189 lines
18 KiB
XML
189 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e5e47a0-f8f3-4039-b0e1-c159fef0b9f6" ID-PMC="PMC4714384" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-544-1" ID-PubMed="26798289" ID-ZBK="C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-544-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 544" ModsDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" checkinTime="1451243640953" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K." docDate="2015" docId="41C9F90325A79510B1F39817A0959EDC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 544: 1-407" docOrigin="ZooKeys 544" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" docTitle="Mecyclothorax cordithorax Liebherr" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="171" masterDocId="FF92FFC2FF9FFFC7191EFFB8FF91AF5D" masterDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" masterLastPageNumber="407" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="169" updateTime="1668162300918" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>544</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>407</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-544-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853620" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:41C9F90325A79510B1F39817A0959EDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/41C9F90325A79510B1F39817A0959EDC" lastPageId="170" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
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<subSubSection pageId="168" pageNumber="169" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Carabidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="168" pageNumber="169" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
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(069)
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<taxonomicName authority="Liebherr" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordithorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordithorax">Mecyclothorax cordithorax Liebherr</taxonomicName>
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Figs 83E, 84E, 87D, 88
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–I">C-I</normalizedToken>
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, 89
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="169" pageNumber="170" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordithorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordithorax">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="169" pageNumber="170" start="start">Mecyclothorax</pageBreakToken>
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cordithorax
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" pagination="97 - 128" title="New species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Psydrini) from Polipoli, Maui define an area of endemism on Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii." url="10.1664/0028-7199(2005)113" volume="113" year="2005 b">Liebherr 2005b</bibRefCitation>
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: 115.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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Sharp,
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<bibRefCitation author="Loope, LL" editor="Thomas, LK" journalOrPublisher="The U. S. National Park Service and The George Wright Society, Fort Collins, Colorado" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" pagination="52 - 62" title="Effects of the Argentine ant on the endemic biota of subalpine shrubland, Haleakala National Park, Hawaii." volumeTitle="Management of Exotic Species in Natural Communities" year="1988">Loope et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 55,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cole, FR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="1313 - 1322" title="Effects of the Argentine ant on arthropod fauna of Hawaiian high-elevation shrubland." url="10.2307/1940678" volume="73" year="1992">Cole et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 1317 (misidentifications).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="169" pageNumber="170" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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This, the most commonly encountered
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecyclothorax</taxonomicName>
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species on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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, can be diagnosed by the distinctly punctate elytral striae (Fig. 87D), little upraised sutural interval, and transverse pronotum with constricted base, MPW/PL = 1.25-1.38, MPW/BPW = 1.46-1.56. In body proportions this species approaches the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax planipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planipennis">Mecyclothorax planipennis</taxonomicName>
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-
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax planatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planatus">Mecyclothorax planatus</taxonomicName>
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species pair, but the cuticular microsculpture of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordithorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordithorax">Mecyclothorax cordithorax</taxonomicName>
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beetles is much smoother and more transverse, with the pronotal disc, for example, covered with a mixture of shallow transverse mesh and shallow transverse lines. Setal formula 2 2 2 2. Standardized body length 4.4-6.2 mm (vast majority of beetles> 4.6 mm length).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="169" pageNumber="170" type="identification">
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">Identification</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">(n = 5). The eyes are moderately convex, ocular ratio = 1.40-1.48. The pronotal disc is smooth with shallow transverse wrinkles-looking like lap marks on a painted surface-with the distinctly depressed median base covered with isolated puncture and more rugose, longitudinal wrinkles. The elytral striation is well developed, with striae 1-4 continuous and deep to the elytral apex. Striae 5-6 are shallower laterally and apically, with 6 interrupted between some punctures, and stria 7 traceable only as a series of shallow, isolated elongate punctures. Stria 7 is deep on the elytral apex, with interval 8 medially convex laterad the deep stria. The microsculpture on the vertex comprises isodiametric sculpticells in transverse rows. The pronotal median base is covered with distinct isodiametric sculpticells resulting in a granulate surface. The elytral disc has upraised isodiametric sculpticells mixed with transversely stretched sculpticells, the resultant mesh with a reflective surface. The body is rufous to rufobrunneous with a variable piceous cast, contrasting with the flavous legs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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Male genitalia (n = 7). Aedeagal median lobe robust, distance from parameral articulation to tip 3.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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depth at midlength (Fig. 88
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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, G, I); apex little extended beyond ostial opening, flattened apically, tip acutely rounded (Fig. 88G, I) to acutely pointed (Fig. 88
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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); median lobe slightly curved rightward near apex in ventral view, left margin converging toward right to bluntly rounded tip (Fig. 88F, H); internal sac with small dorsal ostial microtrichial patch and larger, heavily spiculated and projected ventral ostial microtrichial patch (Fig. 88I); flagellar plate large, length 0.61
