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<mods:title id="5AEFE82F6F6E5424303CED90194B4E13">Revision of Camarota Meigen (Diptera: Chloropidae), with a new species from Uganda</mods:title>
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<treatment id="445787F4740EFF9C91A760D1FB9E8AD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5971554" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154507658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5971554" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:445787F4740EFF9C91A760D1FB9E8AD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/445787F4740EFF9C91A760D1FB9E8AD4" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
<subSubSection id="84E46569740EFF9F91A760D1FDCA8B06" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CC4136E2740EFF9F91A760D1FE6589F5" blockId="1.[151,445,401,427]" box="[151,445,401,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
<heading id="9709818E740EFF9F91A760D1FE6589F5" bold="true" box="[151,445,401,427]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F91A760D1FE6589F5" ID-CoL="62KRH" ID-ENA="2725533" authority="Meigen, 1830" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,445,401,427]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F91A760D1FE6589F5" bold="true" box="[151,445,401,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F91A760D1FED789F5" bold="true" box="[151,271,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F902660D1FE6589F5" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[278,445,401,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="383 - 500" refId="ref7717" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Sechster Theil. Schulzische Buchhandlung, Hamm, xi + 404 pp., tab. 55 - 60. [additional colour plates see Morge 1976: pp. 383 - 500, 80 pls.]" type="book chapter" year="1830">Meigen, 1830</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC4136E2740EFF9F91A76097FDCA8B06" blockId="1.[151,1437,471,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F91A76097FEBF89AE" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[151,359,471,496]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="383 - 500" refId="ref7717" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Sechster Theil. Schulzische Buchhandlung, Hamm, xi + 404 pp., tab. 55 - 60. [additional colour plates see Morge 1976: pp. 383 - 500, 80 pls.]" type="book chapter" year="1830">Meigen (1830: 7)</bibRefCitation>
erected the monobasic genus
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F93E56098FC9E89B1" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[725,838,472,495]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F93E56098FC9E89B1" box="[725,838,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on common features applying to many genera of
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F91A760BCFEFD8A4B" box="[151,293,508,533]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
, but the character “Alae incombentes, fornicatae” (“Flügel aufliegend, gewölbt”) at once characterizes the single peculiar European species which he names
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F923E6360FC218A66" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[782,1017,543,568]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavitarsis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F923E6360FC218A66" box="[782,1017,543,568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota flavitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He named the genus from the Old Greek word “kamarotós”, meaning convex or “forming a round arch”. Different from all other world species of
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F91A76327FEFD8ADE" box="[151,293,615,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
, the wings are not extended in one plane but close–fitting to the hind legs and curved around the abdomen and its tip, thus being concave on the lower side, comparable with similar wings of the European flies
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F91A763F0FD3B8A96" authority="(Scopoli, 1763)" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[151,739,687,712]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Stegana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coleoptrata">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F91A763F0FEA08A96" box="[151,376,687,712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Stegana coleoptrata</emphasis>
(Scopoli, 1763) (Drosophilidae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F922963F1FAEB8A96" authority="(Fallen, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[793,1331,687,712]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incurva">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F922963F1FC298A96" box="[793,1009,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Discomyza incurva</emphasis>
(Fallén, 1823) (Ephydridae)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F940D63EFFEC48AB2" author="Latreille, P. A." pageId="1" pageNumber="222" refId="ref7293" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1805 (= &quot; An XIII &quot; )) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des crustaces et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite aux OEuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du Cours complet d'Histoire naturelle redige par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs Societes savantes. Tome quatorzieme (1804). Imprimerie de F. Dufart, Paris," type="book" year="1805">Latreille (1805: 383)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F90A76395FDAF8AB2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1805" box="[407,631,725,748]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Oscinis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipennis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F90A76395FDAF8AB2" box="[407,631,725,748]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Oscinis curvipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with not useful many features, but mentioning “Ailes se courbant vers leur extrémité posterieure” meaning the same as Meigen’s definition. A peculiar “vena spuria” between both medial veins was detected by Schiner (1864, “eine eigenartige Flügelfalte”) and also described and illustrated as “piega alare” by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F9064627FFDD58B06" author="Leonardi, G." box="[340,525,831,856]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 549" refId="ref7468" refString="Leonardi, G. (1900) Gli insetti nocivi ai nostri orti, campi, frutteti e boschi all'uomo ed agli animali domestici. Loro vita danni e modi per prevenirli. Uolume terzo: Imenotteri e ditteri. Palmeri, P. &amp; Pepe, M. (Eds.), La scienza e la pratica dell'agricoltura eposte e coordinate: trattato completo di agricoltura e di scienze affini per uso dei proprietarii ed agricoltori italiani. 11 (3). Marghieri, Napoli, pp. i-xxi + 1 - 549." type="book chapter" year="1900">Leonardi (1900)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="84E46569740EFF9C91F76224FC74893A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" type="description">
<paragraph id="CC4136E2740EFF9F91F76224FF328CC3" blockId="1.[151,1437,471,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
Undoubtably, this pleat supports the wing folding around the legs and abdomen. Interestingly,
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F95D06224FED38BFE" author="Goodliffe, F. D." pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="309 - 325" refId="ref7007" refString="Goodliffe, F. D. (1942) Studies on insects bred from barley, wheat, maize and oats. Bulletin of entomological Research, 32 (4), 309 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300017259" type="journal article" year="1942">Goodliffe (1942: 311, 323)</bibRefCitation>
speculated about a possible morphological and behavioral mimic background: “The
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F941B62C8FEC28B9A" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipennis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F941B62C8FEC28B9A" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota curvipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults had a remarkable appearance in that the colourless wings, which showed a small pleat in the medial-cubital region when at rest, were bent down close to the shining black dorsal surface of the abdomen so that the insects somewhat resembled small black beetles or wingless Psocids. The long thick black aristae which were held erect, resembled filamentous antennae. They moved in vigorous jumps like flea–beetles (
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F943E6557FA538C6E" box="[1294,1419,1047,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phyllotreta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F943E6557FA538C6E" box="[1294,1419,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Phyllotreta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Possibly there is a protective resemblance of some kind”. The jumping flight was first mentioned by Schiner (1864), and the beetle habitus of such flies was expressed already by the scientific name
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F95B56520FABF8C26" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1157,1383,1119,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Stegana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coleoptrata">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F95B56520FABF8C26" box="[1157,1383,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Stegana coleoptrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC4136E2740EFF9F91F765E7FC458D72" blockId="1.[151,1437,471,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
Though the genus is monobasic,
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F937865E7FCCA8C9E" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[584,786,1191,1216]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="1839 - 1840" refId="ref9224" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Order XIII Diptera Aristotle. (Antliata Fabricius. Halteriptera Clairv.). In: Synopsis of the genera of British insects. [1838 - 1840: 158 pp., separately paginated]. - Pp. 125 - 154 in: An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Uol. II (1839 - 1840). Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, xi + 587 + 158 pp." type="book chapter" year="1840">Westwood (1840)</bibRefCitation>
designated a junior taxon,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F956265E8FF0A8CBA" authority="Haliday, 1833" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F956265E8FAEB8C9E" box="[1106,1331,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota aurifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F940E65E7FF0A8CBA" author="Haliday, A. H." pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="147 - 180" refId="ref7054" refString="Haliday, A. H. (1833) Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomologist's Magazine, 1, 147 - 180." type="journal article" year="1833">Haliday, 1833</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<typeStatus id="13458840740EFF9F9032658DFEEA8CBB" box="[258,306,1229,1253]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus not at all citing Meigen’s
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F9251658DFC2C8CBB" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[865,1012,1228,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavitarsis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F9251658DFC2C8CBB" box="[865,1012,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">C. flavitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The taxonomical act to correct this invalid designation was published by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F935165AFFCFD8D56" author="Sabrosky, C. W." box="[609,805,1263,1288]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="735 - 765" refId="ref8617" refString="Sabrosky, C. W. (1941) An annotated list of genotypes of the Chloropidae of the world (Diptera). Annals of the entomological Society of America, 34 (4), 735 - 765. [correction see Anonymous 1942, ibid. 35: 478] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 34.4.735" type="journal article" year="1941">Sabrosky (1941)</bibRefCitation>
, who formally fixed
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F951D65B0FACA8D56" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1805" box="[1069,1298,1264,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Oscinis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipennis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F951D65B0FACA8D56" box="[1069,1298,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Oscinis curvipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the senior synonym of Meigen’s
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F90A26455FDFB8D73" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[402,547,1300,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavitarsis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F90A26455FDFB8D73" box="[402,547,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">C. flavitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the
<typeStatus id="13458840740EFF9F93486455FD708D73" box="[632,680,1301,1325]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F92156455FC4E8D72" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[805,918,1301,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F92156455FC4E8D72" box="[805,918,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC4136E2740EFF9C91F76477FC74893A" blockId="1.[151,1437,471,2009]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,650]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
The larval substrate of the single European species
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F923D6478FBD18D0E" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[781,1033,1336,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipennis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F923D6478FBD18D0E" box="[781,1033,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Camarota curvipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was repeatedly reported by applied entomologists being engaged with cereal pests in different countries. A great part of the 251 checked publications dealing with this species used either the synonym
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F93D664C0FC038DC6" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[742,987,1407,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavitarsis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F93D664C0FCA38DC6" box="[742,891,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">C. flavitarsis</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
(69 papers) or the erroneous name
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F94B264C0FECD8DE2" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvinervis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F94B264C0FECD8DE2" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">C. curvinervis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(43 papers). Already Schiner (1864: 222–223) recorded the flies in numbers below turf of
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F947264E4FF218DBE" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sesleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F947264E4FF218DBE" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Sesleria caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.), and the identical observations near Vienna on the “blue-moor grass” were repeated by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F94396487FA418DBE" author="Funk, M." box="[1289,1433,1479,1504]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref6973" refString="Funk, M. (1901) Vorlaufer einer Dipterenfauna Bambergs. Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bamberg, Jahresbericht [Precursor of a fauna of Diptera of Bamberg], 18, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1901">Funk (1901)</bibRefCitation>
. Host plants, oat (“biade”,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F90F764ADFDD38E5A" box="[455,523,1517,1540]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Avena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F90F764ADFDD38E5A" box="[455,523,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Avena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) and wheat (“frumento”,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F926C64ADFC638E5A" box="[860,955,1517,1540]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Triticum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F926C64ADFC638E5A" box="[860,955,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Triticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.), were first clarified for the European species
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F91DE6750FE498E76" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[238,401,1552,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipennis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F91DE6750FE498E76" box="[238,401,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">C. curvipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under the name
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F9363674FFD738E76" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1873" box="[595,683,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cerealis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F9363674FFD738E76" box="[595,683,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">cerealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F93ED674FFC4B8E76" author="Rondani, C." box="[733,915,1551,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="25 - 26" refId="ref8502" refString="Rondani, C. (1873 a) Un altro nemico delle biade (Camarota cerealis n. sp.). La Campagna: Periodico di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, 1873, 25 - 26." type="journal article" year="1873">Rondani (1873a</bibRefCitation>
; 1973b), later maize (“granturco”,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F94286751FA9A8E76" box="[1304,1346,1553,1576]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F94286751FA9A8E76" box="[1304,1346,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Zea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) was added by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F90346774FE638E12" author="Leonardi, G." box="[260,443,1588,1613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 549" refId="ref7468" refString="Leonardi, G. (1900) Gli insetti nocivi ai nostri orti, campi, frutteti e boschi all'uomo ed agli animali domestici. Loro vita danni e modi per prevenirli. Uolume terzo: Imenotteri e ditteri. Palmeri, P. &amp; Pepe, M. (Eds.), La scienza e la pratica dell'agricoltura eposte e coordinate: trattato completo di agricoltura e di scienze affini per uso dei proprietarii ed agricoltori italiani. 11 (3). Marghieri, Napoli, pp. i-xxi + 1 - 549." type="book chapter" year="1900">Leonardi (1900)</bibRefCitation>
[confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F93586774FCCB8E13" author="Shapiro, I. D." box="[616,787,1588,1613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="203 - 204" refId="ref8778" refString="Shapiro, I. D. (1962) Zlakovye mukhi-obitateli kukuruzy v evropejskoj chasti SSSR i charakter ich svjazi s etoj kul'turoj [Grass flies as inhabitants of maize in the European part of USSR and the character of their relationship with this crop]. Uoprosy ekologii, 7, 203 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Shapiro (1962)</bibRefCitation>
] and rye (
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F92B56774FC168E13" box="[901,974,1588,1613]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Secale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F92B56774FC168E13" box="[901,974,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Secale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) and barley (
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F95B36774FB348E13" box="[1155,1260,1588,1613]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hordeum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F95B36774FB348E13" box="[1155,1260,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Hordeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) were added by
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F918E6717FDBE8E2E" author="Balachowsky, A. &amp; Mesnil, L." box="[190,614,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" refId="ref6098" refString="Balachowsky, A. &amp; Mesnil, L. (1935) Les insectes nuisibles aux Plantes cultivees. Leurs moeurs. Leur destruction. Traite d'Entomologie agricole concernant la France, la Corse, l'Afrique du Nord et les Regions limitrophes. Tome premier: Insectes nuisibles aux arbres fruitiers a la vigne aux cereales et aux graminees des prairies. Busson, Paris, XVI + 1137 pp., VII pls." type="book" year="1935">Balachowsky &amp; Mesnil (1935: 977)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F93466717FCBA8E2E" author="Nartshuk, E. P. &amp; Narchuk, E. P." box="[630,866,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="3 - 49" refId="ref7882" refString="Nartshuk, E. P. [Narchuk, E. P.] (1972) Fitofagiya u zlakovykh mukh (Diptera, Chloropidae) i puti ee razvitiya. [Phytophagy in grass flies (Chloropidae, Diptera) and the ways of its development]. Doklady na dvadcat' tret'em [= 23 - em] ezhegodnom chtenii pamjati N. A. Cholodkovskogo 2 aprelya 1970 g. Izdatel'stvo &quot; Nauka &quot;, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningradskoe otdelenie, Leningrad, 47 pp. [pp. 3 - 49, in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1972">Nartshuk (1972: 35)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F92916717FBAE8E2E" author="Uffen, R. &amp; Chandler, P." box="[929,1142,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="213 - 228" refId="ref9007" refString="Uffen, R. &amp; Chandler, P. (1978) Higher Plants [in Chapter 6: Association with Plants]. in: Stubbs, A. &amp; Chandler, P. (Eds.), A Dipterist's Handbook. The Amateur Entomologist. Uol. 15. The Amateur Entomologists' Society, Hanworth, Middlesex, pp. 213 - 228. [issued 1979]" type="book chapter" year="1978">Uffen (1978: 226)</bibRefCitation>
mention also the quitch,
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F91A7673CFE8B8ECA" box="[151,339,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">
Elytrygia
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F9039673DFE8B8ECA" box="[265,339,1661,1684]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Agropyron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">repens</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
L. (=
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F9091673DFDB48ECA" box="[417,620,1661,1684]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Agropyron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F9091673DFDB48ECA" box="[417,620,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Agropyron repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as a wild host grass. In two papers,
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F9514673CFB178ECA" author="Marchal, P." box="[1060,1231,1660,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="496 - 499" refId="ref7642" refString="Marchal, P. (1894) Sur les Dipteres nuisibles aux Cereales, observes a la Station entomologique de Paris en 1894. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 119 (11), 496 - 499." type="journal article" year="1894">Marchal (1894</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740EFF9F95EE673CFAC18ECA" author="Marchal, P." box="[1246,1305,1660,1684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" pagination="30 - 31" refId="ref7685" refString="Marchal, P. (1897) On the biology of Camarota flavitarsis, Meig. Entomologist's monthly Magazine. Series 2, 33 (8), 30 - 31." type="journal article" year="1897">1897</bibRefCitation>
), the larval bionomy was described in detail. Larvae develop gregariously in the youngest upper part of crops and pupate together above the uppermost node of the stem. This development confirms with most other chloropids destroying the vegetation point of grain and other monocots. Attacked crops do not develop ears and stop growing taller than
<quantity id="0B069B07740EFF9F91A7664CFF078F7A" box="[151,223,1804,1828]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
. Mostly the maggots were collected and reared together with those of other chloropid grain pests,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F9401664CFA448F7B" box="[1329,1436,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Oscinella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F9401664CFA448F7B" box="[1329,1436,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Oscinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F91E86671FE968F16" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[216,334,1841,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Meromyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F91E86671FE968F16" box="[216,334,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Meromyza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., and as secondary stem invaders
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F9211666FFC7D8F16" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[801,933,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Elachiptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F9211666FFC7D8F16" box="[801,933,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Elachiptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. It remains doubtful if the larvae are phytophagous or phyto-saprophagous. For the first time here we report an introduced grass as most probable host plant, the neophyte
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F90466637FDBA8FCE" box="[374,610,1911,1936]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="miliaceum">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F90466637FDBA8FCE" box="[374,610,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Paspalum miliaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., sawn on the roof of the “AQUAtoll” swimming baths in Neckarsulm (
<collectingCountry id="B4E97672740EFF9F91AE66DCFED48FEA" box="[158,268,1948,1972]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">Germany</collectingCountry>
),
<geoCoordinate id="A9CA5025740EFF9F901266DCFE728FEA" box="[290,426,1948,1972]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" precision="15" value="49.189167">49°11’21”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="A9CA5025740EFF9F908366DCFDF58FEA" box="[435,557,1948,1972]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" precision="15" value="9.243889">9°14’38”E</geoCoordinate>
, which housed an isolated immense population of
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740EFF9F954466DDFAC28FEA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[1140,1306,1949,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipennis">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740EFF9F954466DDFAC28FEA" box="[1140,1306,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="222">C. curvipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<date id="B8401022740EFF9F947866DCFF0A8F86" pageId="1" pageNumber="222" value="2008-07-26">26 July 2008</date>
, detected by Klaus Schrameyer and identified by the second author. This example corresponds to a phytophagous development.
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740DFF9C90ED61D7FD4E88EE" author="Deeming, J. C." box="[477,662,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" pagination="789 - 828" refId="ref6787" refString="Deeming, J. C. (1981) A contribution to the study of afrotropical Chloropine Diptera. Journal of natural History, 15 (5), 789 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938100770581" type="journal article" year="1981">Deeming (1981)</bibRefCitation>
in his description of
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C92BC61D8FBF888EE" authorityName="Deeming" authorityYear="1981" box="[908,1056,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C92BC61D8FBF888EE" box="[908,1056,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also reports grasses (
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C942561D8FAAC88EE" authorityName="" authorityYear="1895" box="[1301,1396,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
) as developmental substrate, but the larvae are reported as predators of other fly larvae,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C957661FDFB43888A" box="[1094,1179,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C957661FDFB43888A" box="[1094,1179,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Diopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C95E161FCFA9E888B" box="[1233,1350,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diopsidae</taxonomicName>
) in rice plants (observations of
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740DFF9C909661A0FDBE88A6" author="Descamps, M." box="[422,614,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 154" refId="ref6830" refString="Descamps, M. (1957) Recherches morphologiques et biologiques sur les Diopsidae du Nord-Cameroun. Ministere de la France d'Outre-Mer. Bulletin scientifique, 7, 1 - 154." type="journal article" year="1957">Descamps, 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 141, 147). It is noteworthy that all
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C953F61A0FB7D88A6" authorityName="Deeming" authorityYear="1981" box="[1039,1189,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C953F61A0FB7D88A6" box="[1039,1189,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">C. cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens which we identified were obtained by canopy fogging from tall rainforest trees in Central Africa. The third species,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C94B26045FE61891E" authority="Bezzi, 1908" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Camarota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustifrons">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C94B26045FEFA891E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">C. angustifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740DFF9C901D6067FE61891E" author="Bezzi, M." box="[301,441,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" pagination="3 - 199" refId="ref6426" refString="Bezzi, M. (1908) Ditteri eritrei raccolti dal Dott. Andreini e dal Prof. Tellini. Parte seconda. Diptera cyclorrhapha. Bulletino della Societa entomologica italiana, 39 (1907), 3 - 199." type="journal article" year="1908">Bezzi, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is known to attack shoots of the grasses
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C92996069FAD9891E" authority="Stapf" authorityName="Stapf" authorityYear="1920" box="[937,1281,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="phragmitoides">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C92996069FB62891E" box="[937,1210,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Panicum phragmitoides</emphasis>
Stapf
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C94216067FE9C893B" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gayanus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C94216067FF2C893A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Andropogon gayanus</emphasis>
Kunth
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="0BFE4D61740DFF9C904E600CFDBF893A" authority="Swartz" authorityName="Swartz" authorityYear="1788" box="[382,615,332,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fastigiatus">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C904E600CFDCB893A" box="[382,531,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">A. fastigiatus</emphasis>
Swartz
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="B4E97672740DFF9C93BB600CFD07893B" box="[651,735,332,357]" name="Nigeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740DFF9C93DD600CFC78893A" author="Deeming, J. C." box="[749,928,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" pagination="789 - 828" refId="ref6787" refString="Deeming, J. C. (1981) A contribution to the study of afrotropical Chloropine Diptera. Journal of natural History, 15 (5), 789 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938100770581" type="journal article" year="1981">Deeming, 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="84E46569740DFF9C91F7602FFB9E8AD4" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="CC4136E2740DFF9C91F7602FFB9E8AD4" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C91F7602FFE9989D6" bold="true" box="[199,321,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
First flagellomere quadrate or trapezoidal; arista lanceolate, with short blackish pilosity and a darker transversal stripe through the base of the third aristomere (
<figureCitation id="54C52A67740DFF9C924A60D4FC1489F3" box="[890,972,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1503,1525]" captionTargetBox="[190,1436,373,1441]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,339,1479]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Camarota species. 1A; 1C, C. curvipennis habitus. 1B, C. curvipennis antenna (modified from Balachowsky &amp; Mesnil, 1935). 2, C. angustifrons habitus. 3, C. ugandae sp. nov. habitus. 4, C. cylindrica habitus. Scale bar 1 mm. The arrow points to the transverse stripe on the third aristomere." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2611599/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
, illustration modified from
<bibRefCitation id="A86F4B13740DFF9C943560D4FE93898E" author="Balachowsky, A. &amp; Mesnil, L." pageId="2" pageNumber="223" refId="ref6098" refString="Balachowsky, A. &amp; Mesnil, L. (1935) Les insectes nuisibles aux Plantes cultivees. Leurs moeurs. Leur destruction. Traite d'Entomologie agricole concernant la France, la Corse, l'Afrique du Nord et les Regions limitrophes. Tome premier: Insectes nuisibles aux arbres fruitiers a la vigne aux cereales et aux graminees des prairies. Busson, Paris, XVI + 1137 pp., VII pls." type="book" year="1935">Balachowsky &amp; Mesnil, 1935</bibRefCitation>
); ocellar triangle large, with tip between anterior edges of eyes or reaching the frons apex; cephalic chaetotaxy reduced; frons projected forwards; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye oval with horizontal long–axis; scutum dark punctuated; notopleural setae variable; anepisternum pilose; scutellum very short, with apical scutellar setae inserted at the apical edge or in the middle of the disc; wing cell r
<subScript id="507A34A7740DFF9C92BE6373FC4E8A1F" attach="left" box="[910,918,563,577]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">1</subScript>
narrow; vein R
<subScript id="507A34A7740DFF9C95766373FB878A1F" attach="left" box="[1094,1119,563,577]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">2+3</subScript>
very close or jointed to R
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; wing hyaline or slightly fumose, with a
<emphasis id="FE8AEAF0740DFF9C936B630CFD388A3D" box="[603,736,588,611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">vena spuria</emphasis>
between M
<subScript id="507A34A7740DFF9C92556319FCB58A39" attach="left" box="[869,877,601,615]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="507A34A7740DFF9C928B6319FC1B8A39" attach="left" box="[955,963,601,615]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">4</subScript>
; male genitalia with pre– and postgonites aligned, phallapodemic sclerite developed; epiphallus present and distiphallus short.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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