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<mods:title id="805F6DBA9E208B027E66202D11EAB96A">Review of Brazilian jawfishes of the genus Opistognathus with descriptions of two new species (Teleostei, Opistognathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DCBB454F20126F0196DDDAE251DAB052">Smith-Vaniz, William F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="040CCC38FFA572811A9E68D2EA393579">Tornabene, Luke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="218F233402AE2BFC40EC835573603E5D">Macieira, Raphael M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="414F9B2A7423CD486E2216C183700084" ID-GBIF-Taxon="149052384" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:414F9B2A7423CD486E2216C183700084" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/414F9B2A7423CD486E2216C183700084" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
<subSubSection id="3E42100173E46EDCE4D99E74BA7C7FE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AC5620E3B6B969027871F9BEFF958F98" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="4199BFABFEA0E062413F0854DCA03E22" ID-CoL="6SQGV" authority="Valenciennes, 1836" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1836" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus cuvierii" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvierii">Opistognathus cuvierii Valenciennes, 1836</taxonomicName>
Figures 14, 15; Tables 1, 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C3DFBA0F8C7DA50A571530AEAE71B23" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0FB3CC32218642886182F1A4EBF5092E" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="C048B8FF8D336D3F3BEDB4244D3710AA" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opisthognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="6D5183011885C01D801F95DBB457DEB4" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" start="start">Opisthognathus</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
[sic]
<taxonomicName id="082C6C0F62A170027A998BF7CEBECD3F" family="Opistognathidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="O cuvierii" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="cuvierii">cuvierii</taxonomicName>
Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1836: 504, color pl. 343 (original description; Bahia: holotype MNHN A. 2108);
<bibRefCitation id="68668B88B7B7F99DFD8AAE51685A8F45" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Roux 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 413, pl. 10 (listed; original illustration of holotype reproduced).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DCA82EE0DA14955F62B09369843EADFB" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="7809678EC0FF48100519F3FF70DA7DF5" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus cuvierii" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvierii">Opistognathus cuvierii</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="27C482D204FD3A7692C121FD0FC85ADB" author="Menezes, NA" journalOrPublisher="Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" title="Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil - Volume V (Teleostei 4)." year="1985">Menezes and Figueiredo 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 42, fig. 47 (description);
<bibRefCitation id="C63EB3B0BF80F56D3D2CA51B1789BBD5" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 1106, fig. 21 (description);
<bibRefCitation id="7B893E323B5E96A4D1651A943EC75B92" author="Pinheiro, HT" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions:" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="951 - 965" title="South-western Atlantic reef fishes: Zoogeographical patterns and ecological drivers reveal a secondary biodiversity centre in the Atlantic Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12729" volume="24" year="2018">Pinheiro et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, Southwestern Atlantic (SWA) Endemic reef fishes - Annotated Checklist: 28-29, color fig. 18.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="534773C47B5EB27B922B32641F4F7185" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="EAA9EB968A609C1DF7D9C6AFD7A43BBA" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus cuvieri" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">Opistognathus cuvieri</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="677FBF78A6D2B510791F445C6908316B" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Roux 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 151 (description);
<bibRefCitation id="B722584DE039A0ACEAAE36A8AB4480C1" author="Carvalho-Filho, A" journalOrPublisher="Melro, Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="122" title="Peixes: costa brasileira." year="1999">Carvalho-Filho 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 194 (abbreviated description and occurrence to
<normalizedToken id="254668C40A94B4148A962184F8C0A96E" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo);
<bibRefCitation id="746B02751FBB78929C9D26E8C276E187" author="Mincarone, MM" editor="Curbelo-Fernandez, MP" journalOrPublisher="Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" title="Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-85-352-7295-6.50008-7" year="2017">Mincarone et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 207 (listed).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FD93A5EF0D281D59C41C981DFE56A616" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F0380788243D98D9BC31DFA3CB3BC80" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Abbreviated description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C0013C59C9C55564464185C6C19C91C" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
A species of
<taxonomicName id="22F35B6F40451924CFFF78F245CB3A85" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
with the following combination of characters: anterior nostril a short tube with simple cirrus on posterior rim; adults with posterior end of maxilla ending as thin, flexible lamina (slightly elongate in mature females and very elongate in males); supramaxilla present; subopercle without a broad, fan-like flap; most of nape without sensory pores; dorsal-fin spines thin, flexible, usually curved distally, and tips without pale, slightly swollen tabs; dorsal fin XI, 16, with all soft rays weakly branched distally; anal fin II, 16; body with 60-72 oblique scale rows in longitudinal series; vertebrae 10+19; supraneurals 1 or 2; gill rakers 9
<normalizedToken id="4BB3A491633292874403F9C1618517B0" originalValue="11+2023=30">-11+20-23=30-</normalizedToken>
35; spinous dorsal fin with an ocellus between spines 3-7, otherwise dorsal fin with rows of pale spots and dorsum without 5 or 6 dusky bands that extend onto base of dorsal fin; pelvic fins uniformly dark; caudal fin dark with two
<pageBreakToken id="B2A6795FE2395C799E0EDE02D9E6ABA6" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" start="start">pale</pageBreakToken>
bands; underside of upper jaw and adjacent membranes in adults with two dark blotches, the innermost one poorly developed (males) (
<bibRefCitation id="2C57DDAE50F55B66ADCB04D310D5F83B" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz 1997</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 9d), or these blotches absent (females); buccal pigmentation consisting of a dark blotch on either side of esophageal opening widely separated by pale median area that continues between upper pharyngeal tooth patches (
<bibRefCitation id="FB774439950F5F1BC77A794332600D82" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz 1997</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 13c).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F94B3ED4F66FA270659CFE3B918E723C" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
<paragraph id="AEF4169EAD07A26A011478B709E5FDEF" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
Figure 14.
<taxonomicName id="A6C243E4A54B95872EA1C8E1E8AD4B10" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus cuvierii" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvierii">Opistognathus cuvierii</taxonomicName>
, 80 mm TL estimated, Ilha dos Frades,
<normalizedToken id="4913CCF47CC940EFE487D5BAA7A81A6D" originalValue="Baía">Baia</normalizedToken>
de Todos os Santos, Bahia, Brazil. Photograph by
<normalizedToken id="DA33E96FB11FC00FD534A9402631B24F" originalValue="Cláudio">Claudio</normalizedToken>
L. S. Sampaio.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8B6E37BFE607553EA247691C52E99DE3" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
<paragraph id="DCA13BA7B37E14FDFCCFE66B1E95AD52" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
Figure 15.
<taxonomicName id="457C384E73CD2569442752084B34C824" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus cuvierii" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvierii">Opistognathus cuvierii</taxonomicName>
, SU 52354, 102 mm SL, male, Bahia, Brazil. Drawn by Jack R. Schroeder; after
<bibRefCitation id="3958FADFA28746E78BAF55A57C854EBA" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="40384DA9B7D965E5FB465CD05113A78F" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7ACA9AF412837AD2D62AEB0C65541B09" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25313ABF44BD73079E4CC03CED0DE9AB" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
5 specimens (80.5-11.5 mm SL), including the holotype, cited in
<bibRefCitation id="4991115C81B7617FDB4686516EB47843" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25E69976BAD80690D8D9DD06D9F4FB02" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="EE66AEC1CED5EF8F408008CF968F42F7" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Distribution, habitat, and natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3985AE64E79713727B1479F94893330C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
A Brazilian endemic (Figure 6), known from Bahia to
<normalizedToken id="0945A0D92ED5B9A9021C59FF4999310A" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo but absent from oceanic islands. Distributed in coastal regions, in depths between 1-35 meters, associated with gravel and sand or silt and
<pageBreakToken id="A27DC21563FB115C0787A10246DBA16F" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" start="start">sand</pageBreakToken>
bottoms, near coral reefs and rocky areas. This species has been observed resting on the bottom (Figure 14) or in burrows (
<bibRefCitation id="6F786AE8EA60762933B2C52400F0AA72" author="Pinto, SY" journalOrPublisher="Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="3 - 4" title="Observacoes ictiologicas. III Sobre Opistognathuscuvieri Valenciennes, 1836 (Actinopterygi, Perciformes, Opisthognathidae)." volume="13" year="1970">Pinto 1970</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4842A0D8810EADE3E436D211D134B9DC" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="4A9B1BF9C96E862E587351E8F865CFB6" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09109C67BB1666AE17900859BF75C580" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
The conservation status of this species has been assessed by the
<normalizedToken id="940419CD12F16956B16FCC30263003E7" originalValue="Ministério">Ministerio</normalizedToken>
do Meio Ambiente/Instituto Chico Mendes de
<normalizedToken id="9459004C371672E4A1CDF8399E980345" originalValue="Conservação">Conservacao</normalizedToken>
da Biodiversidade (MMA/ICMBio - Brazil) and it was listed as Least Concern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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