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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parameral articulation-tip distance.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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Female reproductive tract (n = 3). Bursa copulatrix columnar, apically narrowed, length 0.97-1.03 mm, breadth 0.40-0.45 mm (Fig. 83E); bursal walls moderately opaque, thickly wrinkled; gonocoxite 1 with 4 apical fringe setae, 6-9 smaller setae on medial surface (Fig. 84E); gonocoxite 2 broad basally, subtriangular with angled apex, tip tightly rounded, 2 stout lateral ensiform setae, apical nematiform setae on medial surface at 0.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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gonocoxite length.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="169" pageNumber="170" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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Female (CUIC) designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" pagination="97 - 128" title="New species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Psydrini) from Polipoli, Maui define an area of endemism on Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii." url="10.1664/0028-7199(2005)113" volume="113" year="2005 b">Liebherr (2005b</bibRefCitation>
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: 116). Type locality is HI: Maui,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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N.P.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hosmer’s">Hosmer's</normalizedToken>
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Grove, 2060 m el.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="170" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" type="distribution and habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="169" pageNumber="170">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="170" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="169" pageNumber="170">
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Of all of the open country, high-elevation species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordithorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordithorax">Mecyclothorax cordithorax</taxonomicName>
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has a very broad distribution that is unique among
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecyclothorax</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 89). It occupies shrubland habitats from 1600-2750 m elevation, but does not occur at
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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summit. It occurs in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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Crater, but only where there is some topographic relief, such as along the margins at Paliku,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaupō">Kaupō</normalizedToken>
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Gap, or Holua, or mid-crater at
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pu‘u">Pu'u</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Māmane">Mamane</normalizedToken>
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. Its native microhabitats include
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Deschampsia nubigena" order="Poales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nubigena">Deschampsia nubigena</taxonomicName>
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(hairgrass) tufts, leaf litter under
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sophora chrysophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chrysophylla">Sophora chrysophylla</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="māmane">mamane</normalizedToken>
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),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="koa" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" rank="species" species="koa">koa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ōhi‘a">'ōhi'a</normalizedToken>
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trunks in mesic forest, as well as microhabitats associated with various other native plants:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheirodendron" order="Apiales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cheirodendron</taxonomicName>
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('ōlapa),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma" order="Gentianales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coprosma</taxonomicName>
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(pilo),
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dryopteris" order="Polypodiales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dryopteris</taxonomicName>
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ferns,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Leptecophylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptecophylla" order="Ericales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Leptecophylla</taxonomicName>
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(pūkiawe),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pipturus" order="Rosales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pipturus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="māmaki">mamaki</normalizedToken>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rubus" order="Rosales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rubus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ākala">'akala</normalizedToken>
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), and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium" order="Ericales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vaccinium</taxonomicName>
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('ōhelo). It will occupy microhabitats on or near exotic species such as
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus" order="Myrtales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus ponderosa" order="Pinales" pageId="169" pageNumber="170" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">Pinus ponderosa</taxonomicName>
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. This exceedingly broad occurrence in shrubland habitats begs the question why neither Blackburn nor Perkins
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<pageBreakToken pageId="170" pageNumber="171" start="start">collected</pageBreakToken>
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this species before
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<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" editor="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" pagination="175 - 292" title="Coleoptera II. Caraboidea." volumeTitle="Fauna Hawaiiensis" year="1903">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sharp’s">Sharp's</normalizedToken>
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(1903)
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</bibRefCitation>
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revision of the Hawaiian
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<taxonomicName family="Carabidae" lsidName="" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
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. The first specimen was collected by Perkins at 5000 ft. (1524 m) in 1913. Thereafter it was collected by a long line of Hawaiian entomologists and botanists; e.g. Giffard, Timberlake, Forbes, Swezey, Beardsley, Burkhart, Medeiros, Howarth, Stone,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaholoa‘a">Kaholoa'a</normalizedToken>
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, and Krushelnycky. The sudden appearance of this species leading to its status as the dominant shrubland carabid species speaks to an ecological resetting of this community during the early 20th Century.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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<paragraph pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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Figure 89. Recorded geographic distribution of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordithorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordithorax">Mecyclothorax cordithorax</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |