apex usually simple, with large pedunculate seta in predatory species (
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Trogossitini">Trogossitini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1854" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Egoliini">Egoliini</taxonomicName>
|
|
); inner apical angle usually lacking small teeth (present in
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Protopeltus" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopeltus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Slipinski" authorityYear="1992" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Larinotini">Larinotini</taxonomicName>
|
|
); palps with four, three (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Lophocateridae" genus="Ancyrona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ancyrona</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Olliff" authorityYear="1883" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Lophocateres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lophocateres</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), or two (
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rentonium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group) palpomeres. Labium consisting of prementum, mentum, and submentum, or pre- and postmentum (
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Thymalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thymalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ślipinski" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Parapeltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parapeltis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
); mentum or postmentum free or connate with base of maxillae; prementum sclerotized and elongate; mentum mostly unsclerotized in some taxa; ligula absent or present; if present apex emarginate or not, or divided apically; palps usually 2-segmented (1-segmented in the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rentonium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group). Gular region longer than wide, or wider than long; fused to labium or not. Hypostomal rods present, reduced or absent; sometimes extending to posterior edge of head; subparallel or diverging posteriorly. Ventral epicranial ridges present or absent. Prothorax usually with one large sclerite dorsally and one elongate sclerite ventrally. Protergum with or without sclerotized plate with a longitudinal median ecdysial line. Meso- and metathorax usually with pair of sclerites dorsally (absent in some taxa) and one weakly sclerotised, pale plate ventrally. Sometimes all thoracic sclerites indistinct. Coxae widely separated. Thoracic legs 5-segmented, including claw-like pretarsus with single seta. Nine abdominal segments visible from above. Abdominal ampullae present or absent. Segment IX shorter than or subequal to VIII. Segment X almost always concealed by segment IX (visible from above only in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carter & Zeck" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Larinotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Larinotus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Urogomphi usually well-developed (sometimes reduced) and dorsally or posteriorly oriented; large, hook-shaped or nearly straight; strongly sclerotized and pigmented; often with spines or secondary processes; apically bifurcate or not; pit present between urogomphi in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ślipinski" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Parapeltis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parapeltis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; median process present between urogomphi in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Lophocaterini">Lophocaterini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and urogomphi located at apex of median process in some members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Rentonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rentonium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. Anal region posteriorly or posterioventrally oriented; paired pygopods on segment X absent. Six malpighian tubules in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Piller & Mitterpacher" authorityYear="1783" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Tenebroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tenebroides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; four in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Olliff" authorityYear="1883" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Lophocateres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lophocateres</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="key to subfamilies">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Key to subfamilies.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
Identification of the trogossitid subfamilies using the various determination keys published by a range of authors tends to be a complicated and frustrating process. Unfortunately, my
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lumping”">"lumping"</normalizedToken>
|
|
of nine former subfamilies (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ślipinski, SA" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" pagination="439 - 463" refId="B279" refString="Ślipinski, SA, 1992. Larinotinae - A new subfamily of Trogossitidae (Coleoptera), with notes on the constitution of Trogossitidae and related families of Cleroidea. Revue suisse de Zoologie 99: 439 - 463" title="Larinotinae - A new subfamily of Trogossitidae (Coleoptera), with notes on the constitution of Trogossitidae and related families of Cleroidea." volume="99" year="1992">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ślipiński">Ślipinski</normalizedToken>
|
|
1992
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) in two (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="105 - 153" refId="B146" refString="Kolibac, J, 2006. A review of the Trogossitidae. Part 2: Larval morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy (Coleoptera, Cleroidea). Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey 28: 105 - 153" title="A review of the Trogossitidae. Part 2: Larval morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy (Coleoptera, Cleroidea)." volume="28" year="2006">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
|
|
2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) rather complicated the identification of the individual specimen. In the traditional system for the trogossitids used in the 19th century (e.g. Erichson, Reitter,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Léveillé">Leveille</normalizedToken>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
were flat and fungivorous whereas
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
were cylindrical and predatory. Further study of such modified taxa as the rentoniins, decamerins or colydiopeltins revealed huge morphological and biological diversity within
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">sensu</pageBreakToken>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="105 - 153" refId="B146" refString="Kolibac, J, 2006. A review of the Trogossitidae. Part 2: Larval morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy (Coleoptera, Cleroidea). Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey 28: 105 - 153" title="A review of the Trogossitidae. Part 2: Larval morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy (Coleoptera, Cleroidea)." volume="28" year="2006">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
|
|
2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The same situation holds in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in which superficially different taxa (such as
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1859" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Calitys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Calitys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carter & Zeck" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Trogossitidae" genus="Larinotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Larinotus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the gymnochilins and egoliins) are classified together in one subfamily. The subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lophocaterinae">Lophocaterinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
was established by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Crowson, RA" journalOrPublisher="Transaction of the Royal entomological Society of London" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="275 - 327" refId="B44" refString="Crowson, RA, 1964a. A review of the classification of Cleroidea (Coleoptera), with descriptions of two genera of Peltidae and of several new larval types. Transaction of the Royal entomological Society of London 116: 275 - 327" title="A review of the classification of Cleroidea (Coleoptera), with descriptions of two genera of Peltidae and of several new larval types." volume="116" year="1964 a">Crowson (1964a)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and synonymized with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="105 - 153" refId="B146" refString="Kolibac, J, 2006. A review of the Trogossitidae. Part 2: Larval morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy (Coleoptera, Cleroidea). Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey 28: 105 - 153" title="A review of the Trogossitidae. Part 2: Larval morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy (Coleoptera, Cleroidea)." volume="28" year="2006">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
|
|
(2006)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
because of possible paraphyly of the latter subfamily. Later, in response to new observations, we suggested (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="105 - 133" refId="B149" refString="Kolibac, J, 2008. Morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of Phloiophilus edwardsi Stephens, 1830 (Coleoptera, Cleroidea). Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey 30: 105 - 133" title="Morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of Phloiophilus edwardsi Stephens, 1830 (Coleoptera, Cleroidea)." volume="30" year="2008">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
|
|
2008
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kolibac, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="53 - 62" refId="B157" refString="Kolibac, J, Zaitsev, AA, 2010. A description of a larva of Ancyrona diversa Pic, 1921 and its phylogenetic implications (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae). Zootaxa 2451: 53 - 62" title="A description of a larva of Ancyrona diversa Pic, 1921 and its phylogenetic implications (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae)." volume="2451" year="2010">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kolibáč">Kolibac</normalizedToken>
|
|
and Zaitsev 2010
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) that
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
be split once more into
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lophocaterinae">Lophocaterinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The latter is the system used in this book.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
Similar ways of life (members of the both subfamilies tend to be predatory), reductions of morphological structures common to the whole order
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Coleoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
(e.g. wing venation, lateral edge of pronotum, mola), mosaic character patterns and probably some underlying synapomorphies complicate the definition of subfamilies even other higher taxa in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Trogossitidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trogossitidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in much the same way as they do in the related family
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Hexapoda" family="Cleridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The key that follows is therefore not based on absolutely inclusive synapomorphies. The most important, clearly-visible characters appear in
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">bold type</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<table inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
Adult: labium with rigid ligula; epipharynx mostly with cordate sclerite along apex of labrum;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">antennal club mostly conspicuously asymmetrical</emphasis>
|
|
, terminal antennomeres (antennal club) mostly with sensorial fields;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">front coxal cavities externally closed</emphasis>
|
|
; body cylindrical or oval but not conglobate; end of elytral suture with distinct interlocking mechanism ("elytral lock"). Larva:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">head capsule with distinct endocarina</emphasis>
|
|
, gular sutures and hypostomal rods; frontal arms mostly straight;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">gular region mostly with paragular sclerites</emphasis>
|
|
. Mainly predatory, rarely fungivorous or phytophagous (e.g. feeding on grains)
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogossitinae">Trogossitinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
Adult: labium with membranous ligula; epipharynx without cordate sclerite;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">antennal club weakly asymmetrical or symmetrical</emphasis>
|
|
, terminal antennomeres (antennal club) without distinct sensorial fields;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">front coxal cavities mostly externally open</emphasis>
|
|
(except for
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lophocaterinae">Lophocaterinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="tribe" tribe="Decamerini">Decamerini</taxonomicName>
|
|
); body often oval and flat (but sometimes also convex or conglobate); elytral suture without distinct interlocking mechanism. Larva:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">head capsule mostly without endocarina</emphasis>
|
|
; gular sutures and hypostomal rods reduced; frontal arms often curved;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">gular region without paragular sclerites</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
Adult:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">frontoclypeal suture absent or inconspicuous</emphasis>
|
|
; gular sutures wide, subparallel; eyes moderate, not distinctly elevate; antennal club symmetrical; radial cell oblong, moderate; tibial spines along sides mostly reduced; body flat, convex or conglobate. Larva:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">lacinia mandibulae tridentate, absent or minute</emphasis>
|
|
. Fungivorous or phytophagous
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peltinae">Peltinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
Adult:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">frontoclypeal suture present, sometimes distinctly emarginate</emphasis>
|
|
(or concave); gular sutures wide, convergent at apex; eyes almost elevate, laterally situated; antennal club weakly asymmetrical; radial cell moved downwards, towards wing centre, sometimes small or reduced; tibial spines along sides present; body always flat. Larva:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">lacinia mandibulae plumose, always distinct</emphasis>
|
|
. Primitive members fungivorous or phytophagous, advanced ones floricolous or predatory
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1964" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lophocaterinae">Lophocaterinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |