443 lines
60 KiB
XML
443 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="1D7F509FE1F4CD6073FA8FA4110E0636" ID-CLB-Dataset="305642" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c50a1fa-da10-4697-8ba2-222c923236d4" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14224716" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:411826B6-6F8C-412C-8E4B-061860FCFF61" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1732635792606" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rosas, Antonio, Soler-Fajardo, Ana, Garcia-Tabernero, Antonio, Huguet, Rosa, Vallverdú, Josep, Fidalgo, Darío, Galli, Emilia & Piñero, Pedro" docDate="2023" docId="460387E9FF9DFFEEFC44F7D5EF423D66" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.22.7.91-107.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (7)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a7" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Meles meles MNCN" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="BA3AFF91FF9AFFE4FF8BF421EC4A3A4A" masterDocTitle="2 D Geometric morphometrics of the first lower molar of the genus Meles Brisson, 1762 including new badger evidence from the Lower Pleistocene Quibas site (Murcia, Spain)" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="96" updateTime="1732865137450" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="0F47AC9ABA5DD93DE27914863A7642E9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C94AF06811EB238FDC1B34E1CDF1E729">
|
||
<mods:title id="4DB6710E3FA5183E6DECC861005DC22D">2 D Geometric morphometrics of the first lower molar of the genus Meles Brisson, 1762 including new badger evidence from the Lower Pleistocene Quibas site (Murcia, Spain)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="938A0CD4D2D033ACC405F89F20438A78" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8721F7E42718648C3BFCD48E4AF1D687">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BA6C585FC6C5123A02F2AC1A0C58F7D6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1F9CD5E7BBC5A0463CC45610FE2A0C20">Rosas, Antonio</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F856FEE671AFD05834EFE4BECFF7651A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9AA9AC0B3412B3B9C51DB7E2DF3A7B0E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="CC5E58C4A5B1F610F08A4CD2AB95FB0F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3C69BDBBC67F2B2EAEA0A7F700B425BC">Soler-Fajardo, Ana</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="1179D88E3F7971ED0276B508A4999FBB" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9C06F24CB4BC2E83C8268599B63A095E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="F9572477CF63D6D1141AE7EEADBF2F34">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="DC4C528B8A17CB849BB76A2C1CC9695F">Garcia-Tabernero, Antonio</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="BFFD8C530C66011662208047E288CBF7">Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) arosas @ mncn. csic. es (corresponding author) ana. solerf 2 @ gmail. com agarciatabernero @ mncn. csic. es</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7F74537C0A35CC0ACEEA2D5B84931EDE" type="email">arosas@mncn.csic.es</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="AD084D442DE87BEA67F24344C2BE2FBF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0B2A7F2F8D2990E0A2C105A2496DF526">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="37AB540989503FF8A527BFA49B1025E3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F1C24CC6C5DBAA6457F1A641E6D75C2F">Huguet, Rosa</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="62626EEB1080A44BE1EC32BA87C09839">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W 3), 43007, Tarragona (Spain) and Department d’Historia i Historia de l’Art, Universitat de Rovira I Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona (Spain) and Unit Associated with CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) rhuguet @ iphes. cat</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="75A438962FC127F87CA0FB915490FA20" type="email">rhuguet@iphes.cat</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A35320588E139A81975EF44FBE61D778" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="7BE66D70A0EFD72D689FE6BBF8C5E4DA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EE68831BBC788F3660D2EA6E0BB40828">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8324900CBD78EBB46D0899D7BCCC8C80">Vallverdú, Josep</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="B619F13A94E187BC9B1EC619B28ADD08">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W 3), 43007, Tarragona (Spain) and Unit Associated with CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) jvallverdu @ iphes. cat</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="33817D9A4927C9187C62756C117FA008" type="email">jvallverdu@iphes.cat</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F7F15E797302561396C809D318C60805" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3CE60E789489E739502A8857F01D74CE">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A9BD977EEAA4FC2202321B1FEF710AAD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="786C2E06824B0A8650DA131124CABA2E">Fidalgo, Darío</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="1C78D69F6C12973F70B6DFD5C2D94F2B">Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) dfidal 01 @ ucm. es</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8202D8A3E1F04904C55FAF5F6F9B821B" type="email">dfidal01@ucm.es</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="29E55F4C14516CEB23BBA8651FD1B2C1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3F40D0D01CD295110F04FD614940E7C3">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="41E211224636F1E27AB567FABAFDEACC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="08751C737282C6F3F6D1F7075835DD31">Galli, Emilia</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="AC6823A4E946E462AF227B7C47326D49">Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain) and Departamento de Estratigrafía, Geodinámica y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C / José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid (Spain) anna. egalli @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="68E19B3B41755E2351614AEDE392E8F2" type="email">anna.egalli@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="95487B906B71D2BFC1748084E7EEC5E0" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="AB2D4733190773607E255F94D069DCC5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B6964AE1E2A0A736BBF9FD226CE1806D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A709F06C91D194878723E007F6BBCE48">Piñero, Pedro</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="B6C7EC72EB131205B0A7D996C38A1218">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W 3), 43007 Tarragona (Spain)</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="851184D42954832CE625F2DCDB00DAAC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="8F862C3E1F9AEACA16EEECE54BED69E5" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6DD1352D9DFA0EF934587CA019417E6C">
|
||
<mods:title id="92406D514897E2226E6E1D52FD5011D1">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="590E082B886584D3496A0EA40EC98A09">
|
||
<mods:date id="DF5C5E519EE41C8C4BAED5C3881F096E">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="7239ACB22F1A6BBC8F10632B8F68FCCA" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="652C2DB6BF7A8F9533BED0FDE1D4C305">2023-03-16</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C71C9C39D17788808E088805B34E4E80" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="BB936E972CFD3A42EBD27BD1E7F7EC3C">22</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="35B5DE56E7086126F98B18800A71F14C" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="715E1F2C7C1391C121CF6F21073BEB3E">7</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="CE4DFE671023B91EBE3427CCC294146C" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="A04C81EB878FBB5F92CBC2D613A1396A">91</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="1EB70462B4E3BF39D95EBCBB8CD3F108">107</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="DCD3BA4549736CBE14833AAEBEBA0486">
|
||
<mods:url id="1BD481CC8F74E667FDF1FFE14FD22A0A">http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a7</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="D6925E1135C58B5426C78DF358F4BF6F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9E3803CD9EAEA2304BA57D22F37207F1" type="CLB-Dataset">305642</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3E786C943439E42AF1D14B1CCB078B5B" type="DOI">10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a7</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A7117B703E087FFA9DBA199FD32999B1" type="GBIF-Dataset">5c50a1fa-da10-4697-8ba2-222c923236d4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C7A65C3295AB94E2D69E1843F469A28D" type="ISSN">1777-571X</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E23F6CFE5FE5561136259F05A3DE038E" type="Zenodo-Dep">14224716</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="57F72FBAA271FEFCF62D518FDBDC2D9F" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:411826B6-6F8C-412C-8E4B-061860FCFF61</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="460387E9FF9DFFEEFC44F7D5EF423D66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14238525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14238525" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:460387E9FF9DFFEEFC44F7D5EF423D66" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/460387E9FF9DFFEEFC44F7D5EF423D66" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" scope_family="Mustelidae" scope_infraClass="Lower" scope_order="Carnivora" scope_subFamily="Melinae" scope_subOrder="Caniformia">
|
||
<subSubSection id="86B06574FF9DFFE3FC44F7D5E9473E5A" box="[975,1293,1012,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF9DFFE3FC44F7D5E9473E5A" blockId="7.[975,1293,1012,1040]" box="[975,1293,1012,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<heading id="955D8193FF9DFFE3FC44F7D5E9473E5A" box="[975,1293,1012,1040]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF9DFFE3FC44F7D5E9473E5A" ID-CoL="3ZDRX" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[975,1293,1012,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF9DFFE3FC44F7D5E8063E45" bold="true" box="[975,1100,1012,1039]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86B06574FF9DFFE3FCA6F00FE82B3E0C" box="[813,1121,1070,1094]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF9DFFE3FCA6F00FE82B3E0C" blockId="7.[813,1121,1070,1094]" box="[813,1121,1070,1094]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF9DFFE3FCA6F00FEFC63E0E" baselines="1087,1088" box="[813,908,1070,1093]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — Sierra de Quibas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86B06574FF9DFFE3FCA6F07FE8CA3E3C" box="[813,1152,1118,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF9DFFE3FCA6F07FE8CA3E3C" blockId="7.[813,1152,1118,1142]" box="[813,1152,1118,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF9DFFE3FCA6F07FEF1F3E3E" baselines="1136,1136" box="[813,853,1118,1142]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — 1 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA3B4B0EFF9DFFE3FC4FF07FE8383E3C" author="PINERO P. & AGUSTI J. & OMS O. & BLAIN H. A. & FURIO M. & LAPLANA C. & SEVILLA P. & ROSAS A. & VALLVERDU J." box="[964,1138,1118,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref11795" refString="PINERO P., AGUSTI J., OMS O., BLAIN H. A., FURIO M., LAPLANA C., SEVILLA P., ROSAS A. & VALLVERDU J. 2020. - First continuous pre-Jaramillo to Jaramillo terrestrial vertebrate succession from Europe. Scientific Reports 10 (1901): 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 020 - 58404 - w" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Piñero
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF9DFFE3FB80F07FE8703E3C" box="[1035,1082,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86B06574FF9DFFE3FCA6F0AFE89E3E8A" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF9DFFE3FCA6F0AFE89E3E8A" blockId="7.[813,1455,1165,1216]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF9DFFE3FCA6F0AFEFD93EEE" baselines="1183,1184" box="[813,915,1166,1189]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7EC23CA2FF9DFFE3FC4FF0ACE89E3E8A" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" specimenCode="Q'18/QS4-1/P19/10" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="9E0C9E84FF9DFFE3FC4FF0ACE8D23EEF" box="[964,1176,1165,1189]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Q’18/QS4-1/P19/10</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF9DFFE3FB22F0ACE8AF3EEF" box="[1193,1253,1165,1189]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,770,787]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,727]" captionTargetId="figure-399@6.[131,795,213,729]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Badger (Meles meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758)) right hemimandible from the Quibas Sima site (Q’18/QS4-1/P19/10): A, lingual view of the hemimandible; B, buccal view of the hemimandible; C, occlusal view of the hemimandible; D, close up of the occlusal view of the first right lower molar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), fragmentary right hemimandible, comprising a complete m1.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="86B06574FF9DFFEEFCA6F0D4EF423D66" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF9DFFE3FCA6F0D4EFF73F47" blockId="7.[811,1457,1269,2028]" box="[813,957,1269,1295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF9DFFE3FCA6F0D4EFF73F47" baselines="1288,1288" box="[813,957,1269,1295]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF9DFFECFCA6F134EE033D06" blockId="7.[811,1457,1269,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[131,777,1746,1868]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
It is a fragmentary right hemimandible with alveoli for c (canine), p2-p4 (second to the fourth premolar), and m2 (second molar), and a complete m1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF9DFFE3FB34F175E8B43F24" box="[1215,1278,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,770,787]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,727]" captionTargetId="figure-399@6.[131,795,213,729]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Badger (Meles meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758)) right hemimandible from the Quibas Sima site (Q’18/QS4-1/P19/10): A, lingual view of the hemimandible; B, buccal view of the hemimandible; C, occlusal view of the hemimandible; D, close up of the occlusal view of the first right lower molar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). It belongs to a young adult, as shown by the small worn area over the cuspids of the m1, and the mild scars of the muscles masseter pars superficialis and pars profunda over the cranioventral part of the masseteric fossa. The coronoid process is missing and the angular process is broken. The horizontal ramus is dorsoventrally short. The alveolus for the c is distally broken, making it impossible to confirm the presence of the p1 (first premolar) alveolus. Both p2-p3 (third premolar) alveoli are buccolingually turned, indicating a shorter teeth row, and a shortening of the mandible. The m1 (maximum length =
|
||
<quantity id="09529B1AFF9DFFE3FC12F293E8433C87" box="[921,1033,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="18.6">18.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; maximum width =
|
||
<quantity id="09529B1AFF9DFFE3FA8AF293E92B3C87" box="[1281,1377,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) has a typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF9DFFE3FCF4F2F2EF943CA6" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[895,990,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF9DFFE3FCF4F2F2EF943CA6" box="[895,990,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphology, comprising a longer talonid compared with the trigonid. The protoconid is the tallest cuspid of the trigonid, the paraconid, and the metaconid having similar heights. The metaconid is well developed and is buccolingually broad. The maximum width of the teeth is located at the hypoconid-entoconid level. Both cuspids are well developed, the hypoconid being the largest one. The talonid’s valley is mesiodistally long and shallow. There is a well-developed hypoconulid (buccal) and entoconulid (lingual). A post entoconid cuspid is located in the most distal part of the tooth, closing the talonid. The alveolus of the m2 indicates the presence of a regular m2. The preserved portion of the masseteric fossa is shallow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9AD56677FF92FFECFEEFF7A1E89B39DB" box="[356,1233,896,913]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" startId="8.[356,367,896,913]" targetBox="[134,1456,218,862]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF92FFECFEEFF7A1E89B39DB" blockId="8.[356,1233,896,913]" box="[356,1233,896,913]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF92FFECFEEFF7A1ED3739DA" baselines="909,909" box="[356,381,896,913]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 3. — Centroid size analysis,showing a histogram bar graphic with the 95 confidence interval for the mean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9AD56677FF92FFECFF0FF258E8753CEA" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" startId="8.[132,143,1657,1674]" targetBox="[132,1456,965,1635]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF92FFECFF0FF258E8753CEA" blockId="8.[132,1455,1657,1696]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF92FFECFF0FF258ECD73CC3" baselines="1670,1670" box="[132,157,1657,1674]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. — Allometric analysis for the size and shape variation of both current and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF92FFECFCC6F258E8093CC0" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[845,1091,1657,1674]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF92FFECFCC6F258EFFE3CC0" box="[845,948,1657,1674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The allometric trajectories in terms of slope and intercept are compared. Both trajectories are statistically significant but explain a little percentage of variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF92FFECFF0FF353ED833DC0" blockId="8.[132,776,1906,2028]" box="[132,457,1906,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF92FFECFF0FF353ECB23DC0" baselines="1925,1925" box="[132,248,1906,1932]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Centroid" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">CENTROID</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF92FFECFF74F356ED603DC0" baselines="1925" box="[255,298,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="size" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">SIZE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(CS)
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF92FFECFEE0F356ED833DC0" baselines="1925" box="[363,457,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="analysis" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">ANALYSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF92FFECFF0FF3B3E8EE3D46" blockId="8.[132,776,1906,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[811,1457,1746,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The size analysis shows that the Quibas specimen is one of the largest specimens from the sample, being out of the confidence interval for the CS of both current and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF92FFECFCA4F2F2EFC43CA6" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[815,910,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF92FFECFCA4F2F2EFC43CA6" box="[815,910,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being even larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF92FFECFB2EF2F2E9193CA6" authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1914" box="[1189,1363,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="atavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF92FFECFB2EF2F2E9193CA6" box="[1189,1363,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">M. meles atavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the rest of the fossils (
|
||
<tableCitation id="83280344FF92FFECFC7FF2D3E80C3D46" box="[1012,1094,1778,1804]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[169,180,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. — Centroid size results for the sample analyzed, including the 95% confidence interval for the current and fossil Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9AD56677FF9DFFE3FF22F4FAE9C63AA6" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" tableUuid="9AD56677FF9DFFE3FF22F4FAE9C63AA6">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF92FFECFBDEF2D3E8DE3D46" box="[1109,1172,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[356,367,896,913]" captionTargetBox="[134,1456,218,862]" captionTargetId="graphics-263@8.[191,1456,222,853]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Centroid size analysis,showing a histogram bar graphic with the 95 confidence interval for the mean." pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF92FFECFCC8F333E8553DA6" blockId="8.[811,1457,1746,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Using the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF92FFECFC3AF333E8793D66" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[945,1075,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">Meles meles</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample, we also did a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to study the normality of the sample. After rejecting the normality of the sample (K-S test; p<0.05), we carried out a Mann-Whitney test to test for size differences, finding that the current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF92FFECFB01F3B2E8A03DE6" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1162,1258,1938,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF92FFECFB01F3B2E8A03DE6" box="[1162,1258,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample presented statistically larger values than the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF92FFECFB5FF393E97A3D86" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1236,1328,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF92FFECFB5FF393E97A3D86" box="[1236,1328,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample (U: 148; z: 2.25; p: 0.02).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9AD56677FF93FFEDFF0EF049E85D3EF7" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" startId="9.[133,143,1128,1145]" targetBox="[140,1453,219,1084]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0EF049E85D3EF7" blockId="9.[132,1456,1128,1213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFF0EF049ECD73E32" baselines="1141,1141" box="[133,157,1128,1145]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. — Graphic representation of the two principal components from the PCA, which explains 40% of the variability of the sample. We also include the 95% confident ellipses of the current and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFE6BF05FEE983EC5" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[480,722,1150,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFE6BF05FEE0D3EC5" box="[480,583,1150,1167]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFCBAF05FE80D3EC5" authority="(Blyth, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[817,1095,1150,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Arctonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFCBAF05FEF933EC5" box="[817,985,1150,1167]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Arctonyx albogularis</emphasis>
|
||
(Blyth, 1853)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFBC5F05FE9713EC5" authority="(Hodgson, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1102,1339,1150,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFBC5F05FE8E53EC5" box="[1102,1199,1150,1167]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. leucurus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hodgson, 1847)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFAE1F05FED953EEC" authority="Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, 2018" authorityName="Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave" authorityYear="2018" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFAE1F05FECE83EEC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. magnus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA3B4B0EFF93FFEDFF23F0B4ED953EEC" author="JIANGZOU Q. G. & LIU J. Y. & WAGNER J. & CHEN J." box="[168,479,1173,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="282 - 300" refId="ref10136" refString="JIANGZOU Q. G., LIU J. Y., WAGNER J. & CHEN J. 2018. - A taxonomical revision of " Arctonyx " fossil remains from the Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave (South China) by means of morphotype and morphometrics, and a review of Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Meles fossil records in China. Paleoworld 27 (2): 282 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palwor. 2017.12.001" type="journal article" year="2018">Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Close to the axes of variation, we show the percentage of variance absorbed (%) and the landmark morphologies (wireframe) associated with the extreme of the PC scores variation.
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFD3CF08DEF633EF7" bold="true" box="[695,809,1196,1213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Green points</emphasis>
|
||
: current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFCFFF08DE8583EF7" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[884,1042,1196,1213]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFCFFF08DE8583EF7" box="[884,1042,1196,1213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Meles meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF0D5EDF53F44" blockId="9.[132,447,1268,1294]" box="[132,447,1268,1294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">ALLOMETRIC ANALYSIS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF115EF4D3C47" blockId="9.[131,776,1332,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
The variation of size and shape shows a statistically significant but slight association between both variables, both for the current (r2 = 0.02) and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFE79F155EE1A3FC4" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[498,592,1396,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFE79F155EE1A3FC4" box="[498,592,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(r2 = 0.14). It is interesting to note that the size variation is larger in the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFF08F195EC953F87" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[131,223,1459,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFF08F195EC953F87" box="[131,223,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in the current ones. In addition, it is observed that the allometric trajectory between both is parallel, presenting identical slopes (0.0002) but different intercepts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF93FFEDFD30F1D2EEBD3C47" box="[699,759,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1657,1674]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,965,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-365@8.[699,984,1166,1349]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Allometric analysis for the size and shape variation of both current and fossil Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758). The allometric trajectories in terms of slope and intercept are compared. Both trajectories are statistically significant but explain a little percentage of variation." pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF215EE363C06" blockId="9.[130,775,1588,1868]" box="[132,636,1588,1614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFF0FF215EC823C06" baselines="1607,1607" box="[132,200,1588,1614]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Mean" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">MEAN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFF44F218ED2E3C06" baselines="1607" box="[207,356,1593,1612]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="comparisons" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">COMPARISONS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFEE0F218EDD33C06" baselines="1607" box="[363,409,1593,1612]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFE2BF218EE093C06" baselines="1607" box="[416,579,1593,1612]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="permutations" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">PERMUTATIONS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFDC1F218EE363C06" baselines="1607" box="[586,636,1593,1612]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="test" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">TEST</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF272ED1B3D06" blockId="9.[130,775,1588,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
We compared the mean of the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFD8CF275EE2A3C27" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[519,608,1619,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFD8CF275EE2A3C27" box="[519,608,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the means of the remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFEB4F255EDD63CC7" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[319,412,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFEB4F255EDD63CC7" box="[319,412,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFE21F255EE4C3CC7" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[426,518,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFE21F255EE4C3CC7" box="[426,518,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFDD1F255EF4A3CC7" authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1914" box="[602,768,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="atavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFDD1F255EF4A3CC7" box="[602,768,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles atavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFF69F2B2ED563CE7" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[226,284,1683,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFF69F2B2ED563CE7" box="[226,284,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Quibas site. Our results show that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFF25F293ECA23C86" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[174,232,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFF25F293ECA23C86" box="[174,232,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Quibas were not significantly different from the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFF76F2F2ED103CA6" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[253,346,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFF76F2F2ED103CA6" box="[253,346,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFE4EF2F2EE693CA6" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[453,547,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFE4EF2F2EE693CA6" box="[453,547,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossil group and the group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFF68F2D2EDCC3D46" authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1914" box="[227,390,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="atavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFF68F2D2EDCC3D46" box="[227,390,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles atavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were statistically significant, despite having a smaller Procrustes distance compared to the current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFF08F312EC953D06" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[131,223,1842,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFF08F312EC953D06" box="[131,223,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="83280344FF93FFEDFF7AF313ED0B3D06" box="[241,321,1842,1868]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[133,143,559,576]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. — Procrustes distances between the different Meles groups analyzed. The numbers in bold with the symbol ** mean that the distance is statistically significant at level 0.01, whereas * means that it is only statistically significant at level 0.05 (permutation test (n = 1000) of the Procrustes distance between species means in MorphoJ (Klingenberg 2011)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9AD56677FF9DFFE3FF0EF60EEDA43827" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" tableUuid="9AD56677FF9DFFE3FF0EF60EEDA43827">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF353EE7E3DC6" blockId="9.[132,775,1906,2028]" box="[132,564,1906,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFF0FF353ECB93DC0" baselines="1925,1925" box="[132,243,1906,1932]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Principal" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">PRINCIPAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFF71F356EDCE3DC0" baselines="1925" box="[250,388,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="component" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">COMPONENT</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF93FFEDFE01F356EDA23DC0" baselines="1925" box="[394,488,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="analysis" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">ANALYSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(PCA,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF3B6EE033DE6" blockId="9.[132,775,1906,2028]" box="[132,585,1938,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
SEE
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF93FFEDFF25F3B3ED663DE6" box="[174,300,1938,1964]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="17.[274,286,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="APPENDIX 2. — PC scores (PC1-PC6) from the PCA analysis, explaining. PC1-PC4 are shown after carrying out the scree plot." pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Appendix 2</figureCitation>
|
||
FOR MORE INFORMATION)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEDFF0FF393E83D3CA6" blockId="9.[132,775,1906,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1457,1268,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
The projection of PC1 vs PC2 (40.65 % of variability;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF93FFEDFD4BF393EEB63D86" box="[704,764,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[133,143,1128,1145]" captionTargetBox="[140,1453,219,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-593@9.[699,984,562,737]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Graphic representation of the two principal components from the PCA, which explains 40% of the variability of the sample. We also include the 95% confident ellipses of the current and fossil Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758), as well as Arctonyx albogularis (Blyth, 1853), M. leucurus (Hodgson, 1847), and M. magnus Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, 2018. Close to the axes of variation, we show the percentage of variance absorbed (%) and the landmark morphologies (wireframe) associated with the extreme of the PC scores variation. Green points: current Meles meles meles." pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows that the negative scores of PC1 (28.23 % of variability), where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFCFDF0D4EFBF3F44" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[886,1013,1268,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFCFDF0D4EFBF3F44" box="[886,1013,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">M. leucurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFBB9F0D5E9433F44" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1074,1289,1268,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Arctonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFBB9F0D5E9433F44" box="[1074,1289,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Arctonyx albogularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plot, represent a trend of slender m1 that are buccolingually narrow, with a trigonid and talonid about the same length. They also have a wide space between the cusps of paraconid, protoconid, and metaconid, and reduced space between the cuspids of the entoconulid and hypoconulid to the mesial-most point of the tooth. In the positive scores, we observe the reverse trend, with a more robust morphology of m1 caused by quadrangular talonid and a shortened trigonid. This also causes a re-arrangement of the cuspids, since the talonid cuspids are far from the mesial-most point and the trigonid cusps are closer to each other. Regarding the extinct specimens, most of them (including the Quibas one) fall into the variability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF93FFEDFCC1F2B2EFCE3CE7" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[842,900,1683,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF93FFEDFCC1F2B2EFCE3CE7" box="[842,900,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is possible to observe a trend in which most of them fall at the more negative part of the distribution, as in more slender morphologies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF93FFEEFCC8F2D3EEA7397A" blockId="9.[811,1457,1268,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[130,777,216,816]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
The PC2 (12.42% of variability;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF93FFEDFB26F2D3E8A03D47" box="[1197,1258,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[133,143,1128,1145]" captionTargetBox="[140,1453,219,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-593@9.[699,984,562,737]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Graphic representation of the two principal components from the PCA, which explains 40% of the variability of the sample. We also include the 95% confident ellipses of the current and fossil Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758), as well as Arctonyx albogularis (Blyth, 1853), M. leucurus (Hodgson, 1847), and M. magnus Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, 2018. Close to the axes of variation, we show the percentage of variance absorbed (%) and the landmark morphologies (wireframe) associated with the extreme of the PC scores variation. Green points: current Meles meles meles." pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) distinguishes less between groups or species. In the negative-most end of the axis, we observe a robust morphology, teeth with a globular shape, in which the trigonid and talonid are about the same length, with little separation of the cusps between the metaconid, entoconid, and entoconulid to the lingual edge, in contrast to the wide separation of hypoconid, hypoconulid, and protoconid to the buccal edge. On the other hand, at the opposite end of the axis (positive scores), we find teeth of elongated morphology, with talonid of larger length than the trigonid. Regarding the separation of the cuspids and the edges of the tooth, we observed a wide separation between metaconid, entoconid, and entoconulid to the lingual, and a close location of the hypoconid, hypoconulid, protoconid, and paraconid to the buccal edge. Also, we can observe a greater amplitude in the distal area of the tooth due to the separation between entoconulid and hypoconulid and the distal point of the tooth. Regarding the fossils,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFE5AF5D9EE03385B" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[465,585,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFE5AF5D9EE03385B" box="[465,585,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. leucurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFDF1F5D6EF4F385B" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[634,773,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Arctonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFDF1F5D6EF4F385B" box="[634,773,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">A. albogularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fall in the positive scores, linked to slender morphologies, but a fair amount of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFEEBF616EDFD381A" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[352,439,566,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFEEBF616EDFD381A" box="[352,439,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fall as well (
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF90FFEEFDB8F617EE27381B" box="[563,621,566,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[133,143,1128,1145]" captionTargetBox="[140,1453,219,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-593@9.[699,984,562,737]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Graphic representation of the two principal components from the PCA, which explains 40% of the variability of the sample. We also include the 95% confident ellipses of the current and fossil Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758), as well as Arctonyx albogularis (Blyth, 1853), M. leucurus (Hodgson, 1847), and M. magnus Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, 2018. Close to the axes of variation, we show the percentage of variance absorbed (%) and the landmark morphologies (wireframe) associated with the extreme of the PC scores variation. Green points: current Meles meles meles." pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The different fossils are spread along the variability in PC2, but it could be important to mention that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFE22F656EE0738DA" authorityName="Kormos" authorityYear="1914" box="[425,589,630,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="atavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFE22F656EE0738DA" box="[425,589,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. meles atavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls at the upper extreme of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFEA9F6B6ED3738FA" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[290,381,662,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFEA9F6B6ED3738FA" box="[290,381,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variability, characterized by a slender morphology, as in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFE49F696EE77389A" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[450,573,694,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFE49F696EE77389A" box="[450,573,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. leucurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFDF8F697EF4A389A" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[627,768,694,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Arctonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFDF8F697EF4A389A" box="[627,768,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">A. albogularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, other species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFE63F6F6EE2A38BA" authorityName="Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave" authorityYear="2018" box="[488,608,727,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFE63F6F6EE2A38BA" box="[488,608,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. magnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFDFBF6F6EE9538BA" authorityName="Viret" authorityYear="1951" box="[624,735,726,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thorali">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFDFBF6F6EE9538BA" box="[624,735,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. thorali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFF0DF6D6ECB1395A" authorityName="Qiu, Deng & Wang" authorityYear="2004" box="[134,251,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teihardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFF0DF6D6ECB1395A" box="[134,251,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. teihardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fall at the opposite extreme of the variability, thus having a more robust (quadrangular-shaped) morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF90FFEEFF0FF777ED10393A" blockId="10.[130,777,854,1837]" box="[132,346,854,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF90FFEEFF0FF777ECA53924" baselines="873,873" box="[132,239,854,880]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Clusters" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">CLUSTERS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
UPGMA
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF90FFEEFF0FF757EDA13F24" blockId="10.[130,777,854,1837]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||
We did two different clusters using the UPGMA analysis, the first one (UPGMA1;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF90FFEEFE29F7B4EDAA39E5" box="[418,480,917,943]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[813,823,1209,1226]" captionTargetBox="[829,1456,202,1191]" captionTargetId="graphics-852@10.[976,1420,528,1111]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Graphic representation of the cluster analysis using the shape information coming from all the PCs. It has been carried out using a hierarchical method with the criterion (algorithm) of Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The landmarks representing the average of each group is shown at the the end of the branches." pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) using all the shape variation comprised by all the different PCs, and the second one (UPGMA2;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56912A7AFF90FFEEFE9BF7F4ED0539BA" box="[272,335,981,1008]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1210,1227]" captionTargetBox="[341,1143,164,1192]" captionTargetId="graphics-603@11.[550,1125,523,1156]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 7. — Graphic representation of the cluster analysis using the shape information coming from all the PCs plus the centroid size. It has been carried out using a hierarchical method with the criterion (algorithm) of Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The landmarks representing the average of each group is shown at the the end of the branches." pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) also adding the CS to the shape variation. When the size is included, we observe a large cophenetic correlation (0.88), and large values for the different nodes associations (>67). In this UPGMA1 we can see two separated branches, one containing the Asiatic species except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFF27F054ED693EC4" authorityName="Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave" authorityYear="2018" box="[172,291,1141,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFF27F054ED693EC4" box="[172,291,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. magnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other one with all of the European species plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFE8CF0B4ED363EE4" authorityName="Jiangzou, Liu, Wagner & Chen, Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave" authorityYear="2018" box="[263,380,1173,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFE8CF0B4ED363EE4" box="[263,380,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. magnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These results show us that size has a great influence on the relationships of this cluster because the first branch comprises the groups with smaller teeth and the second one the groups with larger teeth, as demonstrated also by the previously shown CS. This way we can also observe a tendency in the European groups of larger teeth compared to the majority of Asiatic groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9AD56677FF90FFEEFCA6F098E8FE3F6E" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" startId="10.[813,823,1209,1226]" targetBox="[829,1456,202,1191]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF90FFEEFCA6F098E8FE3F6E" blockId="10.[813,1456,1209,1316]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="C8F3A023FF90FFEEFCA6F098EF0F3E83" baselines="1222,1222" box="[813,837,1209,1226]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. — Graphic representation of the cluster analysis using the shape information coming from all the PCs. It has been carried out using a hierarchical method with the criterion (algorithm) of Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The landmarks representing the average of each group is shown at the the end of the branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1536FFFF90FFEEFF10F155EF423D66" blockId="10.[130,777,854,1837]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||
In the cluster UPGMA2, where only shape information is included, we can see that even slightly lower cophenetic correlation (0.78) compared to the UPGMA1. Also, the nodes associations are weaker than in the previous case, showing that size is an important driving factor for the associations. In this cluster, we observed two different branches: one including only the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFEACF212EDCB3C07" authorityName="F. G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[295,385,1587,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Arctonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFEACF212EDCB3C07" box="[295,385,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Arctonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other one with all the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFD46F212EC9F3C27" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFD46F212EF4D3C07" box="[717,775,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFE87F272ED0C3C27" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[268,326,1619,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFE87F272ED0C3C27" box="[268,326,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
branch is also divided into two branches, being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFF43F255ED693CC7" authorityName="Teilhard de Chardin" authorityYear="1940" box="[200,291,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiai">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFF43F255ED693CC7" box="[200,291,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. chiai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a different branch and leaving the rest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFF0DF2B2EC8A3CE7" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[134,192,1683,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFF0DF2B2EC8A3CE7" box="[134,192,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
divided into another two branches. The first branch groups all Asiatic fossils together, including the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFD1EF292EF4A3C86" authorityName="Viret" authorityYear="1951" box="[661,768,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thorali">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFD1EF292EF4A3C86" box="[661,768,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. thorali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the second branch with all the current specimens grouped with the rest of the European fossils. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFDBBF2D3EE233D46" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[560,617,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFDBBF2D3EE233D46" box="[560,617,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossil from the Quibas site is grouped in a branch with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AA4D7CFF90FFEEFDD6F332EEF03D66" authorityName="MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[605,698,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDEEAEDFF90FFEEFDD6F332EEF03D66" box="[605,698,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">M. meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |